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81-623: Emil Theodor Körner was born on October 10, 1846, in Wegnitz in the Merseburg district, a province of Saxony in the Kingdom of Prussia, son of Ludwig Körner and Alwina Henze, being baptized in the Lutheran faith as were his parents. From his earliest childhood he was educated under rigid Prussian precepts, which would bear him an innumerable amount of fruits in his life. His first scholarly steps were in entering

162-537: A disembarking at the north of Concón approaching by means of columns to enemy positions. On August 26, 1891, the Battle of Concón was developed where besides serving as Chief of Staff, Körner was given the command of the first brigade and the corresponding responsibility to effect the attack in the west wing of the offensive. His unit crossed the Aconcagua River at 11:25 a.m. for the purpose of providing security for

243-643: A measure of growth for the youth. As another measure to accelerate the Prussianization process carried out by Körner commissions of military officers were sent to receive military instruction in Germany and from 1895 the schools and the War Academy of the Army proceeded to have almost exclusively German professors, who completed their task efficiently, this being an outstanding success at the international level. Fortunately,

324-480: A new confrontation. Two days later the Battle of Placilla was fought which was a continuation of the Battle of Concón and conforming to the planning, the principal attack had to materialize over the right of the government troops from the two constitutional brigades. On this occasion Körner in his position as Chief of Staff had to remain with the commander of the forces, Estanislao del Canto. The attack began at 07:30 in

405-503: A number of new systems with the goal of having a completely modernized and largely mechanized army by 2015. The military also modified its operational structure, creating armoured brigades throughout the entire territory and a new special operations brigade, while preserving the existing divisional scheme. In 2013, there were 3,900 officers, 17,300 NCOs, 3,600 professional soldiers, and 9,200 conscript soldiers. In military schools, 2,400 students. Civilian employees, 8,400. The Chilean Army

486-561: A playing of Preussischer Präsentiermarsch (first played in 2018) and Los viejos estandartes by a mounted band playing in the German tradition. Pickelhaubes have long been worn by the Military School, and later by the 1st Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Artillery Regiment. The stahlhelm is worn only by the NCO School. This is also the case for parades held on 18 September, Independence Day, in

567-731: A political, economic, social, and military nature, proper to the end of a civil war. Körner as a landmark of this period was able to reorganize the National Guard in September 1892 and despite his high rank in the army, his love of teaching drove him to continue with the instruction of officers and he returned to the War Academy as a professor, carrying out a series of writings of a military theme between which Study of Military History ( Estudio sobre Historia Militar ) stands out, made in collaboration with Jorge Boonen . Whereas before General Körner had been reprimanded by Germany for his participation in

648-502: A small army of long-term service officers and soldiers. In 1900 Chile became the first country in Latin America to enforce a system of compulsory military service, whereby training, initially five to eighteen months (Germany: three years), took place in zones of divisional organization in order to create a solid military structure that could be easily doubled with well-trained and combat-ready reserve forces. Budgetary restrictions prevented

729-721: A work capacity superior to his classmates. In 1868 he was promoted to ensign and continued his studies in the Artillery and Engineering School of Charlottenburg in Berlin where he stood out because of his educational results. From there he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant in 1870, the year he participated in the Franco-Prussian War . In the campaigns of the Franco-Prussian War, despite his few years of service, he stood out as battery commander on behalf of his performance in

810-650: Is twinned with: Chilean Army The Chilean Army ( Spanish : Ejército de Chile ) is the land arm of the Chilean Armed Forces . This 80,000-person army (9,200 of which are conscripts ) is organized into six divisions, a special operations brigade and an air brigade. In recent years, and after several major re-equipment programs, the Chilean Army has become the most technologically advanced and professional army in Latin America . The Chilean Army

891-868: Is famous for its elaborate drill, exhibited in large scale during the Día de las Glorias Navales on 21 May and the Parada Militar de Chile ( Great Military Parade of Chile ) on 19 September. The early armed forces adopted many Prussian military traditions, and it was during this period that the Chilean military had many of its most famous victories. As a result, the drill features many 19th and early 20th century Prussian and German patterns. Participating soldiers wear German-style stahlhelm , and pickelhaube spiked helmets, and march in unaltered goose step . Marching music consists of Central European marches, alongside several local compositions. Each Parada Militar on 19 September ends with

