Emeco is a privately held company based in Hanover , Pennsylvania . The Emeco 1006 , known as the Navy Chair, has been in continuous production since the 1940s. Today, Emeco manufactures furniture designed by notable designers and architects such as Philippe Starck , Norman Foster , and Frank Gehry .
107-769: Wilton C. Dinges founded the Electric Machine and Equipment Company (Emeco) in 1944 with $ 300 in savings and a used lathe for machine-work. He started bidding on government manufacturing contracts out of a loft in Baltimore, Maryland , beginning with experimental antennas and jet engine parts. Dinges moved to Hanover, Pennsylvania in 1946 in order to take advantage of the local labor market. He obtained 10,000 pounds of aluminum scrap metal at an attractive price and started using it to build dining table legs. Later Emeco manufactured chair frames and eventually focused completely on aluminum chairs in 1948. The Emeco 1006 Navy Chair for which
214-412: A collet inserted into the spindle and secured either by a draw-bar, or by a collet closing cap on the spindle. Suitable collets may also be used to mount square or hexagonal workpieces. In precision toolmaking work such collets are usually of the draw-in variety, where, as the collet is tightened, the workpiece moves slightly back into the headstock, whereas for most repetition work the dead length variety
321-460: A jocular campaign named "Discover the Originals", which invited tourists to visit the physical locations which have received such unfortunate associations with IKEA products. In March 2021, IKEA launched IKEA Studio in partnership with Apple Inc. , an app enabling customers to design full-scale rooms with IKEA furniture using augmented reality on an iPhone . In 2016, IKEA started a move into
428-429: A pattern for foundries , often from wood, but also plastics. A patternmaker's lathe looks like a heavy wood lathe, often with a turret and either a leadscrew or a rack and pinion to manually position the turret . The turret is used to accurately cut straight lines. They often have a provision to turn very large parts on the other end of the headstock, using a free-standing toolrest. Another way of turning large parts
535-523: A workbench called fartfull ("speedy", "quick"), and a table called lyckhem (pronounced roughly as " look-em "), meaning "bliss" or a "happy home". Due to several products being named after real places, some locales have ended-up sharing names with objects considered generally unpleasant, such as a toilet brush being named after the lake of Bolmen , or a rubbish bin named after the Norwegian village of Tofte . In November 2021, VisitSweden.com launched
642-414: A "compound rest" that attach to the lathe bed and allows the tool to be clamped in place and moved by a screw or lever feed. Graver tools are generally supported by a T-rest, not fixed to a cross slide or compound rest. The work is usually held in a collet, but high-precision 3 and 6-jaw chucks are also commonly employed. Common spindle bore sizes are 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm. The term WW refers to
749-540: A bench or table, but offer such features as tool holders and a screw-cutting gear train are called hobby lathes, and larger versions, "bench lathes" - this term also commonly applied to a special type of high-precision lathe used by toolmakers for one-off jobs. Even larger lathes offering similar features for producing or modifying individual parts are called "engine lathes". Lathes of these types do not have additional integral features for repetitive production, but rather are used for individual part production or modification as
856-405: A cantilevered tool-rest. At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the spindle . Spindles are often hollow and have an interior Morse taper on the spindle nose (i.e., facing to the right / towards
963-464: A cash register. Not all furniture is stocked at the store level, such as particular sofa colours needing to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer's home or the store. Most stores follow the layout of having the showroom upstairs with the marketplace and self-service warehouse downstairs. Some stores are single level, while others have separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on-site. Single-level stores are found predominantly in areas where
1070-686: A complicated corporate structure. Within this structure, all IKEA stores are operated under franchise from Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which handles branding, design, manufacturing, and supply. Another part of the IKEA group, Ingka Group, operates the majority of IKEA stores as a franchisee and pays royalties to Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Some IKEA stores are also operated by independent franchises. The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and there were over 4.6 billion visitors to IKEA's websites in FY2024. In 1943, then-17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA as
1177-401: A computer are CNC lathes . Lathes with the spindle mounted in a vertical configuration, instead of horizontal configuration, are called vertical lathes or vertical boring machines. They are used where very large diameters must be turned, and the workpiece (comparatively) is not very long. A lathe with a tool post that can rotate around a vertical axis, so as to present different tools towards
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#17328700778571284-505: A different flow from other IKEA stores; however, it closed down in 2020 due to the site being deemed unsuitable for future business. IKEA's Southampton store that opened in February 2009 is also in the city centre and built in an urban style similar to the Coventry store. IKEA built these stores in response to UK government restrictions on large retail establishment outside city centres. Japan
