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80-604: Elysian was founded in 1995 by Dave Buhler, Joe Bisacca, and Dick Cantwell. Cantwell had been a homebrewer who gained a reputation at the Duwamps Cafe, the Pike Place Brewery, and Big Time Brewing. Buhler is a former spirits wholesaler and Bisacca was a home brewer and a vice president at Seafirst Bank . The original location was opened in 1996 in the Capitol Hill neighborhood with a 20 barrel capacity. The company operated

160-409: A keg using compressed carbon dioxide, or bottle carbonation with priming sugar. Any bottle that is able to withstand the pressure of carbonation can be used, such as used beer bottles, flip-top bottles with rubber stoppers such as Grolsch , or even plastic bottles such as soda bottles, provided they are properly sanitised. Priming briefly reactivates the yeast that remains in the bottle, carbonating

240-548: A " penal bond " (which currently ranges from a minimum of $ 1000.00 to a maximum of $ 500,000 ) which had the prohibitive effect of economically preventing brewers of small quantities from pursuing their hobby. Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties. Homebrewing kits come in many different types and from many different manufacturers. A local homebrew store may create some of their own kits by packaging materials together. Most kits come with

320-469: A Mexican-style lager, brewed as a house beer for a local Mexican restaurant; and Xoxo, a nitrogen-infused, chocolate , chilli -spiced Irish-style stout often brewed around Valentine's Day. The Wise ESB was the brewery's first beer. Elysian has won multiple awards for their beers. The Wise, Dragontooth stout , and Avatar Jasmine IPA have done well at the World Beer Cup . The brewery's beers earned it

400-411: A bag has revolutionised home all-grain brewing as batch sizes of 9 to 45.5 litres (2.4 to 12.0 US gal) of wort into the fermenter are easily employed without any compromising on quality or versatility. A typical brew session using BIAB is typically 3 hours, not including fermentation. Cold water is preferred for the yeast for its high oxygen content. Some homebrewing kits usually instruct that

480-661: A bill repealing federal restrictions and excise taxes, and President Jimmy Carter signed the bill, H.R. 1337 , into law, legalizing homebrewing of beer in the United States . Within months of homebrewing's full legalization, Charlie Papazian founded the Brewers Association and American Homebrewers Association . In 1984, Papazian published The Complete Joy of Home Brewing , which remains in print alongside later publications, such as Graham Wheeler's Home Brewing: The CAMRA Guide . People choose to brew their own beer for

560-910: A brewpub at the local GameWorks arcade between 1997 and 2002. In 2003, their pub and bistro, Tangletown, was opened near Green Lake . The company's largest location, Elysian Fields, was opened in 2006 near CenturyLink Field , which is often busy on game days. In 2011, Elysian expanded its operations with a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m) production-only facility in the Georgetown neighborhood. Anheuser-Busch InBev acquired Elysian Brewing in early 2015. In November 2024, Elysian began closing its Seattle facilities. Seasonal beers include: Elysian Brewing Company brews many beers, which are only available at their brewpub and restaurant or are sometimes seasonally available on tap in some Seattle pubs. These include The Golden Boot, brewed in honor of Seattle soccer; Haleakala, named after Maui's easterly volcano ; Hombre,

640-439: A can, no-boil, and hopped wort, these beer kits contain liquid malt extract that has already been boiled with hops to introduce bitterness and flavor. Pre-hopped kits simplify the brewing process by removing the need to add hops at specific times during the boil. Some kits may not require a boil at all, but that may increase the risk of off flavors in the resulting beer from contamination from bacteria and wild yeasts. While some feel

720-418: A city-state had the right to freedom subject to no one, except those laws decided using majoritarianism . Alcidamas , for example, said: "God has set everyone free. No one is made a slave by nature." Furthermore, a fragment of a poem of Philemon also shows that he opposed slavery. Greece in pre-Roman times consisted of many independent city-states , each with its own laws. All of them permitted slavery, but

800-573: A class of unfree laborers tied to the land and called penestae in Thessaly and helots in Sparta . Penestae and helots did not rate as chattel slaves ; one could not freely buy and sell them. The comedies of Menander show how the Athenians preferred to view a house-slave : as an enterprising and unscrupulous rascal, who must use his wits to profit from his master, rescue him from his troubles, or gain him

880-425: A clearer beer, slowing the production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and hindering the growth of wort contamination by pitching yeast as soon as possible. Many homebrewers use an inexpensive wort chiller called an "immersion chiller." These resemble the "worms" used in distilleries consisting of a coiled length of copper or stainless steel tubing (typically 50 feet in length) with an inlet and outlet connection. The inlet