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972-898: Is granted the absolute retirement having served Chile for 25 years. The young Captain Körner arrived in Chile seeking to emulate his own military institution in the American lands. With great effort and a long preparation time, what he was looking for was found and he managed to form a professional army, a mirror of the Prussian. At the time of his retirement he left Chile with the best equipped and prepared force in Latin America, based on order, German discipline and planning, combined with Chilean courage and commitment. After his retirement, that same year of 1910 he returned to Germany with his wife Mathilde Junge and his four children, two boys and two girls, taking up residence in

1053-407: Is located within the town. Merseburg has around 35,000 inhabitants. The town Merseburg consists of Merseburg proper and the following four Ortschaften or municipal divisions: Venenien was incorporated into Merseburg on 1 January 1949. The parish Kötzschen followed on 1 July 1950. Since 30 May 1994, Meuschau is part of Merseburg. Trebnitz, previously part of Kreypau , followed in 2003. Beuna

1134-678: Is mostly supplied with equipment from Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Sweden , the United States , Israel , France , and Spain . The National Army of Chile was created on December 2, 1810, by order of the First National Government Junta. The army was actively involved in the second Independence War, which was fought against royalist troops in battles such as Chacabuco and Maipú or others. During this period, national figures such as Bernardo O'Higgins commanded

1215-547: The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 were materializing and admitted as an officer candidate in the 4th Artillery Regiment of Magdeburg, without turning in the entrance exams due to his excellent grades. In that post the same year he participated in the Austrian campaign but he didn't manage to take part in the operations because although his unit moved quickly to the theater of operations, due to the rapid conclusion of that war and

1296-880: The German Peasants' War and also during the Thirty Years' War . From 1657 to 1738 Merseburg was the residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Merseburg , after which it fell to the Electorate of Saxony . In 1815 following the Napoleonic Wars , the town became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony . Merseburg is where the Merseburg Incantations were rediscovered in 1841. Written down in Old High German , they are hitherto

1377-664: The 1890s, the Chilean government began to make provisions for disagreements and a probable border conflict with Argentina because of the territorial problem and subsequent judgment for the territories comprising the Puna de Atacama and Lacár Lake. These provisions for the defense of national interests were decided in secret cabinet meetings between the president of the republic and his ministers beginning in January 1898 and lasting many months. The Chief of Staff, Army General, General Commander of Army Weapons (since 1897), and Major General Emilio Körner

1458-639: The Armed Forces. Paul W. Drake and Ivan Jaksic state in The Struggle for Democracy in Chile : The Army, with now Captain General Augusto Pinochet, leader of the coup, as commander-in-chief of both the Army and the Armed Forces, led the national mobilization effort in 1978 as the Beagle conflict began to hit the country. The Army was on full alert status during the duration of the crisis. Patricio Aylwin

1539-627: The Army NCO School and the Bernardo O'Higgins Military Academy. Military bands in Chile have a Corps of Drums and the Turkish crescent percussion instrument, similarly to German military bands. Departing from the German tradition is the presence of an added Bugle section behind the Corps of Drums, a tradition inherited from France and in the buglers of Imperial Germany, with the band's conductor being assisted by

1620-476: The Army, this cause had already been entirely embraced by his former disciples and was even in a phase of radicalization, which is reflected in the government's willingness to materialize the hiring of German Chief Officers for positions in the Chilean General Staff. In April of the year 1909, General Körner already being 64 years old, processed his separation from the institution and on April 19, 1910, he

1701-401: The Artillery and Engineering School of Charlottenburg. Emil Körner, who stood out for his brilliant background and great war experience, under the concept that he must realize in Chile the necessary reforms to transform its army into a mirror of the Prussian, a five-year work agreement, with contract renewal. It's important to highlight that the request to incorporate a German officer was made to

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1782-608: The Battles of Wörth , Sedan , and in the Siege of Paris , where he was hurt many times. These actions awarded him the Iron Cross second class and the commemorative medal of the campaign. When the campaign ended he re-enrolled in the Artillery School of Charlottenburg to complete his studies. From 1872 he served with the rank of first lieutenant in the 14th Artillery Regiment, from which he

1863-572: The Chilean Army refined existing strategic concepts and eventually formulated a plan to restructure its forces. Though wars were avoided, the threats from the 1970s and 1980s encouraged the army to address more effectively its major defense disadvantage: lack of strategic depth . Thus, in the early 1980s it looked outward for a model of army organization that would best advance defensive capabilities by restructuring forces into smaller, more mobile units instead of traditional divisions. The resulting Plan Alcázar envisions three military zones in Chile, with

