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70-600: Emperor Ling may refer to: Emperor Ling of Han (156–189) Lü Zuan (died 401), emperor of Later Liang Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Emperor Ling . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ling&oldid=1084210096 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

140-624: A faction led by Empress Dowager Dou 's father, Dou Wu , and the Confucian scholar-official Chen Fan in October 168. After reaching adulthood, Emperor Ling was not interested in state affairs and preferred to indulge in women and a decadent lifestyle. At the same time, corrupt officials in the Han government levied heavy taxes on the peasants. He exacerbated the situation by introducing a practice of selling political offices for money; this practice severely damaged

210-465: A few have three. Some names are given several generations later—this is the case for Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Antoku , for example. Others are provided immediately after death, like that Emperor Monmu . A shigō ( 諡号 ) , or okuri-na ( 諡 ) , name describes the accomplishments and the virtues of the rulers. There are two styles of emperors' shigō : Chinese or Han style ( 漢風諡号 ) and Japanese style ( 和風諡号 ) . Tsuigō names are derived from

280-499: A given name are subjective, repetitive, and highly stereotypical , meaning posthumous names are often chosen arbitrarily. Court historians usually provide such names according to the deceased's notable deeds. When combining an emperor's temple name and posthumous name, the temple name is placed first. For example, the Shunzhi Emperor , whose full posthumous title would be "Shizu, Emperor Zhang" ( 世祖章皇帝 ), combines his temple name and

350-521: A hall within the western gardens and filled it with treasures and silk taken from the agriculture department. He also visited his birthplace in Hejian Commandery , where he acquired land and used it to build mansions and towers. As Emperor Ling came from a relatively poor background as a lesser marquis, he had a strong desire to accumulate as much personal wealth as possible – especially after he saw that his predecessor, Emperor Huan, did not leave behind

420-431: A large family fortune for him. He drew his wealth not just from the imperial treasuries, but also from the low-ranking eunuchs who attended to him. Emperor Ling often said, "Regular Attendant Zhang (Rang) is my father, Regular Attendant Zhao (Zhong) is my mother." As the eunuchs were highly trusted and favoured by Emperor Ling, they behaved lawlessly and abused their power. They even built lavish mansions for themselves in

490-532: A major Taoist rebel movement had started in Ji Province – the Taiping Sect ( 太平教 ), led by Zhang Jiao , who claimed he had magical powers to heal the sick. By 183, his teachings and followers had spread to eight of the empire's thirteen provinces – Ji, Qing , Xu , You , Jing , Yang , Yan , and Yu . Several key imperial officials became concerned about Zhang Jiao's hold over his followers, and suggested that

560-453: A posthumous name, one or more adjectives are inserted before the deceased's title. The name of the state or domain of the owner may be added to avoid ambiguity. Early mythological rulers such as Emperor Yao were known to have posthumous names. Archaeological discoveries have shown that the titles of kings as far back as the Zhou dynasty ( c.   1046 to 256 BC) are posthumous names, as in

630-489: A powerful eunuch whom he trusted, Jian Shuo , wanted to first kill Empress He's brother, General-in-Chief He Jin , and then make Liu Xie emperor, and therefore set up a trap at a meeting he was to have with He Jin. He Jin found out, and peremptorily declared Liu Bian emperor. Consorts and Issue: Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian culture . It

700-473: A son to succeed him, his empress, Empress Dou , became empress dowager , and she examined the genealogy of the imperial clan to choose a candidate to be the next emperor. For reasons unknown, her assistant Liu Shu ( 劉儵 ) recommended Liu Hong, the Marquis of Jiedu Village. After consulting with her father Dou Wu and the Confucian scholar-official Chen Fan , Empress Dowager Dou installed a 12-year-old Liu Hong on

770-605: Is a Chinese term that means posthumous name and title. The names of living Chinese people may be any combination of characters. Most often, posthumous names are chosen from a relatively small list, with their literal meaning eroding as a result. The Chinese language format for posthumous names is "[ state ] [ adjective ] [ title ]". When translated into English, they take on the format "[ title ] [ adjective ] of [ state ]", such as King Wen of Zhou ('Cultured King of Zhou'), Duke Mu of Qin ('Solemn Duke of Qin'), and King Cheng of Chu ('Accomplished King of Chu'). The literal meaning of

