157-452: Ernest Christy Cline (born March 29, 1972) is an American science fiction novelist, slam poet and screenwriter. He wrote the novels Ready Player One , Armada and Ready Player Two , and co-wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of Ready Player One , directed by Steven Spielberg . Cline was born and raised in Ashland, Ohio , the son of Ernest Cline and Faye Imogene Cline. As
314-761: A computer -like screen , computer viruses , video chat , tanning beds , home treadmills , and more. In 1963, the time travel-themed Doctor Who premiered on BBC Television. The original series ran until 1989 and was revived in 2005. It has been extremely popular worldwide and has greatly influenced later TV science fiction. Other programs in the 1960s included The Outer Limits (1963–1965), Lost in Space (1965–1968), and The Prisoner (1967). Star Trek (the original series), created by Gene Roddenberry , premiered in 1966 on NBC Television and ran for three seasons. It combined elements of space opera and Space Western . Only mildly successful at first,
471-428: A space opera , went on to become a worldwide popular culture phenomenon , and the second-highest-grossing film series of all time. Since the 1980s, science fiction films , along with fantasy , horror , and superhero films, have dominated Hollywood's big-budget productions. Science fiction films often " cross-over " with other genres, including film noir ( Blade Runner - 1982), family film ( E.T.
628-563: A telepathic crystal skull . Principal photography was complete in October 2007, and the film was released on May 22, 2008. This was his first film not released by DreamWorks since 1997. The film received generally favorable reviews from critics, but some fans were disappointed by the introduction of science fiction elements which were uncharacteristic of the previous films. Writing for The Age , Tom Ryan praised Spielberg and George Lucas for their realistic 1950s setting—"The energy on display
785-610: A wildlife park of de-extinct dinosaurs. In a departure from his usual order of planning, Spielberg and the designers storyboarded certain sequences from the novel early on. The film also used computer-generated imagery provided by Industrial Light & Magic ; Jurassic Park was completed on time and became the highest-grossing film at the time, and won three Academy Awards. The film's dominance during its theatrical run, as well as Spielberg's $ 250 million salary, made him self-conscious of his own success. Also in 1993, Spielberg directed Schindler's List , about Oskar Schindler ,
942-399: A "real boy". Critics thought Spielberg directed with "sentimentality", and Ebert wrote, "Here is one of the most ambitious films of recent years [...] but it miscalculates in asking us to invest our emotions in a character, a machine." The film won five Saturn Awards and grossed $ 236 million worldwide. Jonathan Rosenbaum highly praised the film: "If A.I. Artificial Intelligence —
1099-472: A 140-minute science fiction film, Firelight , the basis of Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Firelight , funded mainly by his father, was shown in a local theater for one evening and grossed $ 501 against its $ 500 budget. After taking a tour bus to Universal Studios , a chance conversation with an executive led to Spielberg getting a three-day pass to the premises. On the fourth day, he walked up to
1256-450: A 1981 DeLorean . The prize was awarded in 2012. The paperback is currently in its 17th printing. Cline's second novel, Armada , was released on July 14, 2015, by Crown Publishing Group . In December 2015 the film rights to Armada were sold to Universal Pictures for a seven-figure sum. His third novel, Ready Player Two was announced in August 2015 and released on November 24, 2020 as
1413-406: A Kid." Cline subsequently reworked "Dance Monkeys Dance" into a faux educational filmstrip, which became a popular viral video that has now been translated into 29 different languages. In 2001, Cline self-published a chapbook collection of his spoken-word writing, The Importance of Being Ernest , and released an album, The Geek Wants Out . In the fall of 2013, Write Bloody Publishing published
1570-462: A break from directing to spend more time with his family, and set up his new film studio, DreamWorks , with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen . After his hiatus, he returned to directing with a sequel to Jurassic Park , The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). A loose adaptation of Michael Crichton's novel The Lost World , the plot follows mathematician Ian Malcolm ( Jeff Goldblum ) and his researchers who study dinosaurs at Jurassic Park which
1727-404: A brother of Theta Chi Fraternity . In 1968, Universal gave Spielberg the opportunity to write and direct a short film for theatrical release, the 26-minute 35 mm Amblin' . Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract. A year later, he dropped out of college to begin directing television productions for Universal, making him
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#17328913048651884-515: A businessman who helped save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust . Based on Schindler's Ark , Spielberg waited ten years to make the film as he did not feel "mature" enough. He wanted to embrace his heritage, and after the birth of his son, Max, he said that "it greatly affected me [...] A spirit began to ignite in me, and I became a Jewish dad". Filming commenced on March 1, 1993, in Poland, while Spielberg
2041-402: A cast of classmates. The film won first prize in a statewide competition. Throughout his early teens, and after entering high school, Spielberg made about fifteen to twenty 8 mm adventure films. He recalls that my dad told me stories about World War II constantly... I knew, based on the stories my dad and his friends were telling about World War II, that there was no glory in war. And it
2198-524: A chance with Spielberg, giving him the opportunity to direct Jaws (1975), a thriller based on Peter Benchley 's bestseller . In it, a great white shark attacks beachgoers at a summer resort town , prompting police chief Martin Brody ( Roy Scheider ) to hunt it down with the help of a marine biologist ( Richard Dreyfuss ) and a veteran shark hunter ( Robert Shaw ). Jaws was the first movie shot on open ocean, so shooting proved difficult, especially when
2355-466: A deal with distributor Warner Bros. Readyverse also holds the rights to Cline’s other novels (including Ready Player Two ) as well as his future works. From 2003 to 2013, Cline was married to author Susan Somers-Willett , with whom he has one daughter. In 2016, he married poet/nonfiction writer Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz , whom he met at the 1998 National Poetry Slam and began dating in 2013. They have one daughter. Cline's all-time favorite video game
2512-512: A family with." Thomson writes that "At first sight, the Spielberg of the eighties may seem more an impresario—or a studio, even—then a director." Between 1984 and 1990, Spielberg served as producer or executive producer on nineteen feature films for his production company, Amblin Entertainment . Among them were Gremlins ( Joe Dante , 1984), The Goonies ( Richard Donner , 1985), Back to
2669-464: A film about UFOs , Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). Spielberg used 65 mm film for the best picture quality, and a new live-action recording system so that the recordings could be duplicated later. He cast one of his favorite directors, François Truffaut , as the scientist Claude Lacombe and worked with special effects expert Douglas Trumbull . It marked the first of many collaborations between Spielberg and editor Michael Kahn . One of
2826-490: A film whose split personality is apparent even in its two-part title — is as much a Kubrick movie as a Spielberg one, this is in large part because it defamiliarizes Spielberg, makes him strange. Yet it also defamiliarizes Kubrick, with equally ambiguous results — making his unfamiliarity familiar. Both filmmakers should be credited for the results—Kubrick for proposing that Spielberg direct the project and Spielberg for doing his utmost to respect Kubrick's intentions while making it
2983-457: A generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America. It was Spielberg's first film on a dramatic subject matter, and he expressed reservations about tackling the project: "It's the risk of being judged-and accused of not having the sensibility to do character studies." Starring Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey , the film was a box office hit and critics started to take note of Spielberg's foray into drama. Ebert named it
3140-535: A great and influential film. In 1954, Godzilla , directed by Ishirō Honda , began the kaiju subgenre of science fiction film, which feature large creatures of any form, usually attacking a major city or engaging other monsters in battle . 1968's 2001: A Space Odyssey , directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the work of Arthur C. Clarke , rose above the mostly B-movie offerings up to that time both in scope and quality, and influenced later science fiction films. That same year, Planet of