1944-620: The Chilean Republic adhered to one or another faction, but there were dissidents who followed their particular ideologies without permitting the institutional ideology to interfere with their personal and particular ideologies, one of these being the now Lieutenant Colonel of the Chilean Army, Emil Körner, principally because of the disagreements he had with the veteran officers of the War of the Pacific, who resisted his modifications since they believed that

2025-641: The Chilean legation in Berlin was instructed to find a training mission during the War of the Pacific in 1881. But large-scale emulation of the Prussian Army began in 1886 with the appointment of Captain Emil Körner , a graduate of the renowned Kriegsakademie in Berlin. Also appointed were 36 Prussian officers to train officer cadets in the Chilean Military Academy. The training occurred in three phases;

2106-529: The Chilean war with Argentina didn't happen thanks to the calls of peace for both nations. In February 1900 General Körner returned commissioned to Germany to acquire the armaments that his Chilean Army required and upon his arrival in Europe a crowd of more than 10,000 people awaited him to welcome him with cheers and fanfare, demonstrating the love the German official had won from the Chileans. In 1901 he participated in

2187-709: The Congressional Army, under severe threats from the government of a process in military justice and they voided his contract, communicating this to the German ambassador in Santiago, Baron Felix von Gutschmid . He left on March 5, 1891, from Valparaíso with a group of officials, students of the Army War Academy, to Iquique where he was gratefully received and integrated to the congressional forces with his same rank of colonel lieutenant. These forces were directed by Colonel Estanislao del Canto , who put him in charge of

2268-719: The Historical Pageant, the International Palace-Moat Concerts, Merseburg Organ Days and the Puppet Show Festival Week are events celebrated every year. Merseburg station is located on the Halle–Bebra railway . Leipzig/Halle Airport is 25 kilometers away. Merseburg is connected with the Halle (Saale) tramway network . A tram ride from Halle's city centre to Merseburg takes about 50 minutes. Merseburg

2349-864: The Military Academy. It reports to the Chief of the Bands Service. In 2000, it appeared in Rome on the occasion of the Military Music Jubilee. In 2004 and 2012, it participated in the Quebec City International Festival of Military Bands in Canada. It has also visited Germany, Scotland, Uruguay, France and the United States. The Chilean Army has two mounted bands : Other bands include the band of

2430-542: The Navy Captain Jorge Montt the choice as president to replace General Manuel Baquedano , who had been named provisional president for Balmaceda, who committed suicide in the Argentine legation at Santiago. In turn, Estanslao del Canto was relegated to a secondary position for representing a political danger and they gave all the honors for the victory to Körner. Slowly, peace returned to Chile. The civil war ended,

2511-493: The Prussian triumph in Sadowa , its support was no longer required and they received a counter marching order, returning to their garrison. In 1867 he was promoted to standard bearer and afterwards joined as a cadet in the Military School of Hannover in the state of the same name which that year had been annexed to Prussia, where he continued his military studies, standing out in military sciences, showing great physical resistance and

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2592-628: The Santiago Garrison), which is involved every 19 September with the Great Military Parade of Chile . When it was formed it had up to 550 musicians; since 1980 it has been reduced to about 295 musicians, with an attached corps of drums . The main military band in the army is the Concert Band of the Chilean Army. It was founded in 1963, and is the most senior army band, but is more of a concert band , some of its musicians being seconded to

2673-455: The academy, by order of the high command he performed secondments in the 71st Infantry Regiment in 1874 and the 6th Dragoon Regiment in 1875. Finishing his studies in the academy, in the 1877 he was chosen and commissioned by the Chief of Staff, the field marshal Helmuth von Moltke , to make educational trips in France , Italy , Spain , Africa , and Russia until 1878. In 1881 he was promoted to

2754-518: The active labor and perseverance of Körner gave a great impulse to the formation and organization of the congressional troops. The war carried out with these well-instructed troops developed itself in good form for the congress and it opened the doors for the central area to where their forces were transferred to give the coup de grace to the government of the President Balmaceda . The recently named Colonel Körner (July 1) planned and materialized