1391-423: A few years of use. This was at a time when especially younger buyers said they wanted to minimize their impact on the environment. The company understood this view. In an interview, Jesper Brodin, the chief executive of Ingka Group (the largest franchisee of IKEA stores), commented that "climate change and unsustainable consumption are among the biggest challenges we face in society". The other strategic objectives of
1498-679: A first-time buyer's home. The IKEA product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska . Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Ashton-under-Lyne , Leeds , Gateshead , Warrington , Bristol and Liverpool . At the end of September 2013, the company announced that solar panel packages, so-called "residential kits", for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014. The decision followed
1605-601: A full-size store. In 2020, IKEA opened at Al Wahda Mall in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates , which, at 2,137 m (23,002 sq ft), was one of the smallest IKEA stores to-date. The company also opened at 360 Mall in Kuwait and in Harajuku , a trendy part of Tokyo , that same year. The size of the Kuwaiti 360 Mall store was slightly larger than Al Wahda's (despite bringing
1712-409: A gate to the playground, and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance. In some stores, parents are given free pagers by the on-site staff, which the staff can use to summon parents whose children need them earlier than expected; in others, staff summon parents through announcements over the in-store public address system or by calling them on their mobile phones. The largest Småland play area
1819-404: A hardened steel center, which is used to support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many other uses are possible. Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a cross-slide, which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed and can be cranked at right angles to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide
1926-556: A joint venture with TCL to provide Uppleva integrated HDTV and entertainment system products. In mid-August 2012, the company announced that it would establish a chain of 100 economy hotels in Europe but, unlike its few existing hotels in Scandinavia, they would not carry the IKEA name, nor would they use IKEA furniture and furnishings – they would be operated by an unnamed international group of hoteliers. As of 30 April 2018, however,
2033-463: A lathe dates to the 3rd century BC in ancient Egypt . Pliny later describes the use of a lathe for turning soft stone in his Natural History (Book XXX, Chapter 44). Precision metal-cutting lathes were developed during the lead up to the Industrial Revolution and were critical to the manufacture of mechanical inventions of that period. Some of the earliest examples include a version with
2140-404: A lathe include screws , candlesticks , gun barrels , cue sticks , table legs, bowls , baseball bats , pens , musical instruments (especially woodwind instruments ), and crankshafts . The lathe is an ancient tool. The earliest evidence of a lathe dates back to Ancient Egypt around 1300 BC. There is also tenuous evidence for its existence at a Mycenaean Greek site, dating back as far as
2247-474: A mail-order sales business, and began to resell furniture five years later. The first store was opened in Älmhult , Småland , in 1958, under the name Möbel-IKÉA (Möbel means "furniture" in Swedish). The name IKEA is an acronym that stands for Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. The acronym is composed of the initials of the founder's name as well as Elmtaryd, which is the farm on which he grew up, and Agunnaryd, which
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#17328700778572354-480: A mechanical cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears by Russian engineer Andrey Nartov in 1718 and another with a slide-rest shown in a 1717 edition of the French Encyclopédie . The slide-rest was a particularly important development because it constrains the motion of the cutting tool to generate accurate cylindrical or conical surfaces, unlike earlier lathes that involved freehand manipulation of
2461-419: A one-way layout, leading customers counter-clockwise along what IKEA calls "the long natural way" designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed). There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom. The sequence first involves going through
2568-407: A running center is a cup center , which is a cone of metal surrounded by an annular ring of metal that decreases the chances of the workpiece splitting. A circular metal plate with even spaced holes around the periphery, mounted to the spindle, is called an "index plate". It can be used to rotate the spindle to a precise angle, then lock it in place, facilitating repeated auxiliary operations done to
2675-413: A shopping cart and proceeds to an open-shelf "Market Hall" warehouse for smaller items. Lastly, the self-service furniture warehouse stores the showroom products in flat pack form for the customer to collect the ones previously noted. Sometimes, they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby after purchase. Finally, customers pay for their products at
2782-584: A significant discount. In March 2022, IKEA swiftly exited the Russian market, due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine , leading to a surplus of items that were earmarked for the Russian market in IKEA's warehouses. To get rid of these items quickly, IKEA has been reselling these in a number of non-Russian IKEA stores near the bargain corner at a discount. The majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centres, primarily because of land cost and traffic access. Smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in
2889-870: A significant hit from the pandemic. Because of strict COVID-19 lockdowns in China , IKEA has closed another store in Shanghai by July 2022. On 10 August 2022, IKEA opened its first store in Chile , the first store in South America . Another store opened in Colombia in September 2023 in Bogotá , soon to be followed by a store in Peru . IKEA stores are typically blue buildings with yellow accents — Sweden's national colours . They are often designed in