3297-452: A group of investigators who try to prevent crimes before they are committed. The film received critical acclaim. Ebert named Minority Report the best film of 2002, praising its craftsmanship writing, "here is Spielberg using every trick in the book and matching them without seams, so that no matter how he's achieving his effects, the focus is always on the story and the characters... Some directors place their trust in technology. Spielberg, who
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#17328913048653454-669: A journey to the Moon and how the Earth 's motion is seen from there. Kepler has been called the "father of science fiction". Following the 17th-century development of the novel as a literary form , Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein (1818) and The Last Man (1826) helped define the form of the science fiction novel. Brian Aldiss has argued that Frankenstein was the first work of science fiction. Edgar Allan Poe wrote several stories considered to be science fiction, including " The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall " (1835), which featured
3611-675: A loose adaptation of Brian Aldiss 's short story " Supertoys Last All Summer Long " (1969). Stanley Kubrick had bought the rights to the story in 1979 and worked on an adaptation for years. He told Spielberg about the project in 1984 and suggested that he direct, believing the story was closer to his sensibilities. In 1999, Kubrick died. Spielberg decided to direct A.I. and wrote the screenplay himself. Spielberg tried to be faithful to Kubrick's vision and made several allusions to his friend's work though with mixed results according to some critics. The plot revolves around an android , David ( Haley Joel Osment ) who, like Pinocchio , dreams of being
3768-575: A more straightforward approach. His initial contributions received mixed responses, leading Spielberg to briefly step back from studio work. Crawford, reflecting on her collaboration with Spielberg, recognized his potential, noting his unique intuitive inspiration. She expressed her appreciation for Spielberg's talent in a note to him and also communicated her approval to Serling. Crawford's endorsement highlighted Spielberg's early recognition in Hollywood despite initial hesitations regarding his experience. In
3925-468: A movie before, and thought they were taking him to the circus. He was terrified by the movie's train crash, and at age 12, he recreated it with his Lionel trains and filmed it. He recalls: "The trains went around and around, and after a while that got boring, and I had this eight-millimeter camera, and I staged a train wreck and filmed it. That was hard on the trains, but then I could cut the film lots of different ways and look at it over and over again." This
4082-487: A music-loving colony of bats and helps them find a new home against all odds." In January 2024, it was announced that Cline has partnered with tech company Futureverse Studios to launch the Readyverse, “a multi-world, multi-IP, interoperable open metaverse experience for mass consumers.” Readyverse will feature licensed digital props and other intellectual property from director Steven Spielberg ’s Ready Player One through
4239-508: A new edition of The Importance of Being Ernest with new cover art by Gary Musgrave and new interior illustrations by Len Peralta . In June 2010, Cline sold his first novel, Ready Player One , a book that takes place in a dystopian 2040s. The book was sold in a bidding war to the Crown Publishing Group (a division of Random House ). The film rights to the novel were sold the following day, to Warner Bros. , with Cline co-writing
4396-503: A nine and now it's a six. And that's really how I learned my numbers for the first time... the irony of all that, and the gift of that lesson, never really dawned on me until I was much older. In early 1957, the family moved to Phoenix, Arizona . Spielberg had a bar mitzvah ceremony when he was thirteen. His family was involved in the synagogue and had many Jewish friends. Of the Holocaust , he said that his parents "talked about it all
4553-507: A perfect logical loophole. The Terminal is like a sunny Kakfa story, in which it is the citizen who persecutes the bureaucracy." The titular terminal was a real set built by Alex McDowell . In 2005, Spielberg directed War of the Worlds , a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks, based on H. G. Wells 's novel of the same name ; Spielberg had been a fan of the book and of George Pal 's 1953 film . Starring Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning ,
4710-407: A profoundly personal work." A. O. Scott called it "the best fairy tale–the most disturbing, complex and intellectually challenging boy's adventure story–Mr. Spielberg has made" and chose it as the best film of the year and one of the best of the decade. Spielberg followed A.I. with the sci-fi neo-noir Minority Report (2002), based on Philip K. Dick 's short story of the same name about
4867-451: A sequel to Ready Player One . As of 2020, a film adaptation of the novel was in early development. His fourth novel, Bridge to Bat City was announced in June 2023 and release by Little, Brown and Company on April 9, 2024. It is Cline's first children’s novel, described as a “'mostly true tall tale' about a recently orphaned young girl named Opal B Flats, who forms an unexpected friendship with
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5024-418: A society (on Earth or another planet) that has developed in wholly different ways from our own." There is a tendency among science fiction enthusiasts as their own arbiter in deciding what exactly constitutes science fiction. David Seed says it may be more useful to talk about science fiction as the intersection of other more concrete subgenres. Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "Science fiction
5181-495: A total estimated readership of at least 1 million), making it the world's most popular science fiction periodical . In 1984, William Gibson 's first novel, Neuromancer , helped popularize cyberpunk and the word " cyberspace ", a term he originally coined in his 1982 short story Burning Chrome . In 1986, Shards of Honor by Lois McMaster Bujold began her Vorkosigan Saga . 1992's Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson predicted immense social upheaval due to
5338-516: A trip to the Moon . Jules Verne was noted for his attention to detail and scientific accuracy, especially in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870). In 1887, the novel El anacronópete by Spanish author Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau introduced the first time machine . An early French/Belgian science fiction writer was J.-H. Rosny aîné (1856–1940). Rosny's masterpiece
5495-470: A true story about a married couple on the run, desperate to regain custody of their baby from foster parents. The film starred Goldie Hawn and William Atherton and marked the first of many collaborations with the composer John Williams . Although the film was awarded Best Screenplay at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival , it was not a commercial success, which Spielberg blamed on Universal's inconsistent marketing. The film opened in four hundred theaters in
5652-575: A very palatable form... New adventures pictured for us in the scientifiction of today are not at all impossible of realization tomorrow... Many great science stories destined to be of historical interest are still to be written... Posterity will point to them as having blazed a new trail, not only in literature and fiction, but progress as well. In 1928, E. E. "Doc" Smith 's first published work, The Skylark of Space , written in collaboration with Lee Hawkins Garby , appeared in Amazing Stories . It
5809-623: A world of harmony and conformity within a united totalitarian state . It influenced the emergence of dystopia as a literary genre . In 1926, Hugo Gernsback published the first American science fiction magazine , Amazing Stories . In its first issue he wrote: By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision... Not only do these amazing tales make tremendously interesting reading—they are always instructive. They supply knowledge... in
5966-423: A youth in the 1970s and 1980s, Cline was "addicted to video games and movies," especially Star Wars , the movies of John Hughes , and the tabletop roleplaying game Dungeons & Dragons . He worked in information technology in his twenties and worked on screenwriting during his spare time. Cline co-wrote the screenplay for Fanboys , based on a storyline he had developed in the late 1990s while his mother