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840-516: Is always initial. The number of characters in posthumous names increased over time. The emperors of the Tang dynasty have posthumous names between 7 and 18 characters, while most in the Qing dynasty have more than 20 characters. For instance, the Shunzhi Emperor 's posthumous name has 25 characters. The woman with the longest posthumous name (also 25 characters) is Empress Dowager Cixi ; the shortened version of

910-400: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Emperor Ling of Han Emperor Ling's reign saw another repetition of corrupt eunuchs dominating the eastern Han central government, as was the case during his predecessor's reign. Zhang Rang , the leader of the eunuch faction (十常侍), managed to dominate the political scene after defeating

980-493: Is predominantly used in Asian countries such as China , Korea , Vietnam , Japan , and Thailand . Reflecting on the person's accomplishments or reputation, the title is assigned after death and essentially replaces the name used during life. Although most posthumous names are given to royalty, some posthumous names are given to honour significant people without hereditary titles , such as courtiers or military generals . To create

1050-511: The Eastern Han dynasty , has the character of ' filial ' ( 孝 ; xiào ) at the beginning of his posthumous name. 'Filial' is also used in the full posthumous names of virtually all emperors and empresses of the Tang , Song , Ming and Qing dynasties. For Qing emperors, the character xiào is placed in various positions in the string of characters. For Qing empresses given posthumous names, xiào

1120-521: The Administrator ( 太守 ) of Julu Commandery ( 鉅鹿郡 ). As he had a reputation for being an honest official, he was required to pay less – three million maces . Upon receiving the order, he lamented, "I should be like a parent to the common people, but I have been forced to exploit them to satisfy (the Emperor's) needs. I can't bear to do this." He attempted to resign, claiming that he was ill, but his request

1190-803: The Dong clan began to enter government, but did not have substantial influence. Later that year, the eunuchs persuaded Emperor Ling that the "partisans" (i.e., Confucian officials and those who supported them) were plotting against him, and a large number of partisans were arrested and killed; the others had their civil liberties stripped completely, in an event historically known as the second Disaster of Partisan Prohibitions . Empress Dowager Dou died in 172. Despite suggestions by eunuchs to have her only buried as an imperial consort and not be honoured as Emperor Huan's wife, Emperor Ling had her buried with full honours befitting an empress dowager in Emperor Huan's mausoleum. In

1260-538: The Han civil service system and led to widespread corruption. Mounting grievances against the Han government led to the outbreak of the peasant-led Yellow Turban Rebellion in early 184. Emperor Ling's reign left the Eastern Han dynasty weak and on the verge of collapse. After his death, the Han Empire disintegrated in chaos for the subsequent decades as various regional warlords fought for power and dominance. (See End of

1330-505: The Han dynasty .) The Han dynasty ended in late 220 when Emperor Ling's son, Emperor Xian , abdicated his throne – an event leading to the start of the Three Kingdoms period in China. Liu Hong was a hereditary marquis – the Marquis of Jiedu Village ( 解瀆亭侯 ). In the Han dynasty, a village marquis's marquisate usually comprised only one village or, in rarer cases, two or three villages. He was

1400-540: The Liang Province forces' contributions to the campaign, they began to be feared and began to look down on troops from all other provinces. During and in the aftermaths of the Yellow Turban Rebellion, many people from other provinces, in order to ward off pillaging by Yellow Turbans or governmental forces, also organised themselves into military groups, and a good number resisted government forces, and even after

1470-469: The Prince of Bohai, of treason and forced him to commit suicide. The members of his entire household, including his wife, concubines, children, assistants and principality officials, were all rounded up and executed. As the Han government became more corrupt, the people received heavier tax burdens. As Emperor Ling grew older, he not only took no remedial action, but continued to tolerate the eunuchs' corruption for