2996-515: A similar concept), at 3,000 m (32,000 sq ft), built as an extension of the mall. As for IKEA Harajuku, the 2,500 m (26,910 sq ft), 7-storey store houses the chain's first and only konbini concept. In 2021, IKEA opened another one of its smallest stores, located at the JEM Mall in Jurong East , Singapore . Replacing liquidated department store Robinsons , IKEA Jurong
3103-842: A store was opened in Mexico City . In August 2018, IKEA opened its first store in India , in Hyderabad . There are now stores in Bengaluru and Mumbai. In November 2021, IKEA opened its largest store in the world, measuring 65,000 square metres (700,000 sq ft), in the Philippines at the Mall of Asia Complex in Pasay City . In March 2022, IKEA announced the closing of all 17 stores in Russia , resulting from
3210-741: A successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store, whereby one photovoltaic system was sold almost every day. The solar CIGS panels are manufactured by Solibro , a German-based subsidiary of the Chinese company Hanergy . By the end of 2014, IKEA began to sell Solibro's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland. In November 2015, IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury to sell solar panels in
3317-607: A variety of items including chocolates, meatballs, jams, pancakes, salmon and various drinks. Although the cafes primarily serve Swedish food, the menu varies based on the culture, food and location of each store. With restaurants in 38 countries, the menu often incorporates local dishes, including shawarma in Saudi Arabia, poutine in Canada, macarons in France, and gelato in Italy. In Indonesia,
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3424-682: A wide range of sizes and shapes, depending upon their application. Some common styles are diamond, round, square and triangular. IKEA Inter IKEA Systems B.V. , trading as IKEA ( / aɪ ˈ k iː ə / eye- KEE -ə , Swedish: [ɪˈkêːa] ), is a multinational conglomerate , founded in Sweden but now headquartered in the Netherlands , that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture , kitchen appliances, decoration, home accessories, and various other goods and home services. Started in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad , IKEA has been
3531-425: A working height. A lathe may be small and sit on a workbench or table, not requiring a stand. Almost all lathes have a bed, which is almost always a horizontal beam, although CNC lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to ensure that swarf , or chips, falls free of the bed. Woodturning lathes specialized for turning large bowls often have no bed or tail stock, merely a free-standing headstock and
3638-441: Is 60°. Traditionally, a hard dead center is used together with suitable lubricant in the tailstock to support the workpiece. In modern practice the dead center is frequently replaced by a running center , as it turns freely with the workpiece—usually on ball bearings—reducing the frictional heat, especially important at high speeds. When clear facing a long length of material it must be supported at both ends. This can be achieved by
3745-424: Is a sliding bed, which can slide away from the headstock and thus open up a gap in front of the headstock for large parts. In a metalworking lathe , metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened cutting tool , which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting, either a tool-post or a turret, which is then moved against the workpiece using handwheels or computer-controlled motors. These cutting tools come in
3852-428: Is driven either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or gear drive from a power source such as electric motor or overhead line shafts. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand. In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert
3959-452: Is duplicating or copying lathe. Some types of them are known as Blanchard lathe, after Thomas Blanchard . This type of lathe was able to create shapes identical to a standard pattern and it revolutionized the process of gun stock making in the 1820s when it was invented. The Hermitage Museum , Russia displays the copying lathe for ornamental turning : making medals and guilloche patterns, designed by Andrey Nartov , 1721. Used to make
4066-498: Is limited and costly, IKEA has opened 4 stores, all in multi-storey commercial buildings. They are smaller than other IKEA stores but large by Hong Kong standards. In addition to tailoring store sizes for specific countries, IKEA alters the sizes of products to accommodate cultural differences. In 2015, IKEA announced it would attempt smaller store design at locations in Canada. IKEA claimed this new model would allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening
4173-572: Is located at the IKEA store in Navi Mumbai , India. Some of these were closed down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2024, Ikea announced it would be trialing an on-line marketplace where customers can connect to buy and sell pre-owned items made by Ikea. The marketplace, called Ikea Preowned, would run from August until December 2024 and be centred on the cities of Oslo, Norway and Madrid, Spain. Until 28 September 2023, IKEA owned & operated
4280-437: Is named after islands. A number of IKEA's products bearing Swedish names have (or have had) pronunciations that are humorous to some and offensive to others (but no less " lost-in-translation "), by not only English-speakers but speakers of many different languages. At times, this product-identification has resulted in certain names being changed, or withdrawn completely from certain markets. More often than not, this confusion