6123-470: Is Les Navigateurs de l'Infini ( The Navigators of Infinity ) (1925) in which the word astronaut, "astronautique", was used for the first time. Many critics consider H. G. Wells one of science fiction's most important authors, or even "the Shakespeare of science fiction". His works include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of
6280-462: Is a magnificent film." Ebert wrote "Spielberg knows how to make audiences weep better than any director since Chaplin in City Lights . But weeping is an incomplete response, letting the audience off the hook. This film embodies ideas. After the immediate experience begins to fade, the implications remain and grow." Spielberg returned to science fiction with A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001),
6437-515: Is a master of technology, trusts only story and character, and then uses everything else as a workman uses his tools." However, critic Todd McCarthy thought there was not enough action. The film earned over $ 358 million worldwide. Also in 2002, he released Catch Me If You Can , based on the autobiography of con-artist Frank Abagnale . Leonardo DiCaprio played Abangale; Christopher Walken and Hanks also starred. Spielberg said, "I have always loved movies about sensational rogues—they break
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6594-558: Is an American filmmaker. A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster , Spielberg is widely regarded as one of the greatest film directors of all time and is the most commercially successful director in film history . He is the recipient of many accolades , including three Academy Awards , two BAFTA Awards , and four Golden Globe Awards as well as the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1995,
6751-500: Is an adaptation of J. G. Ballard 's autobiographical novel about Jamie Graham ( Christian Bale ), a young boy who goes from being the son of a wealthy British family in Shanghai to a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp during World War II . David Lean was originally set to direct, with Spielberg producing. It was written by playwright Tom Stoppard and co-starred John Malkovich as an American expatriate. Critical reaction
6908-543: Is ancient and otherworldly but friendly, humorous. And this scaly, wrinkled little man with huge, wide-apart, soulful eyes and a jack-in-the-box neck has been so fully created that he's a friend to us, too; when he speaks of his longing to go home the audience becomes as mournful as Elliot. Spielberg has earned the tears that some people in the audience—and not just children—shed. Genuinely entrancing movies are almost as rare as extraterrestrial visitors." Spielberg co-wrote and produced Poltergeist ( Tobe Hooper , 1982), released
7065-423: Is impressive". It was a box office success, grossing $ 790 million worldwide. Starting in 2009, Spielberg shot the first film in a planned trilogy of motion capture films based on Hergé 's The Adventures of Tintin . Spielberg had long been a fan of the comics, and per Michael Farr , Hergé "thought Spielberg was the only person who could ever do Tintin justice." The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of
7222-418: Is like a magician whose tricks are so daring they make you laugh. He creates an atmosphere of happy disbelief: the more breathtaking and exhilarating the stunts are the funnier they are. Nobody has ever fused thrills and laughter in quite the way that he does here. He starts off at full charge in the opening sequence and just keeps going". She conceded that it was less "sincere" than Raiders , adding "that's what
7379-688: Is my first real original screenplay, and it got made." From 1997 to 2001, Cline performed his original work at Austin Poetry Slam venues. He was the Austin Poetry Slam Champ in 1998 and 2001. Cline also competed on the Austin Poetry Slam Teams at the 1998 Austin National Poetry Slam and the 2001 Seattle National Poetry Slam. His most popular spoken-word pieces include "Dance, Monkeys, Dance," "Nerd Porn Auteur," and "When I Was
7536-619: Is often called the first great space opera . The same year, Philip Francis Nowlan 's original Buck Rogers story, Armageddon 2419 , also appeared in Amazing Stories . This was followed by a Buck Rogers comic strip , the first serious science fiction comic . Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future is a " future history " science fiction novel written in 1930 by the British author Olaf Stapledon . A work of unprecedented scale in
7693-461: Is on an island and are confronted by another team with a different agenda. Spielberg wanted the onscreen creatures to be more realistic than in the first film; he used 3D storyboards, computer imagery and robotic puppets. Budgeted at $ 73 million, The Lost World: Jurassic Park opened in May 1997 and was one of the highest grossing films of the year . The Village Voice critic opined that The Lost World
7850-481: Is one of the AFI 's 100 best American films ever made . Ebert wrote, " Flaubert once wrote that he disliked Uncle Tom's Cabin because the author was constantly preaching against slavery. 'Does one have to make observations about slavery?' he asked. 'Depict it; that's enough.' And then he added, 'An author in his book must be like God in the universe, present everywhere and visible nowhere.' That would describe Spielberg,
8007-503: Is one of the most influential examples of social science fiction , feminist science fiction , and anthropological science fiction . In 1979, Science Fiction World began publication in the People's Republic of China . It dominates the Chinese science fiction magazine market , at one time claiming a circulation of 300,000 copies per issue and an estimated 3–5 readers per copy (giving it
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#17328913048658164-560: Is related to fantasy , horror , and superhero fiction and contains many subgenres . Its exact definition has long been disputed among authors, critics, scholars, and readers. Subgenres include hard science fiction , which emphasizes scientific accuracy, and soft science fiction , focusing on social sciences. Other notable subgenres are cyberpunk , which explores the interface between technology and society, and climate fiction , addressing environmental issues. Precedents for science fiction are argued to exist as far back as antiquity, but
8321-423: Is so good about it." On this project Spielberg met his future wife, Kate Capshaw , who played Willie Scott. Spielberg recalled, "The second film I could have done a lot better if there had been a different story. It was a good learning exercise for me to really throw myself into a black hole. I came out of the darkness of Temple Of Doom and I entered the light of the woman I was eventually going to marry and raise
8478-546: Is stranded in John F. Kennedy International Airport . It features Catherine Zeta-Jones as a flight attendant and Stanley Tucci as a customs and immigration official. Ebert wrote of Viktor's predicament: "The immigration service, and indeed the American legal system, has no way of dealing with him because Viktor does not do, or fail to do, any of the things the system is set up to prevent him from doing, or not doing. He has slipped through
8635-562: Is the arcade classic Black Tiger , which features prominently in the plot of Ready Player One . Ready Player One series: Standalone: Science fiction Science fiction (sometimes shortened to SF or sci-fi ) is a genre of speculative fiction , which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology , space exploration , time travel , parallel universes , and extraterrestrial life . It often explores human responses to changes in science and technology. Science fiction
8792-537: Is what we point to when we say it." Forrest J Ackerman has been credited with first using the term "sci-fi" (analogous to the then-trendy " hi-fi ") in about 1954. The first known use in print was a description of Donovan's Brain by movie critic Jesse Zunser in January 1954. As science fiction entered popular culture , writers and fans active in the field came to associate the term with low-budget, low-tech " B-movies " and with low-quality pulp science fiction . By
8949-536: The Golden Age of Science Fiction . Science fiction has been called the "literature of ideas ", and continues to evolve, incorporating diverse voices and themes, influencing not just literature but film, TV, and culture at large. Besides providing entertainment it can also criticize present-day society and explore alternatives, and inspiration a " sense of wonder ". According to Isaac Asimov , "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with
9106-533: The Academy Award for Best Director for the latter and the World War II epic Saving Private Ryan (1998). Spielberg has since directed the science fiction films A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), Minority Report (2002), and War of the Worlds (2005); the historical dramas Amistad (1997), Munich (2005), War Horse (2011), Lincoln (2012), Bridge of Spies (2015) and The Post (2017);