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1540-469: The Taiping Sect be disbanded. Emperor Ling did not listen to them. Zhang Jiao had in fact planned a rebellion. He commissioned 36 military commanders, set up a shadow government, and wrote a declaration: "The Azure sky has perished; behold, the Yellow sky will soon rise. When the year is jiazi , there will be prosperity under Heaven!" (Under the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle calendar method, 184 would be

1610-472: The Yellow Turbans were defeated, the central government's control of the provinces was no longer what it used to be. Even after the Yellow Turban Rebellion was suppressed, Emperor Ling did not change his wasteful and corrupt ways. He continued to levy heavy taxes and continued to sell offices. As a result, other agrarian and military rebellions multiplied. In 185, when a fire broke out in the southern part of

1680-404: The adjective usually needs to be translated. All Chinese posthumous names for rulers end in one or two of the characters for " emperor ", huángdì ( 皇帝 ), which can be shortened to Dì , except about a dozen less-recognized ones who have had only Dì and not Huáng . Starting with Emperor Xiaowen of Han (more commonly Emperor Wen), every single Han emperor, except the first of

1750-434: The aftermaths of her death, a vandal wrote on the palace gate: "All that is under the heaven is in upheaval. Cao and Wang murdered the empress dowager. The key officials only know how to be officials and had nothing faithful to say." The angry eunuchs ordered an investigation which led to over 1,000 arrests, but nothing conclusive was found. In that year, the eunuchs also falsely accused Emperor Huan's brother, Liu Kui ( 劉悝 ),

1820-484: The cases of King Wu and King Wen . Posthumous names commonly made tracing linear genealogies simpler and kept a bloodline apparent. In the Zhou dynasty, the posthumous name was usually only one character, such as Wen ('cultured') or Wu ('martial'). Over time, rulers began adding more characters to their ancestors' posthumous names. By the time of the first emperor of Tang , the length had grown to seven characters, which

1890-425: The central government, sought to purge the eunuch faction. Later in 168, they even proposed to exterminate all the powerful eunuchs, a proposal that Empress Dowager Dou rejected. However, word of the plot was leaked, and the eunuchs, after kidnapping the empress dowager and taking the young emperor into custody (after persuading him that it was for his own protection) arrested and executed Chen Fan. Dou Wu resisted but

1960-443: The deceased king was called Daehaeng daewang ( 대행대왕 ; 大行大王 ). The Ministry of Culture and Education ( 예조 ; 禮曹 ) was in charge of the naming. The Ministry of Culture and Education selected three candidates and reported them to the next king, who chose the name he liked best. The deposed kings' names were made up of three parts: the temple name ( 묘호 ), eulogistic names ( 존호 ), and posthumous names ( 시호 ). A deposed king

2030-570: The disfavored monarchs of the Joseon dynasty did not receive posthumous names. Posthumous names can be praises ( 褒字 ) or deprecations ( 貶字 ). There are more praises than deprecations, so posthumous names are also commonly called respectful names ( 尊號 ; zūnhào ) in Chinese. Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian extensively outlines the rules behind choosing the names. Most qualifications for

2100-466: The earlier emperor's name: The posthumous name of some emperors was derived from the combination of characters from two previous emperors' posthumous names: Official posthumous names are still used in Japan. This tradition began with Emperor Meiji . Since the death of Emperor Meiji ( 明治天皇 , Meiji Tennō ) in 1912, the posthumous name of an emperor has always been the era name of his reign. In such cases,

2170-480: The emperor.) She received the position of empress because she bore Emperor Ling a son, Liu Bian ; the emperor had other sons but they died prematurely before Liu Bian's birth. During these years, Emperor Ling became interested in building imperial gardens so he ordered the commandery and principality officials throughout the Han Empire to pay their tributes to him directly, so he could use the money to finance his construction projects. This, in turn, created pressures on

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2240-562: The empress, the eunuchs falsely accused Empress Song of using witchcraft to curse Emperor Ling. The emperor believed them and deposed the empress, who was imprisoned and died in despair. Her father, Song Feng ( 宋酆 ), and the rest of her family were exterminated. In 178, Emperor Ling introduced the practice of selling political offices for money – a practice which severely damaged the Han civil service system (chajuzhi, Chinese: 察举) and led to widespread corruption. The people who paid for these positions perpetuated corruption upon taking office. That