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960-563: A drain at the bottom, and the top cut open to create a large stainless steel cooking kettle. Many times, the piece of metal cut out of the top is re-used to create a false bottom for straining wort during the mashing process, as well as to strain the boiled wort when adding hops without using a mesh grain bag. Alternatively, kegs specifically designed for home brewing are available. The capacity may be matched to commercial extract brewing kits; typically 12 and 23 litres. Smaller 2.5-US-gallon (9.5 L) kegs are also made for ease of transporting to

1040-460: A fixed tax-payment to their masters. Athens also had a law forbidding the striking of slaves—if a person struck an apparent slave in Athens, that person might find himself hitting a fellow-citizen, because many citizens dressed no better. It startled other Greeks that Athenians tolerated back-chat from slaves ( Old Oligarch, Constitution of the Athenians ). Pausanias (writing nearly seven centuries after

1120-442: A form of seaweed, gelatin, and others can be added in the final 15–30 minutes of the boil to help prevent haze in the resulting beer. The primary reason to cool the wort is to get the wort to the proper temperature for healthy yeast propagation. Other benefits of rapidly cooling of the wort include "locking in" hop flavor and aroma, aiding in the production of "cold break" where haze-producing proteins coagulate ultimately resulting in

1200-469: A full set of instructions for brewing. These instructions, sometimes called recipes, may vary widely in the amount of instruction given. For instance, many all-grain kits assume a familiarity with the brewing process and so may give fewer specific instructions on the general process. Many advanced brewers prefer to design and perfect their own recipes rather than buy kits. Kits may or may not include yeast. For brewers with equipment and advanced knowledge about

1280-411: A function. Kegs may have residual pressure, and this must be vented to avoid having the valve explode and injure or kill a person as the valve shoots out. Conventional 15.5-US-gallon (59 L) kegs have circle spring clips that can be removed to release the tap valve. Some kegs such as those used by Miller have threaded valves that are threaded into the keg, and after venting, can be opened by turning

1360-598: A large part of their wealth on slaves acquired through conquest. The Code of Ur-Nammu , the oldest known surviving law code , written c. 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws relating to slaves during the Third Dynasty of Ur in Sumerian Mesopotamia . It states that a slave that marries cannot be forced to leave the household, and that the bounty for returning a slave who has escaped the city is two shekels . It reveals that there were at least two major social strata at

1440-451: A micro-manufacturing license (for quantities up to 2 million litres of spirits per year), and various other permits are required. For larger quantities, a full manufacturing license and various permits are required. Most states permit homebrewing of 100 US gallons (380 L) of beer per adult (of 21 years or older) per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons (760 L) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in

1520-474: A natural and necessary institution. Aristotle believed that the practice of any manual or banausic job should disqualify the practitioner from citizenship. Quoting Euripides , Aristotle declared all non-Greeks slaves by birth, fit for nothing but obedience. By the late 4th century BCE passages start to appear from other Greeks, especially in Athens , which opposed slavery and suggested that every person living in

1600-450: A punishment for being in debt or committing a crime. The Code of Hammurabi states that if a slave is purchased and within one month develops epilepsy ("benu-disease") then the purchaser can return the slave and receive a full refund. The code has laws relating to the purchase of slaves abroad. Numerous contracts for the sale of slaves survive. The final law in the Code of Hammurabi states that if

1680-563: A secondary fermenter. This secondary fermentation process is often utilized by more advanced home brewers to enhance flavor. While not required, it is generally practiced by home brewers who wish to age or clarify their beer by removing it from the sediment left behind by primary fermentation, often through the addition of isinglass, colloidal silicon dioxide, or spakolloid. In addition to using two different fermenting containers, some home brewers may choose to only use one container in which primary and secondary fermentation take place. This container

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1760-488: A slave denies his master, then his ear will be cut off. Hittite texts from Anatolia include laws regulating the institution of slavery. Of particular interest is a law stipulating that reward for the capture of an escaped slave would be higher if the slave had already succeeded in crossing the Halys River and getting farther away from the center of Hittite civilization — from which it can be concluded that at least some of

1840-489: A small amount of milled, malted grain that must be steeped with the wort before boiling. A grain bag is usually included to facilitate this process. These additional grains help add different character to the beer so that a single extract can be used to brew several varieties of beer. A full boil is required, with hop additions at different times depending on style. A typical brew session using extract typically takes 2 hours, not including fermentation. Sometimes known as beer in