9263-487: The Distinguished Public Service Medal from Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen . Thomson writes " Ryan changed war films: combat, shock, wounds, and fear had never been so graphically presented; and yet there was also a true sense of what duties and ideas had felt like in 1944. I disliked the framing device. I would have admired a director who trusted us to get there without that. Never mind— Ryan
9420-1169: The Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2001, the Kennedy Center Honor in 2006, the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2009 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015. Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio , and grew up in Phoenix, Arizona . He moved to California and studied film in college. After directing several episodes for television, including Night Gallery and Columbo , he directed
9577-602: The Netflix documentary series Five Came Back , about the war-related works of directors Frank Capra , John Ford , John Huston , George Stevens and William Wyler . Spielberg was also an executive producer. Spielberg directed the science fiction Ready Player One (2018), adapted from the novel of the same name by Ernest Cline . It stars Tye Sheridan , Olivia Cooke , Ben Mendelsohn , Lena Waithe , T.J. Miller , Simon Pegg , and Mark Rylance. The plot takes place in 2045 when much of humanity uses virtual reality to escape
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#17328913048659734-477: The Russian writer and paleontologist Ivan Yefremov presented a view of a future interstellar communist civilization and is considered one of the most important Soviet science fiction novels. In 1959, Robert A. Heinlein 's Starship Troopers marked a departure from his earlier juvenile stories and novels. It is one of the first and most influential examples of military science fiction , and introduced
9891-447: The information revolution . In 2007, Liu Cixin 's novel, The Three-Body Problem , was published in China. It was translated into English by Ken Liu and published by Tor Books in 2014, and won the 2015 Hugo Award for Best Novel , making Liu the first Asian writer to win the award. Emerging themes in late 20th and early 21st century science fiction include environmental issues ,
10048-400: The 1970s, critics within the field, such as Damon Knight and Terry Carr , were using "sci fi" to distinguish hack-work from serious science fiction. Peter Nicholls writes that "SF" (or "sf") is "the preferred abbreviation within the community of sf writers and readers." Robert Heinlein found even "science fiction" insufficient for certain types of works in this genre, and suggested
10205-550: The Apes (the original), directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle , was released to popular and critical acclaim, its vivid depiction of a post-apocalyptic world in which intelligent apes dominate humans . In 1977, George Lucas began the Star Wars film series with the film now identified as " Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope . " The series, often called
10362-499: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982). It tells the story of Elliot ( Henry Thomas ), a young boy who befriends an alien who was accidentally left behind by his companions and is attempting to return home. Spielberg eschewed storyboards so that his direction would be more spontaneous, and shot roughly in sequence so that the actors' performances would be authentic as they bonded with and said goodbye to E.T. Richard Corliss wrote, "This
10519-515: The Extra-Terrestrial - 1983), war ( Enemy Mine - 1985), comedy ( Spaceballs - 1987, Galaxy Quest - 1999), animation ( WALL-E – 2008, Big Hero 6 – 2014), Western ( Serenity – 2005), action ( Edge of Tomorrow – 2014, The Matrix – 1999), adventure ( Jupiter Ascending – 2015, Interstellar – 2014), mystery ( Minority Report – 2002), thriller ( Ex Machina – 2014), drama ( Melancholia – 2011, Predestination – 2014), and romance ( Eternal Sunshine of
10676-560: The Future ( Robert Zemeckis , 1985), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (Zemeckis, 1988), Joe Versus the Volcano ( John Patrick Shanley , 1990) and Arachnophobia ( Frank Marshall , 1990). In the early 1980s, Spielberg befriended Warner Communications CEO Steve Ross eventually resulting in Spielberg making films for Warner Bros. It began with The Color Purple (1985), an adaptation of Alice Walker 's Pulitzer Prize -winning novel , about
10833-452: The Future (1985), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) and Band of Brothers (2001). He has had a long collaboration with the composer John Williams , with whom he has worked for all but five of his feature films. Several of Spielberg's works are considered among the greatest films in history, and some are among the highest-grossing films ever. In 2013, Time listed him as one of the 100 most influential people, and in 2023, Spielberg
10990-523: The Lost Ark is an out-of-body experience, a movie of glorious imagination and breakneck speed that grabs you in the first shot, hurtles you through a series of incredible adventures, and deposits you back in reality two hours later–breathless, dizzy, wrung-out, and with a silly grin on your face". Raiders was the first film in the Indiana Jones franchise. Spielberg returned to science fiction with E.T.
11147-576: The Monsters! (1956), David Lean 's Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962) ("the film that set me on my journey"), Alfred Hitchcock 's The Birds (1963) and Stanley Kubrick 's Dr. Strangelove (1964) and 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) ("I'm still living off the adrenalin that... I experienced watching that film for the first time.") He attended Arcadia High School in 1961 for three years. In 1963, he wrote and directed
11304-563: The Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory. It was written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers , and starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, as well as Mark Rylance , Amy Ryan and Alan Alda . It was filmed in the fall of 2014 in New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw , and was released on October 16. Bridge of Spies was popular with critics, and
11461-457: The Spotless Mind – 2004, Her – 2013). Science fiction and television have consistently been in a close relationship. Television or television-like technologies frequently appeared in science fiction long before television itself became widely available in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The first known science fiction television program was a thirty-five-minute adapted excerpt of
11618-548: The States and Empires of the Moon (1657) and The States and Empires of the Sun (1662), Margaret Cavendish 's " The Blazing World " (1666), Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver's Travels (1726), Ludvig Holberg 's Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741) and Voltaire 's Micromégas (1752). Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Somnium the first science fiction story; it depicts
11775-739: The Sun was one of his most enjoyable films to make. Thomson called it "a great work through and through" and "the first clear sign that Spielberg the showman was an artist, too." In 1989, Spielberg intended to direct Rain Man , but instead directed Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade to meet his contractual obligations. Producer Lucas and star Ford returned for the film. A longtime James Bond fan, Spielberg cast Sean Connery as Jones's father, Henry Jones, Sr . Due to complaints about violence in Temple of Doom , Spielberg returned to more family-friendly fare for
11932-448: The US to positive reviews; Pauline Kael wrote "Spielberg uses his gifts in a very free-and-easy, American way—for humor, and for a physical response to action. He could be that rarity among directors, a born entertainer—perhaps a new generation's Howard Hawks ." The Hollywood Reporter wrote that "a major new director is on the horizon." Producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown took
12089-701: The Unicorn was co-produced by Peter Jackson and premiered in Brussels , Belgium. The film was released in North American theaters on December 21, 2011, in Digital 3D and IMAX . It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed over $ 373 million worldwide. The Adventures of Tintin won Best Animated Feature at the 69th Golden Globe Awards . Spielberg followed Tintin with War Horse , shot in England in
12246-461: The Worlds (1898). His science fiction imagined alien invasion , biological engineering , invisibility , and time travel . In his non-fiction futurologist works he predicted the advent of airplanes , military tanks , nuclear weapons , satellite television , space travel , and something resembling the World Wide Web . Edgar Rice Burroughs 's A Princess of Mars , published in 1912,