2310-721: The eunuchs Song Dian ( 宋典 ) and Bi Lan ( 畢嵐 ) with overseeing new construction projects, including a new palace hall, four large bronze statues, four giant bronze bells and water-spouting animal sculptures, among others. He also ordered coins to be minted and widely circulated. Many people perceived this to be a display of the emperor's extravagance, and pointed to signs showing that the coins will eventually scatter everywhere. This turned out to be true when chaos broke out in Luoyang after Emperor Ling's death. Emperor Ling appointed Zhao Zhong as "General of Chariots of Cavalry" ( 車騎將軍 ) but removed him from office after some 100 days. In 188, under

2380-562: The fall of the Qin. Posthumous names were used by non- Han rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms , Nanzhao , Liao dynasty , Western Xia , Jin dynasty , Yuan dynasty , Qing dynasty , Silla , Japan, and Vietnam. King names of Hồng Bàng dynasty and Mahan followed the posthumous naming but are considered later works. Some rulers, such as Wu Zetian or rebel leaders, had similarly styled regnal names when they were alive. Most monarchs inherited

2450-413: The first year of the cycle, known as jiazi .) Zhang Jiao had his supporters write jiazi in large characters with white talc everywhere they could – including on the doors of government offices in the imperial capital and other cities. One of Zhang Jiao's followers, Ma Yuanyi ( 馬元義 ), plotted with two eunuchs to start an uprising inside the palace. Early in 184, this plot was discovered, and Ma Yuanyi

2520-510: The imperial palace, the Ten Attendants suggested to Emperor Ling to levy a tax of ten maces from every mu of farmland to raise funds for rebuilding the palace. Emperor Ling then ordered the officials in Taiyuan ( 太原 ), Hedong ( 河東 ) and Didao ( 狄道 ) commanderies to transport wood and patterned rocks to Luoyang (the imperial capital) as construction materials. When the shipments reached

2590-759: The last three characters of his posthumous reputation, which is the form most commonly seen in formal documents. Some monarchs' and royal members' posthumous names were extended, such as Hongwu Emperor , Nurhaci , Crown Prince Hyomyeong , Sunjo of Joseon , and Empress Dowager Cixi . Some monarchs did not follow these guidelines; for example, monarchs of Ju , Chu , and Qi used place names, while some monarchs of Yue had Chinese transliterated posthumous words, and some monarchs of Goguryeo , Silla , and Baekje had differently styled posthumous names. Some early Japanese monarchs also had Japanese-style posthumous names ( 和風諡号 ) . Shihao ( traditional Chinese : 諡號 ; simplified Chinese : 谥号 ; pinyin : shì hào )

2660-467: The living name. In the Malay sultanates and other related sultanates and kingdoms of Southeast Asia, the posthumous names of the sultans and rulers always begin with the word Marhum ( Jawi : مرحوم ), an Arabic loanword meaning 'the late ruler'. The word Marhum is followed by either the place of death or the burial site. Mahmud II of Johor , who was killed while being carried on a royal litter in 1699,

2730-458: The middle. The characters used are mainly those used for emperors. For example, Prince Gong of the Qing dynasty was posthumously named Zhong ( 忠 ) and thus is referred to as Prince Gongzhong ( 恭忠親王 ; Gōngzhōng qīnwáng ). Prince Chun was posthumously named Xian ( 賢 ), and is therefore referred to as Prince Chunxian ( 醇賢親王 ; Chúnxián qīnwáng ). The posthumous name could include more than one character. For example, Prince Shuncheng Lekdehun

2800-403: The most commonly used was Zhìshèngxiānshī ( 至聖先師 ). Sometimes a person is given a posthumous name not by the court, but by his family or disciples. Such names are private posthumous names ( 私諡 ; sīshì ). For example, the sīshì given to Tao Qian was Jìngjié ( 靖節 ). The emperors of China continued to receive posthumous names of increasing length as a matter of ritual long after