1920-426: A special skill were more valuable than those without one. Slaves had plenty of jobs that they could be assigned to. Some had domestic jobs, like taking care of children, cooking, brewing, or cleaning. Some were gardeners or field hands in stables. They could be craftsmen or even get a higher status. For example, if they could write, they could become a manager of the master's estate. Captive slaves were mostly assigned to

2000-427: A tablespoon of sucrose should be added per bottle. The principles behind the process of homebrewing beer are similar to commercial brewing . A hopped wort is produced and yeast pitched into the wort to stimulate fermentation . The complexity of the process is mostly determined by the approach used to manufacture the wort; by far the simplest method is kit brewing. Mashing is the step required to convert starch in

2080-568: A typical 5-US-gallon (19 L) batch before bottling. Homebrewers often use kegs for aging, filtering, and storing beer. These are seldom the standard kegs used by major brewers to transport draught beer to wholesalers, but instead are reconditioned Cornelius kegs (colloquially known as "corny kegs" or "cornies") that were originally manufactured to store soda ; these vessels are much easier to fill, clean and maintain than standard beer kegs. These kegs are stainless steel cylinders that hold approximately 5 US gallons (19 L) of liquid. The keg

2160-453: A variety of reasons. Many homebrew to avoid a higher cost of buying commercially equivalent beverages. Brewing domestically also affords one the freedom to adjust recipes according to one's own preference, create beverages that are unavailable on the open market or beverages that may contain fewer calories, or less or more alcohol. Some people join homebrewing clubs and enter homebrew competitions. The Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP)

2240-459: Is Patrick Hollingdale. The hallmarks of BIAB are a single brewing vessel, a fine mesh bag to hold the grist (crushed malt/grain) and a single heat source. The bag, usually made of nylon or fashioned out of a voile material lines the brewing pot which contains the total volume of water needed for the entire brewing process. The water is then heated to strike temperature and then the grist is added. The traditional brewing technique of sparging (rinsing

2320-499: Is a free resource for homebrewers and homebrew competition organizers. The Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP) trains and certifies beer judges through classes and tasting and written tests. BJCP judges evaluate the beer on 5 criteria: Aroma, Appearance, Flavor, Mouthfeel, and Overall Impression. The beer is also compared to a style provided by the brewer and described in the BJCP Style Guidelines. Slavery in

2400-477: Is an American organization that oversees homebrew competitions, certifies judges, and offers categories for judging. Similar British organizations are The National Guild of Wine and Beer Judges, and the National Association of Wine and Beermakers (Amateur) - (NAWB), who have held an annual show since 1959. As of 2010 "agricultural distilling" permits are no longer available. Commercial operations require

2480-480: Is attached to a source of cool water such as a sink faucet. The immersion chiller is inserted into the hot wort then cool water pumped is through the coil where a heat exchange occurs thus lowering the temperature of the wort. Many homebrewers also use a "counterflow chiller." This device consists of a tube of copper or stainless steel tubing nested inside a larger diameter length of tube. It resembles an immersion chiller but works more like plate chiller in that hot wort

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2560-404: Is circulated through the inner tube and cool water is passed through the outer tube counter to the direction of the hot wort, thereby cooling the wort quickly. Some homebrewers use the 'no-chill' approach. It is a water-conserving technique, depending on the ambient temperature being lower to cool the hot wort. After the boil the hot wort is racked into a fitting fermenter. After placing the cap or

2640-412: Is filled with liquid via a removable hatch on the top, which is then closed and sealed. Carbon dioxide is added to pressurize the keg via an inlet port on the top and is facilitated by gently rocking the brew back and forth. Liquid is dispensed via an outlet port attached to a tube that extends to the bottom of the keg. Pin-lock and ball-lock fittings (or posts ) are the two types of couplings used on

2720-480: Is known as wort (pronounced "wert") and is necessary for fermentation. A full boil of the wort is then required, with one or more hop additions at different times depending on style. A typical brew session using all-grain takes between 4 and 6 hours, not including fermentation. Some kits contain a concentrated malt extract rather than grain. Malt extract can be either dry or in a syrup form, both used to produce fermented syrup . A few advanced kits may also come with