12403-452: The age of movies." His next directorial work was 1941 (1979), an action-comedy written by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale about Californians preparing for a Japanese invasion after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Spielberg was self-conscious about doing comedy as he had no prior experience in the genre. Universal and Columbia agreed to co-finance the film. 1941 grossed over $ 92.4 million worldwide upon release, but most critics, and
12560-424: The author of this film. He depicts the evil of the Holocaust, and he tells an incredible story of how it was robbed of some of its intended victims. He does so without the tricks of his trade, the directorial and dramatic contrivances that would inspire the usual melodramatic payoffs. Spielberg is not visible in this film. But his restraint and passion are present in every shot." Filmmaker Claude Lanzmann , criticized
12717-508: The best film of the year. The film also received eleven Academy Award nominations, and Spielberg won Best Director from the Directors Guild of America . The film was produced and scored by Quincy Jones . As China underwent economic reform and opened up to the American film industry, Spielberg made Empire of the Sun (1987), the first American film shot in Shanghai since the 1930s. It
12874-412: The box office, it earned over $ 300 million worldwide from a $ 70 million budget. In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with Jurassic Park , based on Michael Crichton 's bestseller , with a screenplay by Crichton and David Koepp . Jurassic Park is set on a fictional island near Costa Rica , where a businessman ( Richard Attenborough ) has hired a team of geneticists to create
13031-518: The box office; Spielberg admitted that Amistad "became too much of a history lesson." Spielberg's 1998 release was World War II epic Saving Private Ryan , about a group of US soldiers led by Captain Miller ( Tom Hanks ) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours of the Normandy landing. Filming took place in England, and US Marine Dale Dye
13188-872: The camera and the puppet spaceman with the feelings of—it has to be called love—expressed in young Henry Thomas' yearning face. E.T. was the first film character to be a finalist in TIME’s Man of the Year sweepstakes. It would have been fine with me if the little creature, this lovely film, had won." A special screening was organized for Ronald and Nancy Reagan , who were emotional by the end. E.T. grossed $ 700 million worldwide. It won four Academy Awards: Best Original Score (John Williams), Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Robert Glass , Don Digirolamo and Gene Cantamessa ), Best Sound Editing ( Charles L. Campbell and Ben Burtt) and Best Visual Effects ( Carlo Rambaldi , Dennis Muren and Kenneth F. Smith ). Kael wrote of E.T., "His voice
13345-405: The comedy The Terminal (2004); the animated film The Adventures of Tintin (2011); the musical West Side Story (2021); and the semi-autobiographical drama The Fabelmans (2022). Spielberg co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks , and he has served as a producer for many successful films and television series, among them Poltergeist (1982), Gremlins (1984), Back to
13502-413: The concept of powered armor exoskeletons . The German space opera series Perry Rhodan , written by various authors, started in 1961 with an account of the first Moon landing and has since expanded in space to multiple universes , and in time by billions of years. It has become the most popular science fiction book series of all time. In the 1960s and 1970s, New Wave science fiction
13659-506: The creation of microrobots and micromachinery , nanotechnology , smartdust , virtual reality , and artificial intelligence (including swarm intelligence ), as well as developing the ideas of "necroevolution" and the creation of artificial worlds. In 1965, Dune by Frank Herbert featured a much more complex and detailed imagined future society than had previously in most science fiction. In 1967 Anne McCaffrey began her Dragonriders of Pern science fantasy series. Two of
13816-502: The creation of the PG-13 rating because some content was deemed unsuitable for children under 13. Spielberg later said that he was unhappy with Temple of Doom because it lacked his "personal touches and love". Nonetheless, the film was a blockbuster hit, won the Academy Award for Best Special Effects and received mostly good reviews. Kael preferred it to the original, writing, "Spielberg
13973-472: The devoted aficionado or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is," and the lack of a "full satisfactory definition" is because "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction." Another definition comes from The Literature Book by DK and is, "scenarios that are at the time of writing technologically impossible, extrapolating from present-day science...[,]...or that deal with some form of speculative science-based conceit, such as
14130-415: The dinner break, when everybody was eating and not learning, he would point to the numbers. And he would say, that is a two, and that is a four. And then he'd say, and this is a eight, and that's a one. And I'll never forget this. And he said, and that's a nine. And then he crooked his arm and inverted his arm and said, and see, it becomes a six. It's magic. And now it's a nine, and now it's a six, and now it's
14287-403: The direction: "Against the odds, Spielberg makes something genuinely exciting of the backstage wheedling." It was announced on May 2, 2013, that Spielberg would direct American Sniper , but he left the project before production began. Instead, he directed Bridge of Spies (2015), a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U-2 incident , and focusing on James B. Donovan 's negotiations with
14444-487: The early 1970s, Spielberg unsuccessfully tried to raise financing for his own low-budget films. He co-wrote and directed teleplays for Marcus Welby, M.D. , The Name of the Game , Columbo , Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist . Although unsatisfied with his work, Spielberg used the opportunity to experiment with his techniques and learn about filmmaking. He earned good reviews and impressed producers; he
14601-513: The elements into a roller coaster entertainment without sacrificing inner meanings. The suspense of the picture came from meticulous technique and good humor about its own surgical cutting. You have only to submit to the travesty of Jaws 2 to realize how much more engagingly Spielberg saw the ocean, the perils, the sinister beauty of the shark, and the vitality of its human opponents. — Critic David Thompson After declining an offer to make Jaws 2 Spielberg and Dreyfuss reunited to work on
14758-408: The end. For one thing, under the credits the giant spaceship was returning to the stars. For another, they just didn’t want to leave this picture. For still another, they seemed to understand the importance of those many names to what they had just seen." Kauffmann placed it first on his list of the best American films from 1968 to 1977. Reviewing Close Encounters , Kael called Spielberg "a magician in
14915-439: The episodes, ran from 1959 to 1964. It featured fantasy , suspense , and horror as well as science fiction, with each episode being a complete story. Critics have ranked it as one of the best TV programs of any genre . The animated series The Jetsons , while intended as comedy and only running for one season (1962–1963), predicted many inventions now in common use: flat-screen televisions , newspapers on
15072-513: The eponymous Captain Hook ( Dustin Hoffman ). During filming, the stars clashed on set; Spielberg told 60 Minutes that he would never work with Roberts again. Nominated for five Academy Awards, the studio enjoyed the film but most critics did not; Thomson called it "maudlin." Writing for The Washington Post , Desson Howe described the film as "too industrially organized", and thought it mundane. At
15229-545: The film depicts the final four months of Lincoln's life. The film was shot in Richmond, Virginia in late 2011. and was released in the US in November 2012. Lincoln was acclaimed and earned more than $ 250 million worldwide. It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, winning Best Production Design and Best Actor for Day-Lewis's performance. Donald Clarke from The Irish Times praised
15386-468: The film for its weak representation of the Holocaust. Imre Kertész , a Hungarian author and concentration camp survivor, also disliked the film, saying, "I regard as kitsch any representation of the Holocaust that is incapable of understanding or unwilling to understand the organic connection between our own deformed mode of life and the very possibility of the Holocaust." Thomson calls it "the most moving film I have ever seen." In 1994, Spielberg took