4387-523: Is noted for their use of recycled and reclaimed materials. The Coca-Cola Company and Emeco partnered to re-create the Navy Chair using rPET plastic bottles; the 111 Navy Chair became available in 2010. Philippe Starck and Emeco revived and reengineered a 2001 design so that it could be made using a formula that combines waste polypropylene and reclaimed wood fiber. The result, called the Broom Chair ,
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4494-545: Is only 6,500 m (70,000 sq ft), encompassing three levels; it was the first location in Southeast Asia that did not provide the "Market Hall" warehouse in its store. Also during 2021, IKEA opened a small-store-format location on Bali, Indonesia , replacing the liquidated former Giant hypermarket. IKEA Bali is dubbed "Customer Meeting Point", and is the smallest store to open thus far, at 1,200 m (13,000 sq ft). In 2022, another smaller store
4601-437: Is preferred, as this ensures that the position of the workpiece does not move as the collet is tightened. A soft workpiece (e.g., wood) may be pinched between centers by using a spur drive at the headstock, which bites into the wood and imparts torque to it. A soft dead center is used in the headstock spindle as the work rotates with the centre. Because the centre is soft it can be trued in place before use. The included angle
4708-484: Is simply a result of the Swedish language not being executed correctly, let alone understood, by the reader; nonetheless, this has resulted in potentially "naughty"—or even gravely offensive—connotations, depending on the area in question. Notable examples (for English-speakers) include a since-discontinued (2013) computer desk called jerker (referring to "the jerks" or "jerks"), a foliar plant spray called fukta ("moisten"),
4815-525: Is the village close to Elmtaryd. The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974), Japan (1974), Australia , Hong Kong (1975), Canada (1976), Singapore and the Netherlands (1978). IKEA further expanded in
4922-431: Is usually another slide called a compound rest, which provides two additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a toolpost, which holds a cutting tool , which removes material from the workpiece. There may or may not be a leadscrew , which moves the cross-slide along the bed. Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather have banjos , which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on
5029-462: Is usually held in place by either one or two centers , at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet , or to a faceplate , using clamps or dog clutch . Of course, lathes can also complete milling operations by installing special lathe milling fixtures. Examples of objects that can be produced on
5136-640: The MEGA chain of 14 supermarkets, then owned by Ingka, was bought by the Russian Gazprombank . IKEA was hit hard by COVID-19 because of lockdowns in various countries, like in the UK and Canada. Because demand had fallen, its annual catalogue ceased publication after 70 years in print. The prices of their products have risen significantly in 2022 because of rising costs and inflation. In April 2022, IKEA has shut down one of its stores in Guiyang when sales took
5243-448: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Because of the ongoing war and unimproved situation in Russia, IKEA said on 15 June that it would sell factories, close offices and reduce its workforce. Later it became known that IKEA does not plan to sell its business, but expected to return to Russia within two years. By October 2022, IKEA laid off about 10,000 Russian employees. In September 2023,
5350-562: The Billy bookcase and the Klippan sofa, all of which have sold by the tens of millions since the late 1970s and early 1980s. The IKEA and LEGO brands teamed up to create a range of simple storage solutions for children and adults. In June 2021, IKEA Canada unveiled a series of 10 "Love Seats" inspired by different Pride flags, created by four LGBTQ designers. IKEA products are identified by one-word (occasionally, two-word) names, predominantly in
5457-488: The MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia. Its operations have since been sold to Gazprombank . On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched a virtual mobile phone network called IKEA Family Mobile , which ran on T-Mobile . At launch it was the cheapest pay-as-you-go network in the UK. In June 2015 the network announced that its services would cease to operate from 31 August 2015. As of 2012 , IKEA has
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#17328700778575564-706: The Swedish language (or otherwise Scandinavian in origin). With few exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by the company. The company founder Kamprad was dyslexic , and found that naming the furniture with proper names and words, rather than a long product code, made the products easier to identify and remember. Products are usually named after locations in Scandinavian countries, using names of places in Sweden for sofas and coffee tables, Denmark for textiles, and Norway for beds. Lamps get their names from seas and lakes, while outdoor furniture
5671-448: The explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st centuries, the company implements economies of scale , capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of medium-density fibreboard ("MDF"), also called "particle board". Notable items of IKEA furniture include the Poäng armchair,
5778-634: The 'inner-city' format for expansion in China, unlike other countries where IKEA stores for economic and planning restriction reasons tends to be just outside city centres due to planning restrictions. In China, planning restrictions are less of an issue due to the lack of cars for much of its customer base. Accordingly, in store design alternatives, IKEA has had to offer store locations and formats closer to public transportation. The store design alternative thinking and strategy in China has been to locate stores to facilitate access for non-car owning customers. In some locations in China, IKEA stores can be found not in