2800-399: Is the brewing of beer or other alcoholic beverages on a small scale for personal, non-commercial purposes. Supplies, such as kits and fermentation tanks, can be purchased locally at specialty stores or online. Beer was brewed domestically for thousands of years before its commercial production although its legality has varied according to local regulation. Homebrewing is closely related to

2880-501: Is the safest approach to carbonation. Exceeding recommended levels of priming sugar for a given recipe can result in exploding bottles (aka "bottle bombs"), as is using inappropriate bottles or improper capping methods. Beer may also be force-carbonated using a keg and special bottling equipment so that the carbonation level can be carefully controlled. Carbonation is often achieved with approximately 4 ounces (110 g) of corn sugar boiled in 2 cups (500 mL) of water then cooled and added to

2960-423: Is used; conversely the mash may be heated to around 80 °C (176 °F) to end such activity prior to placing it in the lauter-tun, and to prevent cooler grain from lowering the sparge water temperature to a lower than desirable figure. Whether the homebrewer chooses to mash their own grains or chooses to purchase malt extracts, the homebrewer will then need to boil the liquid and add hops. The length of time

3040-435: Is usually referred to as a uni-tank. Uni-tanks are usually conical in shape, and can be made from plastic, glass, or stainless steel. A popular plastic conical for homebrewing is FastFerment, while a popular stainless steel conical fermenter for homebrewers is The Blichmann Fermenator. Upon conclusion of fermentation, the beer is carbonated before it is consumed. This is typically done in one of two ways; force carbonation in

3120-620: The Book of Leviticus . Israelite slaves were also to be released during their seventh year of service, according to the Deuteronomic Code . Non-Hebrew slaves and their offspring were the perpetual property of the owner's family, with limited exceptions. The Curse of Ham ( Genesis 9:18–27 ) is an important passage related to slavery. It has been noted that the slavery in the Bible differs greatly from Roman and modern slavery in that slaves mentioned in

3200-599: The Twenty-sixth Dynasty (c. 672 – 525 BCE) and from the reign of Darius : apparently such a contract then required the consent of the slave. The study of slavery in Ancient Greece remains a complex subject, in part because of the many different levels of servility, from traditional chattel slave through various forms of serfdom , such as helots , penestai , and several other classes of non-citizens. Most philosophers of classical antiquity defended slavery as

3280-417: The "Infusion Mash", milled grains are combined in the tun and hot water is added. Before being combined with the grains, the water is heated to a temperature that is hotter than the desired temperature for enzymatic activity. The reason the water is heated is to compensate for the fact that the grain are cooler than the desired temperature. The grains are infused with yet hotter water to rinse more sugars from

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3360-467: The BIAB method. In all grain brewing the wort is made by making a mash from crushed malted barley (or alternative grain adjuncts such as unmalted barley, wheat , oats , corn or rye ) and hot water. This requires a vessel known as a mash tun , which is often insulated, or can be done in a single brewing vessel if the homebrewer is using the BIAB method. In one procedure popular with homebrewers called

3440-638: The Exchequer Reginald Maudling removed the requirement for a brewing licence in 1963. Australia followed suit in 1972 when Gough Whitlam repealed the law prohibiting the brewing of all but the weakest beers in one of his first acts as Prime Minister . In 1920, Prohibition caused breweries across the United States to be closed down or to begin making malt for other purposes. The homebrewing of beer with an alcohol content higher than 0.5% remained illegal until 1978 when Congress passed

3520-767: The Large Brewpub of the Year award at the Great American Beer Festival in 1999, 2003, and 2004. Elysian had a collaborative partnership with the New Belgium Brewing Company of Ft. Collins, Colorado. The brewery also partners with The Mens Room [ sic ] (a program on the Seattle rock music radio station KISW ) to produce Mens Room Original Ale; previous offerings include Mens Room Red and Mens Room Gold. Homebrewing Homebrewing

3600-531: The Old Testament received sexual protection and enough food, and were not chained, tortured or physically abused. In the New Testament , slaves are told to obey their owners, who are in turn told to "stop threatening" their slaves. The Epistle to Philemon has many implications related to slavery. In Ancient Egypt , slaves were mainly obtained through prisoners of war. Other ways people could become slaves

3680-453: The action of heat and the natural enzymes have been destroyed, wheat and unmalted extracts need the help of enzymes to convert their starches into sugars. The next step up from extract brewing is to use a diastatically active malt extract to convert starches from other beer adjuncts such as flaked and torrified barleys, flaked and torrified wheat, wheat flour, and flaked oats into fermented syrup . These extracts are currently only available in