15543-411: The film is about an American dock worker who is forced to look after his children, from whom he lives separately, as he tries to protect and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade Earth. Spielberg used storyboards to help the actors react to computer imagery that they could not see and used natural lighting and camerawork to avoid an "over stylized" science fiction picture. The film
15700-743: The first science fiction novel . Some of the stories from The Arabian Nights , along with the 10th-century The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter and Ibn al-Nafis 's 13th-century Theologus Autodidactus , are also argued to contain elements of science fiction. Written during the Scientific Revolution and later the Age of Enlightenment are considered true science-fantasy books. Francis Bacon 's New Atlantis (1627), Johannes Kepler 's Somnium (1634), Athanasius Kircher 's Itinerarium extaticum (1656), Cyrano de Bergerac 's Comical History of
15857-480: The genre, it describes the history of humanity from the present onwards across two billion years. In 1937, John W. Campbell became editor of Astounding Science Fiction , an event that is sometimes considered the beginning of the Golden Age of Science Fiction , which was characterized by stories celebrating scientific achievement and progress . The "Golden Age" is often said to have ended in 1946, but sometimes
16014-472: The implications of the Internet and the expanding information universe, questions about biotechnology , nanotechnology , and post-scarcity societies . Recent trends and subgenres include steampunk , biopunk , and mundane science fiction . The first, or at least one of the first, recorded science fiction film is 1902's A Trip to the Moon , directed by French filmmaker Georges Méliès . It
16171-544: The incident, sought advice from former president Bill Clinton , among others, before making the film because he did not want to cause further problems in the Middle East. Although the film garnered mostly positive reviews, some critics perceived it as anti-Semitic; it is one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date. Munich received five Academy Awards nominations: Best Picture, Best Film Editing, Best Score , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Director for Spielberg. It
16328-478: The kid who never wanted to grow up, and she sort of saw herself that way. I think my mom lived a lot of childhoods in her ninety-seven years." He was not interested in academics, aspiring only to be a filmmaker. He applied to the University of Southern California 's film school but was turned down because of his mediocre grades. He then applied and enrolled at California State University, Long Beach , where he became
16485-415: The late 1940s and the 1950s are included. In 1942, Isaac Asimov started his Foundation series , which chronicles the rise and fall of galactic empires and introduced psychohistory . The series was later awarded a one-time Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series". Theodore Sturgeon 's More Than Human (1953) explored possible future human evolution . In 1957, Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale by
16642-401: The law, but you just have to love them for the moxie." The film was a critical and commercial success. Spielberg followed Catch Me If You Can with The Terminal (2004), a comedy loosely inspired by the true story of Mehran Karimi Nasseri and by Jacques Tati 's Playtime (1967). The film follows Viktor Navorski (Hanks), an Eastern European man who, after a coup in his home country,
16799-455: The malfunctioning of the mechanical shark resulted in a better movie, as he had to find other ways to suggest the shark's presence. After seeing the unconventional camera techniques of Jaws , Alfred Hitchcock praised "young Spielberg" for thinking outside the visual dynamics of the theater: "He's the first one of us who doesn't see the proscenium arch". Like Coppola on The Godfather , Spielberg asserted his own role and deftly organized
16956-465: The mechanical shark malfunctioned. The shooting schedule overran by a hundred days, and Universal threatened to cancel production. Against expectations, Jaws was a success, setting the domestic box office record and making Spielberg a household name. It won Academy Awards for Best Film Editing ( Verna Fields ), Best Original Dramatic Score (John Williams) and Best Sound ( Robert Hoyt , Roger Heman , Earl Madery and John Carter ). Spielberg said
17113-459: The medium's most compelling spirals of suspense. The ordinariness of the Dennis Weaver character and the monstrous malignance of the truck confront one another with a narrative assurance that never needs to remind us of the element of fable." More TV films followed: Something Evil (1972) and Savage (1973). Spielberg made his theatrical debut with The Sugarland Express (1974), based on
17270-456: The modern genre primarily arose in the 19th and early 20th centuries when popular writers began looking to technological progress and speculation. Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , written in 1818, is often credited as the first true science fiction novel . Jules Verne and H.G. Wells are pivotal figures in the genre's development. In the 20th century, expanded with the introduction of space operas , dystopian literature, pulp magazines , and
17427-472: The novellas included in the first novel, Dragonflight , made McCaffrey the first woman to win a Hugo or Nebula Award . In 1968, Philip K. Dick 's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was published. It is the literary source of the Blade Runner movie franchise . In 1969, The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin was set on a planet in which the inhabitants have no fixed gender . It
17584-425: The office?" Spielberg said he did. Ford pointed to a painting and asked, "Where's the horizon?" Spielberg said it was at the top. Ford asked him where it was in another painting. Spielberg said it was at the bottom. Ford said, "When you're able to distinguish the art of the horizon at the bottom of a frame or at the top of the frame, but not going right through the center of the frame, when you can appreciate why it's at
17741-475: The original Indiana Jones trilogy (1981–89). He explored drama in The Color Purple (1985) and Empire of the Sun (1987). In 1993, Spielberg directed back-to-back blockbuster hits with the science fiction thriller Jurassic Park , the highest-grossing film ever at the time, and the Holocaust drama Schindler's List , which has often been listed as one of the greatest films ever made . He won
17898-603: The play RUR , written by the Czech playwright Karel Čapek , broadcast live from the BBC's Alexandra Palace studios on 11 February 1938. The first popular science fiction program on American television was the children's adventure serial Captain Video and His Video Rangers , which ran from June 1949 to April 1955. The Twilight Zone (the original series), produced and narrated by Rod Serling , who also wrote or co-wrote most of
18055-567: The project, which was eventually directed by Christopher Nolan . During this period, Spielberg remained active as a producer. Spielberg returned to the Indiana Jones series in 2008 with the fourth installment, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Released nineteen years after Last Crusade , the film is set in 1957, pitting Indiana Jones ( Harrison Ford ) against Soviet agents led by Irina Spalko ( Cate Blanchett ), searching for
18212-627: The project: "When I read the first draft of the script, this wasn't something that could wait three years or two years—this was a story I felt we needed to tell today." The film received a wide release on January 12, 2018. The Post gained positive reception; the critic from the Associated Press thought "Spielberg infuses every scene with tension and life and the grandeur of the ordinary that he's always been so good at conveying." In 2017, Spielberg and Paul Greengrass , Francis Ford Coppola , Guillermo del Toro and Lawrence Kasdan were featured in
18369-456: The rare films both written and directed by Spielberg, Close Encounters was very popular with filmgoers and won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography ( Vilmos Zsigmond ) and Best Sound Effects Editing ( Frank Warner ). Stanley Kauffmann wrote: "I saw Close Encounters at its first public showing in New York, and most of the audience stayed on and on to watch the credits crawl lengthily at
18526-468: The reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology ." Robert A. Heinlein wrote that "A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method ." American science fiction author and editor Lester del Rey wrote, "Even
18683-475: The romantic drama Always , about an aerial firefighter . It is a modern remake of one of Spielberg's favorite childhood films, A Guy Named Joe (1943). The story was personal; he said "As a child I was very frustrated, and maybe I saw my own parents [in A Guy Named Joe ]. I was also short of girlfriends. And it stuck with me." Spielberg had discussed the film with Dreyfuss back in 1975, with up to twelve drafts being written before filming commenced. Always