2870-479: The most part. A major defeat of the Han army by the Xianbei tribes in 177 further drained the imperial treasury. In 178, Emperor Ling's wife Empress Song , whom he made empress in 171 but did not favour, fell victim to the eunuchs' treachery. Her aunt, Lady Song, was Liu Kui's wife, so the eunuchs were worried that she would seek vengeance on them. Thus, by collaborating with other imperial consorts who wanted to replace

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2940-408: The name of locations and era names , among others. Those Japanese emperors are also sometimes called teigō ( 帝号 , 'emperor name(s)') . Those who were named after the place where the emperor was born, lived or frequented: Those who were named after an emperor whose admirable characteristics resemble those of an earlier one by adding Go ( 後 , lit.   ' later ' ) as a prefix to

3010-471: The name was 孝欽顯皇后 ('the Distinguished Empress who was Admirably Filial'). According to the noble system since the Zhou dynasty , the immediate family members of the emperor were given the titles like King, Prince, Duke, or Earl, with or without actual control over a region. After their death, they would be referred to by the same title, with the posthumous name (usually one character) inserted in

3080-456: The naming convention had been abandoned in casual speech and writing. The Guangxu Emperor , who died in 1908 and was the last emperor to receive a posthumous name, has a 21-character title: "Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing". Puyi , the last emperor of China, did not receive a posthumous name upon his death in 1967. In Silla , every monarch

3150-406: The officials to resort to corrupt practices so they could extract a larger tribute from their jurisdictions for the emperor. In spite of all his flaws, Emperor Ling occasionally heeded good advice from his subjects but was not consistent in doing so. His subjects often found it frustrating to try to convince him on policy issues because he only listened to them when he wanted to. Sometime before 183,

3220-522: The palace by foster parents. Therefore, when Liu Bian was born, he was entrusted to Shi Zimiao ( 史子眇 ), a Taoist, and referred to "Marquis Shi." Later, when Liu Xie was born, he was raised by Emperor Ling's mother, Empress Dowager Dong, and was known as "Marquis Dong." Liu Bian was born of the empress and was older, but Emperor Ling viewed his behaviour as being insufficiently solemn and therefore considered making Liu Xie crown prince , but hesitated and could not decide. When Emperor Ling died later that year,

3290-470: The palace, the eunuchs who received them scolded the labourers for delivering materials of poor quality, and insisted on paying them far below market prices – to as low as a tenth of the market price. They then resold the materials to other eunuchs, who refused to buy. Over time, the accumulated piles of wood started decaying. The construction works were thus delayed for years. In order to please Emperor Ling, some regional officials levied heavier taxes and forced

3360-457: The people to produce greater quantities of construction materials – this led to greater resentment from the common people. Emperor Ling appointed cavalry officers to serve as his messengers whenever he issued orders for things to be delivered to Luoyang. These officers, known as zhongshi (中使; "central emissaries"), abused their power by forcing the regional officials, who were afraid of them, to give them bribes. The appointment of officials below

3430-455: The position of Inspector ( 刺史 ) was decided by the amount of money they could pay to fund the army and palace construction. Before assuming office, these officials had to undergo an assessment to determine their "value". Some who could not afford the required amount committed suicide, while others who refused to take up their appointments were forced into accepting. Around the time, there was one Sima Zhi ( 司馬直 ), who had been newly appointed as

3500-487: The posthumous names belong to the category of tsuigō . After his death, Hirohito was formally renamed Emperor Shōwa ( 昭和天皇 , Shōwa Tennō ) after his era ; Japanese people now refer to him by only that name, and not by his given name Hirohito. Most Japanese people never refer to emperors by their given names, as it is considered disrespectful . A non-royal deceased person may be given a posthumous Buddhist name known as kaimyō but is, in practice, still referred to by