2835-558: The advantages of new methods of combat and new armaments." The best alumni were candidates for general staff service. By the mid-1890s Körner organized the courses for a Noncommissioned Officers' School ( Escuela de Suboficiales y Clases ). During the 1891 Chilean Civil War Körner was removed from duty by José Manuel Balmaceda . He and his followers set sail north to join the Congressional forces in Iquique . He became chief architect of

2916-454: The aggravating of border problems that existed because of the still deficient demarcation, the government lifted the restrictions that it had imposed on General Körner for the long-awaited reorganization of the Army, for which the general restarted his structural changes, and established obligatory military service in the European fashion which in its time was a great advance for the institution and

2997-515: The army and José de San Martín was allied with O'Higgins. The Army's first commander-in-chief was José Miguel Carrera. After obtaining independence from Spain, the newly formed Republic reorganized its military structure by creating the Military Academy of Chile, which was founded by General O'Higgins in 1817. Diego Portales set up a civil militia, the Guardia Nacional, to end one of the worst stages of militarism in Chilean history. The militia

3078-400: The army officers that helped him in his nationalist politics and although he appreciated the points of view of the young officers, he disregarded their complaints which pushed them to intervene against Balmaceda , taking sides in the parliament, between them also was their instructor Emilio Körner who started to organize them, encouraging more desertions. Körner decided to integrate himself into

3159-624: The army was equipped with a variety of rifles, mostly French and Belgian origin. From 1892 to 1902, the Chilean-Argentine Arms Race, marked the peak of Chilean arms purchase. 100,000 Mauser rifles and new Krupp artillery was bought for 3 million German marks (ℳ︁) in 1893, 2 million marks in 1895 and 15 million marks in 1898. Ammunition factories and small arms manufacturing plants were established. Conscription : Like other armies in South America, Chile had had

3240-461: The army, returning to Chile the following year, together with 32 German officer instructors at the request of the supreme government who were distributed in the instructional military establishments and in the bodies of troops, adapting the demands of modern warfare to the army conforming to the experiences obtained in the European wars. All of this was with the consent of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Upon his return in 1895 he would be named Major General. During

3321-529: The beginning of the 19th century. The embassy in Berlin in the charge of Guillermo Matta , fulfilling government instruction, contacted the German military and under the authorization of the Marshal von Moltke, through the War Ministry, General Bronsart von Schellendorf , in 1885 and after three years of negotiations, contracted the services of a Prussian artillery captain, that at this time found himself stationed in

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3402-757: The bulk of forces concentrated in the north, and reinforces the center and south. The plan was implemented in stages, starting in 1994. Thus Alcázar, based on threat scenarios of the past, is one of the most durable "lessons" of the past. Even with the resolution of almost all remaining territorial disputes, the restructuring agenda continued, reinforcing a conflict-based mindset in the army. Army General Headquarters , in Santiago . Land Operations Command , headquartered in Concepcion . Training and Doctrine Command ( Comando de Institutos y Doctrina ) Force's Support Command ( Comando de Apoyo de la Fuerza ) Army Independent Commands Army General Staff ( Estado Mayor General del Ejército ) The Chilean Army acquired

3483-431: The capital of the German Empire , Berlin . Of these descendants in the German archive only the names of his son Theodor and his daughter Elena, who would both return to Chile some years later, appear. In March 1920, a cable was received from the capital in Berlin announcing the sad news that on the 23rd of that month, Major General Emilio Körner Henze had died of a stroke, and was later buried in Berlin. The banners of all

3564-411: The city college of Halle in the same province of Saxony, from which he graduated with his bachelor's degree in 1866 with outstanding grades. This year would reveal his strong personality, which accompanied his great physical strength and rough appearance, although this exterior belonged to a generous and naturally kind young man. He joined the Prussian Army as an officer candidate while the campaigns of

3645-446: The civil war of a country whose government had contracted him, in 1892 Kaiser Wilhelm II awarded him the Cross of the Red Eagle, second class for bringing his troops to victory in the revolution. Afterwards the Kaiser would give him a commemorative medal in 1898. In 1894 he returned to Germany in commission of service for the Chilean Army to supervise the construction and reception of the Krupp coastal batteries and field artillery for

3726-413: The cross of the second and third brigades which did so between 7 and 8 kilometers toward the east by other fords. The opposition from the Balmacedist troops was as expected, as they did not utilize the natural obstacles that the terrain offered (the Aconcagua River and Petra Gorge) he was able to rapidly disperse the constitutional forces which earned him great appraisals for his bravery. His participation in