5885-502: The 1006 chair, so he decided to focus on those and similar products. In 1999 the company posted a profit for the first time in more than 20 years. Gregg met French designer Philippe Starck at the 1998 International Contemporary Furniture Fair (ICFF) and the two agreed to collaborate on numerous designer versions of the 1006 Navy chair. By 2004 these accounted for half of Emeco's production, or 46,500 chairs per year. A short documentary film called "The 77 Steps of Making an Emeco Chair" by
5992-619: The 13th or 14th century BC. Clear evidence of turned artifacts have been found from the 6th century BC: fragments of a wooden bowl in an Etruscan tomb in Northern Italy as well as two flat wooden dishes with decorative turned rims from modern Turkey . During the Warring States period in China , c. 400 BC , the ancient Chinese used rotary lathes to sharpen tools and weapons on an industrial scale. The first known painting showing
6099-773: The 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984), the United States (1985), the United Kingdom (1987), and Italy (1989). Germany , with 55 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the United States, with 55 stores (three in Puerto Rico) IKEA entered Latin America in February 2010, opening in the Dominican Republic . As for the region's largest markets, on 8 April 2021,
6206-475: The Emeco Navy chair, which Restoration Hardware called the “Naval Chair”. Restoration Hardware renamed the chair, then removed them from their website. In January 2013, Restoration Hardware agreed to stop selling the disputed chairs and to recycle their existing stock. Emeco filed a design right and copyright infringement case against Swedish furniture giant IKEA in 2015, alleging that IKEA’s Melltorp dining chair
6313-602: The Japanese market in 2006, IKEA management did extensive local market research in more effective store layouts. One area of local adaptation was the room displays common to every IKEA store worldwide. Rather than just replicate a European room layout, the Japan management was careful to set up room displays more closely resembling Japanese apartment rooms, such as one for "a typical Japanese teenage boy who likes baseball and computer games ". IKEA adapted its store location and services to
6420-721: The Swedish meatballs recipe is changed to accommodate the country's halal requirements. Stores in Israel sell kosher food under rabbinical supervision. The kosher restaurants are separated into dairy and meat areas. In many locations, the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve breakfast. All food products are based on Swedish recipes and traditions. Food accounted for 5% of IKEA's sales by 2019. IKEA sells plant-based meatballs made from potatoes, apples, pea protein, and oats in all of its stores. According to United States journalist Avery Yale Kamila , IKEA began testing its plant-based meatballs in 2014, then launched
6527-490: The United Kingdom. The deal would allow customers to be able to order panels online and at three stores before being expanded to all United Kingdom stores by the end of summer. In April 2019, the company announced that it would begin test marketing a new concept, renting furniture to customers. One of the motivating factors was that inexpensive IKEA products were viewed as "disposable" and often ended up being scrapped after
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#17328700778576634-496: The WW (Webster Whitcomb) bed, a truncated triangular prism (found only on 8 and 10 mm watchmakers' lathes); and the continental D-style bar bed (used on both 6 mm and 8 mm lathes by firms such as Lorch and Star). Other bed designs have been used, such as a triangular prism on some Boley 6.5 mm lathes, and a V-edged bed on IME's 8 mm lathes. Smaller metalworking lathes that are larger than jewelers' lathes and can sit on
6741-800: The Webster/Whitcomb collet and lathe, invented by the American Watch Tool Company of Waltham, Massachusetts. Most lathes commonly referred to as watchmakers lathes are of this design. In 1909, the American Watch Tool company introduced the Magnus type collet (a 10-mm body size collet) using a lathe of the same basic design, the Webster/Whitcomb Magnus. (F.W.Derbyshire, Inc. retains the trade names Webster/Whitcomb and Magnus and still produces these collets. ) Two bed patterns are common:
6848-453: The alternative, faceplate dogs may be used to secure the work to the faceplate. A workpiece may be mounted on a mandrel , or circular work clamped in a three- or four-jaw chuck . For irregular shaped workpieces it is usual to use a four jaw (independent moving jaws) chuck. These holding devices mount directly to the lathe headstock spindle. In precision work, and in some classes of repetition work, cylindrical workpieces are usually held in
6955-449: The bed or ways, or to the rest. The swing determines the diametric size of the object which is capable of being turned in the lathe; anything larger would interfere with the bed. This limit is called the swing of the bed. The swing of the rest is the size which will rotate above the rest, which lies upon the bed.") from the notion that the work 'swings' from the centre upon which it is mounted. This makes more sense with odd-shaped work but as
7062-407: The bed) by which work-holding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have arrangements for work-holding on the left-hand end of the spindle with other tooling arrangements for particular tasks. (i.e., facing away from the main bed) end, or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles are powered and impart motion to the workpiece. The spindle
7169-409: The bed. The position of a banjo can be adjusted by hand; no gearing is involved. Ascending vertically from the banjo is a tool-post, at the top of which is a horizontal tool-rest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool-rest and levered into the workpiece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends vertically from the tool-rest and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may be levered into
