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23-525: Popular renditions of the song usually contain a variation of the following verses: Vair me oro van o Vair me oro van ee Vair me oru o ho Sad am I without thee When I'm lonely dear white heart Black the night or wild the sea By love's light my foot finds The old pathway to thee Vair me oro van o Vair me oro van ee Vair me oru o ho Sad am I without thee Thou'rt the music of my heart Harp of joy oh cruit mo chridh Moon of guidance by night Strength and light thou'rt to me Songs of

46-414: A web server . There are several different tier systems that web applications use to communicate between the web browsers, the client interface, and server data. Each system has their own uses as they function in different ways. However, there are many security risks that developers must be aware of during development; proper measures to protect user data is vital. Web applications are often constructed with

69-464: A publication, download a PDF version of it, and view pages in different ways, such as one page at a time, scrolling , flipping , or thumbnail views. The Emergency Temporary Access Service (ETAS) is a service provided by HathiTrust that makes it possible in certain special situations, such as closure of a library for a public health emergency, for users of HathiTrust member libraries to obtain lawful access to copyright digital materials in place of

92-421: A web browser tab but later can run completely offline and can be launched without entering the app URL in the browser. Traditional PC applications are typically single-tiered, residing solely on the client machine. In contrast, web applications inherently facilitate a multi-tiered architecture. Though many variations are possible, the most common structure is the three-tiered application. In its most common form,

115-643: Is based on a shared governance structure. Costs are shared by the participating libraries and library consortia. The repository is administered by the University of Michigan . The executive director of HathiTrust is Mike Furlough, who succeeded founding director John Wilkin after Wilkin stepped down in 2013. The HathiTrust Shared Print Program is a distributed collective collection whose participating libraries have committed to retaining almost 18 million monograph volumes for 25 years, representing three-quarters of HathiTrust digital book holdings. In September 2011,

138-439: Is broken down into a more fine-grained model. Another benefit would be to add an integration tier, which separates the data tier and provides an easy-to-use interface to access the data. For example, the client data would be accessed by calling a "list_clients()" function instead of making an SQL query directly against the client table on the database. This allows the underlying database to be replaced without making any change to

161-562: The Authors Guild sued HathiTrust ( Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust ), alleging massive copyright violation. A federal court ruled against the Authors Guild in October 2012, finding that HathiTrust's use of books scanned by Google was fair use under US law. The court's opinion relied on the transformativeness doctrine of federal copyright law, holding that HathiTrust had transformed

184-603: The Sanskrit hastin , is the Hindi word for ' elephant ', an animal famed for its long-term memory. HathiTrust was founded in October 2008 by the twelve universities of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation and the eleven libraries of the University of California . As of 2024, members include more than 219 research libraries across the United States, Canada, and Europe, and

207-439: The public domain in the United States. HathiTrust provides a number of discovery and access services, notably, full-text search across the entire repository. As of 2021, the copyright policy states that "many works in our collection are protected by copyright law, so we cannot ordinarily publicly display large portions of those protected works unless we have permission from the copyright holder", and thus "if we cannot determine

230-461: The support cost and decreasing productivity . Additionally, both the client and server components of the application were bound tightly to a particular computer architecture and operating system , which made porting them to other systems prohibitively expensive for all but the largest applications. Later, in 1995, Netscape introduced the client-side scripting language called JavaScript , which allowed programmers to add dynamic elements to

253-670: The Hebrides - First Volume from HathiTrust and the University of Michigan An Eriskay Love Lilt (from "Songs of the Hebrideas") , Glasgow Orpheus Choir HathiTrust HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally by libraries. Hathi ( IPA: [ˈhɑːti] ), derived from

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276-439: The application was shared between code on the server and code installed on each client locally. In other words, an application had its own pre-compiled client program which served as its user interface and had to be separately installed on each user's personal computer . An upgrade to the server-side code of the application would typically also require an upgrade to the client-side code installed on each user workstation, adding to

299-492: The copyright or permission status of a work, we restrict access to that work until we can establish its status. Because of differences in international copyright laws, access is also restricted for users outside the United States to works published outside the United States after and including 1896." PageTurner is the web application on the HathiTrust website for viewing publications. From PageTurner readers can navigate through

322-596: The copyrighted works without infringing on the copyright holders' rights. That decision was largely affirmed by the Second Circuit on June 10, 2014, which found that providing search and accessibility for the visually impaired were grounds to consider the service transformative and fair use, and remanded to the lower court to reconsider whether the plaintiffs had standing to sue regarding HathiTrust's library preservation copies. In September 2024, HathiTrust comprised more than 18 million volumes, including 6.7 million in

345-429: The corresponding physical books held by the same library. Web application A web application (or web app ) is application software that is created with web technologies and runs via a web browser . Web applications emerged during the late 1990s and allowed for the server to dynamically build a response to the request, in contrast to static web pages . Web applications are commonly distributed via

368-416: The development process. This includes processes for authentication, authorization, asset handling, input, and logging and auditing. Building security into the applications from the beginning is sometimes more effective and less disruptive in the long run. Writing web applications is simplified with the use of web application frameworks . These frameworks facilitate rapid application development by allowing

391-411: The early 2000s, applications such as " Myspace (2003), Gmail (2004), Digg (2004), [and] Google Maps (2005)," started to make their client sides more and more interactive. A web page script is able to contact the server for storing/retrieving data without downloading an entire web page. The practice became known as Ajax in 2005. In earlier computing models like client-server, the processing load for

414-425: The other tiers. There are some who view a web application as a two-tier architecture. This can be a "smart" client that performs all the work and queries a "dumb" server, or a "dumb" client that relies on a "smart" server. The client would handle the presentation tier, the server would have the database (storage tier), and the business logic (application tier) would be on one of them or on both. While this increases

437-469: The scalability of the applications and separates the display and the database, it still does not allow for true specialization of layers, so most applications will outgrow this model. Security breaches on these kinds of applications are a major concern because it can involve both enterprise information and private customer data. Protecting these assets is an important part of any web application, and there are some key operational areas that must be included in

460-439: The three tiers are called presentation , application and storage . The first tier, presentation, refers to a web browser itself. The second tier refers to any engine using dynamic web content technology (such as ASP , CGI , ColdFusion , Dart , JSP/Java , Node.js , PHP , Python or Ruby on Rails ). The third tier refers to a database that stores data and determines the structure of a user interface. Essentially, when using

483-410: The three-tiered system, the web browser sends requests to the engine, which then services them by making queries and updates against the database and generates a user interface. The 3-tier solution may fall short when dealing with more complex applications, and may need to be replaced with the n-tiered approach; the greatest benefit of which is how business logic (which resides on the application tier)

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506-659: The use of a web application framework . Single-page and progressive are two approaches for a website to seem more like a native app. The concept of a "web application" was first introduced in the Java language in the Servlet Specification version 2.2, which was released in 1999. At that time, both JavaScript and XML had already been developed, but the XMLHttpRequest object had only been recently introduced on Internet Explorer 5 as an ActiveX object. Beginning around

529-502: The user interface that ran on the client side. Essentially, instead of sending data to the server in order to generate an entire web page, the embedded scripts of the downloaded page can perform various tasks such as input validation or showing/hiding parts of the page. " Progressive web apps ", the term coined by designer Frances Berriman and Google Chrome engineer Alex Russell in 2015, refers to apps taking advantage of new features supported by modern browsers, which initially run inside

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