3807-414: The essence of Moltke 's German military system of continuous study of artillery, infantry, cartography, history, topography, logistics, tactics, etc., for a modern, professional and technically trained officer corps. In 1886, the "Academia de Guerra" (War Academy) was founded "to elevate the level of technical and scientific instruction of army officers, in order that they be able, in case of war, to utilize

3888-567: The first took place from 1885 to 1891 during the presidency of Domingo Santa María, the second was the post-civil-war phase, and the third was the 1906 reorganization. The emulation was focused in armaments, conscription, officer recruitment and instruction, and general staff organization as well as military doctrine (adopted 1906). It was extended also into military logistics and medical services, promotions, retirement, salary regulation and even uniforms (adopted 1904), marching styles, helmets, parades, and military music. Armaments : Prior to 1883,

3969-480: The former East Germany, Merseburg has had a general decline in population since German Reunification despite annexing and merging with a number of smaller nearby villages. Population of Merseburg (from 1960, population on 31 December, unless otherwise indicated) : 1834 to 1933 1939 to 1984 1990 to 2007 from 2008 from 2016 Data source from 1990: Statistical Office of Saxony Anhalt 1 29 October 2 31 August 3 3 October 4 14 July 2008 Among

4050-412: The full impact of the law: the service fell disproportionately on the lower classes, no more than 20% of the contingent was incorporated annually, and former conscripts were not retrained periodically. Officer education and training : The beginning of the German mission was dedicated almost exclusively to the organization and implementation of a standardized, technically oriented military education with

4131-444: The help of the local Slavic population. The German princes accepted the sovereignty of the Polish prince in these areas. Some historians believe that since the convention in Gniezno, the Brave might have had certain rights to the German throne after Otto III, guaranteed by some succession document. Merseburg was later the site of a failed assassination attempt on Polish ruler Bolesław I Chrobry in 1002. The town suffered severely during

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4212-454: The highest military honors in his final tomb. Merseburg Merseburg ( German: [ˈmɛʁzəbʊʁk] ) is a town in central Germany in southern Saxony-Anhalt , situated on the river Saale , and approximately 14 km south of Halle (Saale) and 30 km west of Leipzig . It is the capital of the Saalekreis district. It had a diocese founded by Archbishop Adalbert of Magdeburg . The University of Merseburg

4293-403: The local level, whenever Army units take part. Several Army units wear on parade historical dress uniforms from the time of 19th-century battles, but do not march in the German manner: The Army Band Service is the military band department of the army, operating through the Welfare Command. The massed bands of the capital are known as the Gran Banda de la Guarnición de Santiago (Grand Band of

4374-408: The military operations of the War of the Pacific showed the lack of discipline of the Chilean Army and need for modernization. Despite the victory, it established that its operation were not in accordance with the advances that war elements had reached in that time. The historian Gonzalo Bulnes held that the country hadn't counted on a real army, this one being antiquated, at the level of the wars at

4455-406: The militia was disbanded. During the decades preceding the 1973 coup, the Chilean Army became influenced by the United States' anti-communist ideology in the context of various cooperation programs including the US Army School of the Americas . On 11 September 1973, in a watershed event of the Cold War and the history of Chile, president Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état by

4536-436: The mission of organizing the incipient revolutionary army in the capacity of Chief of Staff. Here he would unfold his entire initiative and knowledge instructing the inexperienced troops that the revolutionaries transferred from every corner of Chile and settled in Iquique, having to equip and instruct them, having also to lecture the military leaders on this new type of European war. According to what Colonel del Canto expressed,

4617-400: The model of a European army. The government fixed its sights on Germany, whose military prestige presented itself as the zenith of war experience after the campaigns against Austria and France. Besides that, the Chilean government had already known the general progress in the south of the country, thanks to the German colonization which was a clear demonstration of German ability. The analysis of

4698-482: The modernization could soon remove them from their leadership positions. The Army's high-ranking officers insisted that it was incompatible with their discipline, that the subordinates would know more than their superiors, and that therefore there were no posts to give to the students who were going to leave the War Academy, and they requested the suppression of that establishment. The president Balmaceda found himself between two fires, since he could not become an enemy of