7276-436: The capacity of the work that they may hold. Usually large work is held at both ends either using a chuck or other drive in the headstock and a centre in the tailstock. To maximise size, turning between centres allows the work to be as close to the headstock as possible and is used to determine the longest piece the lathe will turn: when the base of the tailstock is aligned with the end of the bed. The distance between centres gives
7383-535: The chairs and Emeco's manufacturing process, but he was not a good businessman and due to the elaborate manufacturing process, found it hard to generate a profit. By 1979 the company was not receiving enough new government contracts to stay in business and was nearing bankruptcy. Emeco was sold that year to Jay Buchbinder who tried unsuccessfully to revive the military end of the business. Buchbinder's son, Gregg, acquired Emeco from his father in 1998. He noticed that Giorgio Armani and other designers showed an interest in
7490-515: The company is known was one of several furniture products made out of anodized aluminum, such as bunks and lockers, that Emeco made for the US Navy's fleet during World War II . The business grew by under-bidding other manufacturers on government contracts for office building furniture. By 1953, there were four Emeco factories in Hanover. By 1955, Emeco was producing 200,000 chairs per year. Dinges developed
7597-471: The cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2-level store. Some stores have dual-level warehouses with machine-controlled silos to allow large quantities of stock to be accessed throughout the selling day. Most IKEA stores offer an "as-is" or "bargain corner" (recently rebranded as "re-shop and re-use") area at the end of the warehouse, just before the cash registers. Returned, damaged, and formerly showcased products are displayed here and sold with
7704-466: The firm is known for its attention to cost control and continuous product development, notably, the ready-to-assemble model of furniture sales, and other elements which have allowed IKEA to establish lower prices than its competitors. As of September 2024 , there are 473 IKEA stores operating in 63 countries and in fiscal year 2024, €45.1 billion worth of IKEA goods were sold. For multiple reasons, including lowering taxes payable, IKEA uses
7811-482: The furniture showrooms making note of selected items. The showroom usually consists of simulated room settings where customers can see the actual furniture in use, e.g.: a living-room with a sofa, a TV set, a bookcase and a dining table, accessorized with plants, cushions, rugs, lamps, plates, glasses and cutlery. Showroom sections are usually displayed in the order of the rooms of a house: living rooms, dining rooms, kitchens, bedrooms, kids' rooms. The customer then collects
7918-636: The grandson of designers Charles and Ray Eames shows the industrial processes and craftsmanship required to manufacture the Navy Chair. In addition to architects Gehry, Starck, and Lord Foster, Emeco has collaborated with many other famous architects and designers such as Ronan & Erwan Bouroullec , Naoto Fukasawa , Barber Osgerby , Jasper Morrison , Sam Hecht and Kim Colin , Nendo , Konstantin Grcic , Adrian Van Hooydonk ( BMW Designworks ), Michael Young , Jean Nouvel , Christophe Pillet [ fr ] , Andrée Putman , and Ettore Sottsass . Emeco
8025-518: The headstock (and the workpiece) are turret lathes . A lathe equipped with indexing plates, profile cutters, spiral or helical guides, etc., so as to enable ornamental turning is an ornamental lathe . Various combinations are possible: for example, a vertical lathe can have CNC capabilities as well (such as a CNC VTL ). Lathes can be combined with other machine tools, such as a drill press or vertical milling machine . These are usually referred to as combination lathes . Woodworking lathes are
8132-471: The headstock is the tailstock , sometimes referred to as the loose head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed by sliding it to the required area. The tail-stock contains a barrel, which does not rotate, but can slide in and out parallel to the axis of the bed and directly in line with the headstock spindle. The barrel is hollow and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various types of tooling. Its most common uses are to hold
8239-475: The headstock, or at right angles, but gently. When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric turning" or "multi-axis turning". The result is that various cross sections of the workpiece are rotationally symmetric, but the workpiece as a whole is not rotationally symmetric. This technique is used for camshafts, various types of chair legs. Lathes are usually 'sized' by
8346-601: The inventor of many subsequent improvements to the lathe worked as an apprentice in Verbruggen's workshop in Woolwich. During the Industrial Revolution , mechanized power generated by water wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting, allowing faster and easier work. Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as
8453-414: The lathe is most often used with cylindrical work, it is useful to know the maximum diameter of work the lathe will hold. This is simply the value of the swing (or centre height above the bed) multiplied by two. For some reason, in the U.S. swing is assumed to be diameter but this is incorrect. To be clear on size, it is better, therefore, to describe the dimension as 'centre height above the bed'. As parts of
8560-519: The lathe reduce capacity, measurements such as 'swing over cross slide' or other named parts can be found. The smallest lathes are "jewelers lathes" or "watchmaker lathes", which, though often small enough to be held in one hand are normally fastened to a bench. There are rare and even smaller mini lathes made for precision cutting. The workpieces machined on a jeweler's lathe are often metal, but other softer materials can also be machined. Jeweler's lathes can be used with hand-held "graver" tools or with