18840-626: The same summer as E.T. With John Landis , he co-produced the anthology film Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983), contributing the "Kick the Can" segment. His next feature film was the Raiders of the Lost Ark prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). Working again with Lucas and Ford, the film was shot in the United States, Sri Lanka and China. The film was darker than its predecessor, and led to
18997-409: The screenplay. Ten months later, with the hardcover release coinciding with the paperback release, Cline revealed on his blog that both the paperback and hardcover editions of Ready Player One contain an elaborately hidden Easter egg. This clue formed the first part of a series of staged video gaming tests, similar to the plot of the novel. Cline also revealed that the competition's grand prize would be
19154-664: The series gained popularity through syndication and extraordinary fan interest . It became a very popular and influential franchise with many films , television shows , novels , and other works and products. Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994) led to six additional live action Star Trek shows: Deep Space Nine (1993–1999), Voyager (1995–2001) , Enterprise (2001–2005), Discovery (2017–2024), Picard (2020–2023), and Strange New Worlds (2022–present), with more in some form of development. Steven Spielberg Steven Allan Spielberg ( / ˈ s p iː l b ɜːr ɡ / ; born December 18, 1946)
19311-424: The shock of this material seeming new. Raiders of the Lost Ark , now more than ever, seems a turning point in the cinema of escapist entertainment, and there was really no way Spielberg could make it new all over again. What he has done is to take many of the same elements, and apply all of his craft and sense of fun to make them work yet once again. And they do. Also in 1989, he reunited with Richard Dreyfuss for
19468-549: The shoot was difficult but Spielberg said that it helped him hone his business acumen. The film was a box office success and won Academy Awards for Best Art Direction ( Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley and Michael D. Ford ); Best Film Editing ( Michael Kahn ); Best Sound ( Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker and Roy Charman ); Best Sound Editing ( Ben Burtt and Richard L. Anderson ); and Best Visual Effects ( Richard Edlund , Kit West , Bruce Nicholson and Joe Johnston ). Roger Ebert wrote that, " Raiders of
19625-530: The studio gates without a pass, and the security guard waved him in: "I basically spent the next two months at Universal Studios... that was how I became an unofficial apprentice that summer." His family later moved to Saratoga, California , where he attended Saratoga High School . A year later, his parents divorced. Spielberg moved to Los Angeles to stay with his father, while his three sisters and mother remained in Saratoga. He recalls: My parents split up when I
19782-604: The studio heads, disliked it. Charles Champlin described 1941 as "the most conspicuous waste since the last major oil spill, which it somewhat resembles." Spielberg directed Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), with a screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman . They considered it an homage to the serials of the 1930s and 1940s. It starred Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones and Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood . Filmed in La Rochelle , Hawaii , Tunisia and Elstree Studios , England,
19939-484: The summer of 2010. It was released four days after Tintin , on December 25, 2011. The film is based on Michael Morpurgo 's 1982 novel of the same name and follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009, War Horse was the first of four consecutive Spielberg films released by Disney. It had an acclaimed response from critics and
20096-404: The television film Duel (1971), his first full-length film which later received an international theatrical release. He made his theatrical debut with The Sugarland Express (1974) and became a household name with the summer blockbuster Jaws (1975). He directed more escapist box office successes with Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and
20253-515: The term speculative fiction to be used instead for those that are more "serious" or "thoughtful". Some scholars assert that science fiction had its beginnings in ancient times , when the line between myth and fact was blurred. Written in the 2nd century CE by the satirist Lucian , A True Story contains many themes and tropes characteristic of modern science fiction, including travel to other worlds, extraterrestrial lifeforms , interplanetary warfare, and artificial life . Some consider it
20410-516: The third installment. Last Crusade received mostly positive reviews and was a box office success, earning $ 474 million; it was his biggest hit since E.T. Biographer Joseph McBride wrote that it was a comeback for Spielberg, and Spielberg acknowledged the amount he has learned from making the Indiana Jones series. Ebert wrote that, "If there is just a shade of disappointment after seeing this movie, it has to be because we will never again have
20567-412: The time, and so it was always on my mind." His father had lost between sixteen and twenty relatives in the Holocaust. Spielberg found it difficult accepting his heritage; he said: "It isn't something I enjoy admitting... but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me, I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews. I was embarrassed by the outward perception of my parents' Jewish practices. I
20724-433: The top and why it's at the bottom, you might make a pretty good picture maker." Spielberg made his professional debut with "Eyes", a segment of Night Gallery (1969) scripted by Rod Serling and starring Joan Crawford . Initially, there was skepticism from Crawford and studio executives regarding Spielberg's inexperience. Despite Spielberg's efforts to implement advanced camerawork techniques, studio executives demanded
20881-483: The works of Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick , while Toronto Sun ' s Liz Braun thought that there were "moments of wonder and delight" but it was too long. A year later, Spielberg directed The Post , an account of The Washington Post 's printing of the Pentagon Papers . Starring Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep , production began in New York on May 30, 2017. Spielberg stated his attraction to
21038-455: The youngest director to be signed to a long-term plan with a major Hollywood studio. Spielberg returned to Long Beach in 2002, where he presented Schindler's List to complete his Bachelor of Arts in Film and Electronic Media. He recalls a formative encounter with one of his favorite directors, John Ford , who said: "So they tell me you want to be a picture maker. You see those paintings around
21195-446: Was "better crafted but less fun" than the first film, while The Guardian wrote "It looks like a director on autopilot [...] The special effects brook no argument." Amistad (1997), his first film released under DreamWorks, was based on the true story of the events in 1839 aboard the slave ship La Amistad . Producer Debbie Allen , who had read the book Amistad I in 1978, thought Spielberg would be perfect to direct. Spielberg
21352-473: Was 15 or 16 years old, and I needed a special friend, and had to use my imagination to take me to places that felt good – that helped me move beyond the problems my parents were having, and that ended our family as a whole. And thinking about that time, I thought, an extraterrestrial character would be the perfect springboard to purge the pain of your parents' splitting up. He recalls his mother had "a huge adventurous personality. We always saw her as Peter Pan ,
21509-505: Was a box office hit grossing over $ 600 million worldwide. Spielberg's Munich (2005) is about the Israeli government's secret retaliation after eleven Israeli Olympic athletes were kidnapped and murdered in the 1972 Munich massacre . The film is based on Vengeance , a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas . It was previously adapted for the screen in the 1986 television film Sword of Gideon . Spielberg, who personally remembers
21666-504: Was commercially unsuccessful and received mixed reviews. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, " Always is filled with big, sentimental moments, it lacks the intimacy to make any of this very moving." After a brief setback in which Spielberg felt "artistically stalled", he returned in 1991 with Hook , about a middle-aged Peter Pan ( Robin Williams ), who returns to Neverland and encounters Tinker Bell ( Julia Roberts ) and