3570-440: The recognition the government , to Empress Sunjeonghyo ; Crown Prince Euimin ; and Gu, Prince Imperial Hoeun . In Japan, posthumous names are divided into two types: shigō (Japanese: 諡号 ) and tsuigō ( 追号 ) . In addition to the title, Tennō ( 天皇 , 'heavenly sovereign', usually translated as 'emperor') is a part of all Japanese emperors' posthumous names, most of them consisting of two kanji characters, although

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3640-517: The rulers of Goryeo and Joseon end in two of the characters for Daewang ( 대왕 ; 大王 ; lit.  great king). This is a longer name made up of adjectives characteristic of the king's rule. Details of the system of posthumous names were recorded during the Joseon dynasty. During the Joseon dynasty, officials discussed and decided on the king's posthumous name five days after the king's funeral. Before his temple and posthumous names were chosen,

3710-508: The same as those used for emperors. The length, however, was restricted to one or two characters. The posthumous name is sometimes rendered canonization in English, for the scholar-official to Confucianism is considered analogous to the saint in the Catholic Church . However, the process is shorter. Confucius has been given long posthumous names in almost every prominent dynasty; one of

3780-436: The same design as the imperial palace. When Emperor Ling once visited Yong'anhou Platform ( 永安侯臺 ), a high viewing platform, the eunuchs were worried that he would see their mansions and become suspicious. Thus, they told him, "Your Majesty shouldn't put yourself on higher ground. If you do so, the people will scatter." The emperor believed them and stopped visiting high towers and viewing platforms. In 186, Emperor Ling tasked

3850-522: The suggestions of Liu Yan , Emperor Ling greatly increased the political and military power of the provincial governors and selected key officials to serve as provincial governors. In 189, as Emperor Ling became critically ill, a succession issue came into being. Emperor Ling had two surviving sons – Liu Bian , the son of Empress He, and Liu Xie , the son of Consort Wang. Because Emperor Ling had, earlier in his life, frequently lost sons in childhood, he later believed that his sons needed to be raised outside

3920-425: The third person in his family to hold this title; his father Liu Chang ( 劉萇 ) and grandfather Liu Shu ( 劉淑 ) were also formerly Marquis of Jiedu Village. His great-grandfather, Liu Kai ( 劉開 ), Prince Xiao of Hejian ( 河間孝王 ), was the sixth son of Emperor Zhang , the third emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. His mother, Lady Dong , was Liu Chang's formal spouse. When Emperor Huan died on 25 January 168 without

3990-644: The throne and did not give negative posthumous names to the previous monarch. Later monarchs lengthened or changed some names. Emperor Aizong of Jin and the Chongzhen Emperor were referred to by different names by different people. Qin Hui of the Song dynasty had a name with a positive connotation, was then given a negative one, and later had the positive name restored. After the Song dynasty, few received negative names. In Korea,

4060-417: The throne on 17 February 168, and continued ruling on his behalf as regent. The newly enthroned Emperor Ling bestowed posthumous titles on his grandfather, father and grandmother, honouring them as emperors and an empress respectively. His mother, Lady Dong, did not become empress dowager and instead received the title of an Honoured Lady . Dou Wu and Chen Fan , who became the most important officials in

4130-644: The title of emperor, thus the posthumous names of Gojong and Sunjong end in two of the characters for Hwangje ( 황제 ; 皇帝 ; lit.  emperor). Crown Prince Hyomyeong has been given the longest posthumous name in Korea. He was posthumously elevated in status and given the title Emperor Munjo with 117 characters in posthumous names in 1899. In the Republic of Korea, the Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association has issued posthumous names, without

4200-403: Was denied. When he reached Meng Ford ( 孟津 ) near Luoyang, he wrote a memorial to point out all the problems with the government and cite historical examples to warn the emperor. He then committed suicide by consuming poison. After reading Sima Zhi's memorial, Emperor Ling temporarily stopped collecting funds for rebuilding the palace, but quickly resumed his construction projects later. He built

4270-493: Was eventually defeated and forced to commit suicide. The Dou clan was slaughtered. The powerful eunuchs, led by Cao Jie ( 曹節 ) and Wang Fu ( 王甫 ), became the most powerful individuals in the central government. After the destruction of the Dou clan, in 169, Emperor Ling promoted his mother to the position of empress dowager , though he continued honouring Empress Dowager Dou, now under house arrest, as empress dowager as well. Members of