8667-547: The left side of the headstock, where are no rails and therefore more clearance. In this configuration, the piece can be shaped inside and out. A specific curved tool-rest may be used to support tools while shaping the inside. Further detail can be found on the woodturning page. Most woodworking lathes are designed to be operated at a speed of between 200 and 1,400 revolutions per minute, with slightly over 1,000 rpm considered optimal for most such work, and with larger workpieces requiring lower speeds. One type of specialized lathe
8774-406: The maximum length of work the lathe will officially hold. It is possible to get slightly longer items in if the tailstock overhangs the end of the bed but this is an ill-advised practice. Purchasing an extension or larger bed would be a wise alternative. The other dimension of the workpiece is how far off-centre it can be. This is known as the 'swing' ("The distance from the head center of a lathe to
8881-422: The metal shaping tools. The tool-rest is usually removed during sanding, as it may be unsafe to have the operators hands between it and the spinning wood. Many woodworking lathes can also be used for making bowls and plates. The bowl or plate needs only to be held at the bottom by one side of the lathe. It is usually attached to a metal face plate attached to the spindle. With many lathes, this operation happens on
8988-464: The motor speed into various spindle speeds . Various types of speed-changing mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift automotive transmission . Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears. The counterpoint to
9095-404: The oldest variety, apart from pottery wheels. All other varieties are descended from these simple lathes. An adjustable horizontal metal rail, the tool-rest, between the material and the operator accommodates the positioning of shaping tools, which are usually hand-held. After shaping, it is common practice to press and slide sandpaper against the still-spinning object to smooth the surface made with
9202-722: The past (the "midi" concept in the early 1990s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m (100,000 sq ft), or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan ). A new format for a full-size, city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Manchester store, situated in Ashton-under-Lyne in 2006. Another store, in Coventry , opened in December 2007. The store had seven floors and
9309-552: The plan were to be more affordable and more convenient. The company said it would test the rental concept in all 30 markets by 2020, expecting it to increase the number of times a piece of furniture would be used before recycling. The first IKEA store opened in 1958 with a small cafe that transitioned into a full-blown restaurant in 1960 that, until 2011, sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods, such as meatballs, packages of gravy , lingonberry jam , various biscuits and crackers, and salmon and fish roe spread . The new label has
9416-455: The plant-based meatballs in 2015 and began testing vegan hot dogs in 2018. In 2019, journalist James Hansen reported in Eater London that IKEA would only sell vegetarian food at Christmas time. Every store has a children's play area , named Småland (Swedish for small lands ; it is also the Swedish province of Småland where founder Kamprad was born). Parents drop off their children at
9523-404: The power source. Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical control, which often was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control (CNC) . Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries. A lathe may or may not have legs, which sit on the floor and elevate the lathe bed to
9630-478: The primary role. Lathes of this size that are designed for mass manufacture, but not offering the versatile screw-cutting capabilities of the engine or bench lathe, are referred to as "second operation" lathes. Lathes with a very large spindle bore and a chuck on both ends of the spindle are called "oil field lathes". Fully automatic mechanical lathes, employing cams and gear trains for controlled movement, are called screw machines . Lathes that are controlled by
9737-533: The purpose of mounting the bookshelf speakers have gone on sale worldwide on 1 August. From the start, IKEA SYMFONISK can only be controlled from the Sonos app, but IKEA added support for the speakers in their own Home Smart app to be paired with scenes that control both the lights, air purifiers, smart plugs and smart blinds together with the speakers. IKEA has also expanded its product base to include flat-pack houses and apartments, in an effort to cut prices involved in
9844-403: The smart home business. The IKEA TRÅDFRI smart lighting kit was one of the first ranges signalling this change. IKEA has also started a partnership with Philips Hue . The wireless charging furniture, integrating wireless Qi charging into everyday furniture, is another strategy for the smart home business. A collaboration to build Sonos smart speaker technology into furniture sold by IKEA
9951-399: The then second largest economy in the world, IKEA did not adapt its store layout strategy to the Japanese consumer. Japanese consumers did not have a culture of DIY furniture assembly, and many in the early days had no way to haul flat-packs home to their small apartments. Nor did the store layouts familiar to European customers initially make sense to Japanese consumers, so prior to re-entering
10058-673: The tool. By the 1770s, precision lathes became practical and well-known. A slide-rest is clearly shown in a 1772 edition of the Encyclopédie and during that same year a horse-powered cannon boring lathe was installed in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich , England by Jan Verbruggen . Cannon bored by Verbruggen's lathe were stronger and more accurate than their predecessors and saw service in American Revolutionary War . Henry Maudslay ,