21823-412: Was dying of cancer. Cline shot some low-budget scenes himself and shared his screenplay draft with Harry Knowles , whose connections in the film industry helped Cline get the film produced. The final film was co-written by Adam F. Goldberg and directed by Kyle Newman . It was finally released in 2009 after reshoots, re-edits, and delays. Cline later recalled that the film "changed my whole life. Fanboys
21980-615: Was earning a steady income and relocated to Laurel Canyon , Los Angeles. Impressed, Universal signed Spielberg to do four television films. The first was Duel (1971), adapted from Richard Matheson 's short story of the same name, about a salesman ( Dennis Weaver ) being chased down a highway by a psychotic tanker truck driver. Impressed, executives decided to promote the film on television. Reviews were positive, and Universal asked Spielberg to shoot more scenes so that Duel could be released to international markets. "Deservedly so" writes David Thomson , "for it stands up as one of
22137-649: Was from Sudylkiv , and his grandfather Shmuel Spielberg was from Kamianets-Podilskyi . Spielberg has three younger sisters: Anne , Sue, and Nancy. In 1952, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey after his father was hired by RCA . Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis . At their home in Cincinnati, his grandmother taught English to Holocaust survivors. They, in turn, taught him numbers: One man in particular, I kept looking at his numbers–his number tattooed on his forearm... he started – you know, when–during
22294-432: Was hesitant taking on the project, afraid that it would be compared to Schindler's List , but he said, "I've never planned my career [...] In the end I do what I think I gotta do." Starring Morgan Freeman , Anthony Hopkins , Djimon Hounsou and Matthew McConaughey , Spielberg used Allen's ten years worth of research to reenact the difficult historical scenes. The film struggled to find an audience, and underperformed at
22451-484: Was hired to train the actors and keep them in character during the combat scenes. Halfway through filming, Spielberg reminded the cast that they were making a tribute to thank "your grandparents and my dad, who fought in [the war]". Upon release, critics praised the direction and its realistic portrayal of war. The film grossed a successful $ 481 million worldwide and Spielberg won a second Academy Award for Best Director. In August 1999, Spielberg and Hanks were awarded
22608-440: Was his first home movie. In 1958, he became a Boy Scout , eventually attaining the rank of Eagle Scout . He fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm Western , The Last Gunfight . Spielberg used his father's movie camera to make amateur features, and began taking the camera along on every Scout trip. At age 13, Spielberg made a 40-minute war film , Escape to Nowhere , with
22765-485: Was his sixth Best Director nomination, and fifth Best Picture nomination. In the mid-2000s, Spielberg scaled down his directing career and became more selective about film projects to undertake. In December 2005, he and his partners sold DreamWorks to media conglomerate Viacom (now known as Paramount Global ). The sale was finalized in February 2006. In June 2006, Spielberg planned to make Interstellar , but abandoned
22922-404: Was influential on later filmmakers , bringing a different kind of creativity and fantasy . Méliès's innovative editing and special effects techniques were widely imitated and became important elements of the cinematic medium . 1927's Metropolis , directed by Fritz Lang , is the first feature-length science fiction film. Though not well received in its time, it is now considered
23079-480: Was known for its embrace of a high degree of experimentation, both in form and in content, and a highbrow and self-consciously " literary " or " artistic " sensibility . In 1961, Solaris by Stanisław Lem was published in Poland . The novel dealt with the theme of human limitations as its characters attempted to study a seemingly intelligent ocean on a newly discovered planet . Lem's work anticipated
23236-456: Was mixed at the time of release; criticism ranged from the "overwrought" plot to Spielberg's downplaying of "disease and starvation". However, Andrew Sarris named it the best film of the year and later included it among the best of the decade. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, but was a disappointment at the box office; Ian Alterman of The New York Times thought it was overlooked by audiences. Spielberg recalled that Empire of
23393-475: Was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times." Spielberg was the target of anti-Semitism : "In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. Two bloody noses. It was horrible." He gradually followed Judaism less during adolescence, after his family had moved to various neighborhoods and found themselves to be the only Jews. He recalls his parents taking him to see Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth (1952). He had never seen
23550-591: Was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture. In a review for Salon magazine, Andrew O'Hehir wrote, "at this point in his career Spielberg is pursuing personal goals, and everything that's terrific and overly flat and tooth-rottingly sweet about War Horse reflects that." Spielberg directed the historical drama Lincoln (2012), starring Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln . Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's book Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln and written by Tony Kushner ,
23707-442: Was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture; Rylance won Best Supporting Actor , becoming the second actor to win for a performance directed by Spielberg. In 2016, Spielberg made The BFG , an adaptation of Roald Dahl 's children's book , starring newcomer Ruby Barnhill , and Mark Rylance as the titular Big Friendly Giant. DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, and John Madden had intended to direct. The film
23864-591: Was still editing Jurassic Park in the evenings. To make filming "bearable", Spielberg brought his wife and children with him. Against expectations, the film was a commercial success, and Spielberg used his percentage of profits to start the Shoah Foundation , a non-profit organization that archives testimonies of Holocaust survivors. Schindler's List won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Spielberg's first as Best Director . It also won seven BAFTAs , and three Golden Globes . Schindler's List
24021-465: Was the closing-night attraction at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival , a venue not known for blubbering sentiment. At the end, as the little critter bade his farewells and the Jules Verne -like space ship left the ground, the audience similarly levitated. One heard the audience's childlike applause; one felt their spirits lift. This was rapture made audible, palpable ... Spielberg orchestrated the movements of
24178-408: Was the first of his three- decade -long planetary romance series of Barsoom novels , which were set on Mars and featured John Carter as the hero . These novels were predecessors to YA novels , and drew inspiration from European science fiction and American Western novels . In 1924, We by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin , one of the first dystopian novels, was published. It describes
24335-464: Was the last to be written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison before her death. It was co-produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures , marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg. The BFG premiered as an out-of-competition entry at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , and received a wide release in the US on July 1, 2016. The BFG received fair reviews; Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune compared certain scenes to
24492-520: Was the recipient of the first ever Time 100 Impact Award in the US. Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946, in Cincinnati, Ohio . His mother, Leah ( née Posner, later Adler), was a concert pianist and ran a kosher dairy restaurant , and his father, Arnold , was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His immediate family were Reform Jewish / Orthodox Jewish . Spielberg's paternal grandparents were Jews from Ukraine ; his grandmother Rebecca, maiden name Chechik,
24649-611: Was ugly, and it was cruel... it was, you know, visually devastating. And so I thought, someday, if I ever do make a war movie for real, it's got to be something that tells the truth about what those experiences had been for those young 17-, 18-, 19-year-old boys storming Omaha Beach, let's say. In Phoenix, Spielberg went to the local theater every Saturday. Formative films included Victor Fleming 's Captains Courageous (1937), Walt Disney 's Pinocchio and Fantasia (both 1940), Akira Kurosawa 's Rashomon (1950) and The Seven Samurai (1954), Ishirō Honda 's Godzilla, King of
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