4779-412: The morning without delays. Colonel del Canto directed the troops from the heights and arranged from the first division (that was in the front) on the part of the 3rd Division. In that moment he was advised that the Colonel Körner had taken charge of the 3rd division and had committed himself to the combat, altering its mechanism, which at a glance appeared to have put the attack in danger, but this situation

4860-408: The need of good schools and technical departments for the military. Other factor that supported the emulation, the deliberate systematic imitation of the military technology, organisation, and doctrine of one country by another was the danger of war with Argentina. The emulation was backed by a broad coalition of civil and military leaders. Chile hired a French military training mission in 1858, and

4941-605: The new army and, though Estanislao del Canto formally was commander-in-chief, Körner led the rebel forces in the major clashes of the civil war. Chile had had a General Staff during the War of the Pacific. Körner turned his attention to a permanent institution in 1893-94 that should replace the old "Inspector General del Ejército", but with control over military affairs in peacetime and wartime. It had four sections: Instruction and Discipline, Military Schools, Scientific Works (strategic and operational planning), and Administration. The Guardia Republicana or Milicia Republicana

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5022-409: The notable buildings of Merseburg are the Merseburg Cathedral of St John the Baptist (founded 1015, rebuilt in the 13th and 16th centuries) and the episcopal palace (15th century). The cathedral-and-palace ensemble also features a palace garden. Other sights include the Merseburg House of Trades with a cultural stage and the German Museum of Chemistry, Merseburg. The Merseburg Palace Festival with

5103-563: The only preserved German documents with a heathen theme. One of them is a charm to release warriors caught during battle, and the other is a charm to heal a horse's sprained foot. At the beginning of the 20th century, Merseburg was transformed into an industrial town, largely due to the pioneering work done by Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius , who laid down the scientific fundamentals of the catalytic high-pressure ammonia synthesis from 1909 to 1913. The nearby Leuna works continue this tradition of chemical industry. The Merseburger Tageblatt

5184-531: The quality of the commanders being a surprise for the military forces loyal to the government of Balmaceda, since they trusted his experience obtained in the War of the Pacific with the use of the modern war materials but with tactics, techniques, and obsolete proceedings that dated to the era of Napoleon Bonaparte, with an evident antiquated professional training, facing a modernized army in armament and war tactics with trained commanders and competent officers. After these bloody battles, they occupied Santiago and made

5265-422: The rank of captain and designated as professor of the Artillery and Engineering School, conducting classes of military history, hoplology, tactics, and ballistics between 1882 and 1885, standing out again for his work. With the War of the Pacific recently concluded, President Domingo Santa María , based on his lived war experiences in the conflict, judged that the Army needed to modernize and reorganize itself on

5346-403: The scientific congress of Montevideo , winning a reputation as a scholar outside of the military knowledge that the general possessed. By virtue of his merits and career in 1904 he is distinguished as Inspector General of the Army, which is the equivalent to the current Commander in Chief and although in this position he would no longer perform functions related to the process of Germanization of

5427-448: The skirmish extended until the end of the battle at approximately 15:30, where he immediately began to organize the congressional forces to confront what was coming. Since he realized that the Battle of Concón would not be decisive, he reorganized the congressional forces and prepared himself to fight the next battle. Many Balmacedist forces had fled and their commanders guided them to the rear to reorganize themselves in order to prepare for

5508-441: The supreme government by the general Emilio Sotomayor and the admiral Patricio Lynch specifically to reform the military system. The Civil War of 1891 was a conflict of powers between the president of the republic and the parliament around (initially) the interpretation of the constitution, and marked the first political intervention of the four officers educated by General Körner in the Prussian way. The defense institutions of

5589-401: The triumphant parliament honored Körner with the rank of Brigadier General and named him Chief of the General Staff, restarting immediately his institutional reforms. Despite this, the congress didn't totally support his modernization plans and limited them for fear of a power that would counterbalance them and also for the fact that the new government consolidated slowly, owing to the disorder of

5670-412: The units of the Chilean Army bowed in respectful mourning. Virginio Figueroa points out in his work, 'When his death occurred, everyone recognized his merits, his great heart and kind feelings,' echoing the national sentiment. By posthumous will of the general, his wife, seconded by the government of Chile, managed and succeed in repatriating the mortal remains of the General to his adoptive homeland. He