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4340-442: Was exactly what Emperor Ling had in mind: he allowed the officials to pay by instalments after taking office if they could not afford the initial amount. In January 181, Emperor Ling instated Lady He as the new empress and appointed her brother, He Jin , as a key official in his government. (According to legends, she managed to enter Emperor Ling's imperial harem because her family bribed the eunuchs in charge of selecting women for

4410-438: Was given the title of wang ( Korean :  왕 ; Hanja :  王 ; lit.  king) with two characters in posthumous names from Jijeung of Silla . On the other hand, all posthumous names for kings of Balhae were restricted to one character. Most of the kings of Goryeo and Joseon were more often given temple names than posthumous names, unlike in the dynasties of ancient Korea. All posthumous names for

4480-410: Was immediately arrested and executed. Emperor Ling ordered that Taiping Sect members be arrested and executed, and Zhang Jiao immediately declared a rebellion. Every member of the rebellion wore a yellow turban or headscarf as their symbol – and therefore the rebellion became known for it. Within a month, Zhang Jiao controlled large areas of territory. Under suggestion by the eunuch Lü Qiang ( 呂強 ), who

4550-481: Was not given any posthumous names with temple names unless reinstated. They were degraded to the rank of a gun ( 군 ; 君 ; lit.  prince); Yeonsan-gun and Gwanghae-gun are notable examples. Some men did not ascend to the throne in their lifetime but were proclaimed kings after they died by their descendants who became kings. In Joseon, nine men were raised to the status of emeritus kings. Gojong of Joseon proclaimed Korea an empire in 1897, receiving

4620-409: Was posthumously honoured as Prince Shuncheng Gonghui ( 多罗顺承恭惠郡王 ). Yinxiang, Prince Yi was granted a posthumous name consisting of 9 characters, Zhongjing chengzhi qinshen lianming xian ( 忠敬诚直勤慎廉明贤 ). It was also common for people with no hereditary titles, primarily accomplished scholar-officials or ministers, to be given posthumous names by the imperial court. The characters used are mainly

4690-672: Was posthumously known as Marhum Mangkat dijulang, which literally means 'the late ruler who died while being carried'. Other Malay posthumous names include: Since the death of King Chulalongkorn in 1910, the king has been named for his reigning era formally used in the Royal Gazette . Some were given posthumous names to elevate their title, such as in the case of King Ananda , who was posthumously titled Phra Athamaramathibodin. Kings Ananda and Bhumibol do not have specific reign names, and other kings, such as Chulalongkorn, are referred to using personal names. Most Thai people never refer to

4760-614: Was sympathetic to the partisans, Emperor Ling pardoned the partisans to ward off the possibility they would join the Yellow Turbans. (Lü Qiang himself became a victim, however, when the other eunuchs, in retaliation, falsely accused him of wanting to depose the emperor, and he committed suicide later that year.) Emperor Ling sent out a number of military commanders against the Yellow Turbans, and in these campaigns several of them distinguished themselves – including Huangfu Song , Cao Cao , Fu Xie ( 傅燮 ), Zhu Jun , Lu Zhi , and Dong Zhuo . A key military development with great implications later

4830-620: Was taxing to pronounce or write. Therefore, emperors after the Tang dynasty are commonly referred to by either their temple name (Tang through Yuan dynasties) or era name (Ming and Qing dynasties), both of which are always two characters long. The use of posthumous names temporarily stopped when emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty proclaimed it disrespectful for the descendants of emperors to judge their elders by assigning them descriptive titles. The Han dynasty resumed using posthumous names after

4900-468: Was that the Yellow Turbans fought mainly with troops deployed from the battle-tested Liang Province who had been accustomed to suppressing rebellions by the Qiang tribes. In late 184, Zhang Jiao was killed, and while the rest of the Yellow Turbans were not defeated immediately, they gradually dissipated by the following year (although several of the minor rebellions would not be put down until 205 AD). Because of

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