10165-556: The use of a traveling or fixed steady . If a steady is not available, the end face being worked on may be supported by a dead (stationary) half center. A half center has a flat surface machined across a broad section of half of its diameter at the pointed end. A small section of the tip of the dead center is retained to ensure concentricity. Lubrication must be applied at this point of contact and tail stock pressure reduced. A lathe carrier or lathe dog may also be employed when turning between two centers. In woodturning, one variation of
10272-467: The usual suburban or near airport locations like other countries, but rather places such as downtown shopping centres with a 'mini-IKEA' store to attract shoppers. One store design alternative trend IKEA has implemented has been 'pop-up' stores along social media platforms in their advertising strategy, for the first-time as a company, to reach new customers demographics while still reinforcing its global brand locally in China. In Hong Kong, where shop space
10379-516: The volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. This is also more practical for European customers using public transport, because flat packs can be more easily carried. IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture . Kamprad calls this "democratic design", meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design (see also environmental design ). In response to
10486-570: The workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis. Lathes are used in woodturning , metalworking , metal spinning , thermal spraying , reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery , the best-known design being the Potter's wheel . Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution , plane surfaces and screw threads or helices . Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The workpiece
10593-440: The workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, without fear that the workpiece may break loose. When a workpiece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work is said to be "face work". When a workpiece is supported in this manner, less force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, lest the workpiece rip free. Thus, most work must be done axially, towards
10700-431: The workpiece. Other accessories, including items such as taper turning attachments, knurling tools, vertical slides, fixed and traveling steadies, etc., increase the versatility of a lathe and the range of work it may perform. When a workpiece is fixed between the headstock and the tail-stock, it is said to be "between centers". When a workpiece is supported at both ends, it is more stable, and more force may be applied to
10807-403: The workpiece. Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the internal taper in the spindle, or has threads which perfectly match the external threads on the spindle (two conditions which rarely exist), an accessory must be used to mount a workpiece to the spindle. A workpiece may be bolted or screwed to a faceplate , a large, flat disk that mounts to the spindle. In
10914-588: The world's largest furniture retailer since 2008. The brand name is an acronym of founder Ingvar Kamprad's initials; Elmtaryd, the family farm where Kamprad was born; and the nearby village of Agunnaryd , Kamprad's hometown in Småland , southern Sweden . The group is primarily known for its modernist furniture designs, simple approach to interior design , and its immersive shopping concept, based around decorated room settings within big-box stores , where customers can interact with products onsite. In addition,
11021-534: Was announced in December 2017. The first products resulting from the collaboration launched in August 2019. Under the product name SYMFONISK, IKEA and Sonos have made two distinct wireless speakers that integrate with existing Sonos households or can be used to start with the Sonos-ecosystem, one that's also a lamp and another that's a more traditional looking bookshelf speaker. Both products as well as accessories for
11128-406: Was another market where IKEA performed badly, exited the market completely and then re-entered with an alternative store design and layout with which it finally found success. IKEA entered the Japanese market in 1974 through a franchise arrangement with a local partner, only to withdraw in failure in 1986. Japan was one of the first markets outside its original core European market. Despite Japan being
11235-616: Was launched in 2012. In 2015, the Alfi Chair designed by Jasper Morrison was introduced. The seat of the chair is made of 100% discarded industrial waste – 92.5% polypropylene and 7.5% wood fiber. A 2022 advanced product design course in collaboration with the MIT Department of Architecture led to the development of "The next 150-year chair". In October 2012, Emeco filed a lawsuit against Restoration Hardware for allegedly violating their trademark and trade dress by selling look-alikes of
11342-437: Was opened inside Livat Hammersmith , London , at 4,600 m (50,000 sq ft), followed by a 9,400 m (101,000 sq ft) store inside Mall Taman Anggrek , Jakarta , which was opened on 7 April 2022. Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer . The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air;
11449-611: Was similar to the Emeco 20-06 Stacking Chair designed by Norman Foster in 2006. In May 2016 Emeco accepted an out-of-court settlement from IKEA, both companies issued a joint statement announcing that a deal had been reached. Details of the deal remain confidential. Lathe A lathe ( / l eɪ ð / ) is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting , sanding , knurling , drilling , deformation , facing , threading and turning , with tools that are applied to
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