5751-775: Was annexed on 1 January 2009. Geusa is a part of Merseburg since 1 January 2010. [REDACTED] Bishopric of Merseburg 1004-1565 [REDACTED]   Electorate of Saxony 1565-1657 [REDACTED] Duchy of Saxe-Merseburg 1657-1738 [REDACTED] Poland - Saxony 1738-1763 [REDACTED]   Electorate of Saxony 1763-1806 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Saxony 1806-1815 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Prussia 1815-1871 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871-1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918-1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933-1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945-1949 [REDACTED]   East Germany 1949-1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990-present Merseburg

5832-642: Was created after the fall of the Socialist Republic of Chile in order to prevent another coup d'etat . On May 7, 1933, 20,000 militiamen marched past President Arturo Alessandri in the streets of Santiago. In the Las Mercedes' plot in 1933, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Pedro Vignola, called "to resist the Milicia Republicana by any means"; he was forced to resign from his post. In 1936,

5913-571: Was created in 2005. Portales developed this parallel army to compensate the army's might. The Chilean Conscription Law of 1900 marked the beginning of the end of the Guardia Nacional. During the War of the Pacific, many high-ranking officers won valuable insights into the state of the army and became aware that the army required rebuilding. Losses, material destruction, and organizational flaws regarding strategic planning and officer training, were noted by officers like Emilio Sotomayor and Patricio Lynch , who approached President Santa María arguing

5994-514: Was elected President of the Republic on December 14, 1989. Although Chile had officially become a democracy, the Chilean military continued to be very powerful during Aylwin's presidency, and the Chilean constitution had been amended by Pinochet's regime to ensure the continued influence of Pinochet and his commanders. As a result of tensions with neighbors during the conflict-prone 1970s and early 1980s,

6075-651: Was first mentioned in 850. King Henry the Fowler built a royal palace at Merseburg; in the 933 Battle of Riade , he gained his great victory over the Hungarians in the vicinity. Thietmar , appointed in 973, became the first bishop of the newly created bishopric of Prague in Bohemia . Prague had been part of the archbishopric of Mainz for a hundred years before that. From 968 until the Protestant Reformation , Merseburg

6156-489: Was invited to these meetings. And had a vital role in this meeting and indicated that the Chilean Army still wasn't ready for this conflict, as much in preparation as in armaments and he advised the buying of military equipment and war material for an army of 150,000 men. This proposition was accepted by the government and a period of fiscal discipline and foreign loans was begun, which made possible this acquisition that would be critical in this feared confrontation. Thus, owing to

6237-410: Was offset by an effective cavalry charge that made the president's forces flee. His impetuous character betrayed him, which this time and got him acidic criticisms on behalf of his Commander in Chief, but these same criticisms were undone upon seeing the conclusion of the battle. Placilla was a decisive success and undid any intent of subsequent defense. The optimal results obtained were principally due to

6318-657: Was published as a local newspaper in Merseburg. Merseburg was badly damaged in World War II . In 23 air raids, 6,200 dwellings were completely or partly destroyed. The historic town centre was almost completely destroyed. Briefly part of Saxony-Anhalt after the war, it was then administered within the Bezirk Halle in East Germany . It became part of Saxony-Anhalt again after the reunification of Germany . Like many towns in

6399-625: Was sent to the Imperial War Academy of Berlin in 1873. There he fulfilled his studies for officer of the Chiefs of Staff from 1873 to 1876, occupying the third position, the first place in his class being Paul von Hindenburg , the victor of Tannenberg and Masuria and the second place being held by Jakob Meckel , the successful reorganizer of the Imperial Japanese Army at the end of the 19th century. Besides pursuing his internship in

6480-626: Was the seat of the Bishop of Merseburg , and in addition to being for a time the residence of the margraves of Meissen , it was a favorite residence of the German kings during the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries. Fifteen diets were held here during the Middle Ages, during which time its fairs enjoyed the importance which was afterwards transferred to those of Leipzig . After Ekkehard's treacherous death on April 3, 1002, Bolesław I Chrobry took Merseburg and Meissen, and then Milsko with Bautzen and Strehla, with

6561-427: Was transferred by the steamship Altmark in 1924, to Valparaiso , four years after his death, arriving in Chile on July 25, 1924. He was buried in the army mausoleum momentarily, receiving a series of speeches and sincere demonstrations of appreciation. Finally in 1928 the government of Chile provided him a magnificent mausoleum in the general cemetery, built by the prestigious architect Gustavo Monckeberg , buried with

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