3760-512: The ancient world Slavery in the ancient world , from the earliest known recorded evidence in Sumer to the pre-medieval Antiquity Mediterranean cultures, comprised a mixture of debt-slavery , slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war . Masters could free slaves, and in many cases, such freedmen went on to rise to positions of power . This would include those children born into slavery, but who were actually

3840-415: The brew. Homebrewed beers and lagers are typically unfiltered (filtering improves visual appearance of the product, but complicates carbonation). Bottled beer becomes clear quicker than kegged beer, since the yeast does not have as far to descend. In homebrewing, adding priming sugar, malt extract, or carbonation tablets at bottling time to beer that has had its fermentable sugar content totally consumed

3920-422: The brewing process, all-grain kits include all the ingredients necessary to create homebrew beer. Most kits include grain and hops, some kits may also include yeast that pairs well with the style of beer. A full set of instructions is generally included. What sets these kits apart from others is the inclusion of malted grain which must first undergo a mash to extract the sugars. This combination of liquid and sugars

4000-414: The canned form. Unmalted barleys and wheats can add extra "body" to a finished beer. Advanced homebrewers forgo the use of concentrated extract and instead convert starch into sugars from the grains themselves in a process often referred to as all grain brewing. Although considered an advanced method, all grain brewing is easily achievable by beginners and with rudimentary equipment, especially when using

4080-508: The children of the master of the house. The slave master would ensure that his children were not condemned to a life of slavery. The institution of slavery condemned a majority of slaves to agricultural and industrial labor, and they lived hard lives. In many of these cultures, slaves formed a very large part of the economy, and in particular the Roman Empire and some of the Greek poleis built

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4160-510: The domain of women stemmed from the fact that brewing was a by-product of gathering, and often considered a part of baking. The Greeks and Romans cultivated both grape wine and beer , to a lesser extent. Roman women often directed production in larger households while the labor was performed by slaves . By the Tang dynasty , homebrewing seems to have been a familiar domestic chore in China, albeit

4240-694: The environmental impact of fermented beverages by using less packaging and transportation than commercially brewed beverages, and by the use of refillable jugs, reusable bottles or other reusable containers. Brewers now have access to a variety of software tools, whether free /open source or commercial, which allow them to formulate and adjust recipes. There are also web based recipe creation and sharing sites with extensive recipe databases contributed by users that can be viewed or downloaded for printing or importation into software using BeerXML . More traditional Internet forums continue to provide brewers with sources of advice and information from their peers all over

4320-541: The event) states that Athenian slaves fought together with Athenian freemen in the Battle of Marathon , and the monuments memorialize them. Spartan serfs, Helots , could win freedom through bravery in battle. Plutarch mentions that during the Battle of Salamis Athenians did their best to save their "women, children and slaves". On the other hand, much of the wealth of Athens came from its silver mines at Laurion , where slaves, working in extremely poor conditions, produced

4400-445: The fermentable sugars ( maltose , glucose , and sucrose ) are consumed by the yeast, while ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced as byproducts by the yeast. A layer of sediment, the lees or "trub", appears at the bottom of the fermenter, composed of heavy fats, proteins and inactive yeast. This yeast is sometimes reused in subsequent batches. Often, the brew is moved to a second fermenting vessel after primary fermentation called

4480-510: The fermenter is stoppered with a fermentation lock , which allows the carbon dioxide gas produced to vent, while preventing other gasses and particles from entering. Recent innovations in nanotechnology have enabled a fermentation lock called the Sterilock to also prevent bacteria, wild yeasts and other potential harmful fungi reaching the fermenter although in some beer styles known as Sour Beer , bacteria or wild yeasts are desirable to obtain

4560-607: The girl of his dreams. These plots were adapted by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence , and in the modern era influenced the character Jeeves and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum . Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become Roman citizens . After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom ( libertas ), including

4640-430: The grains into sugar by utilizing natural enzymes. This step varies depending on the skill of the home brewer. For extract brewing, the mashing has been done by the supplier of the malt extract. No mashing is required for the home brewer in this instance. A partial mash differs from an extract brew in that the extract remains enzymatically active. Unlike dead malts where some of the starch has been converted to sugar via

4720-404: The grains) is skipped and after the mashing period is complete (typically 60–90 minutes) the grain bag holding the spent grains is removed (lautering) and the bag is compressed to drain the wort from the grain ball. The all-grain brewing process then proceeds as normal: boiling, cooling, pitching and fermenting. Traditional mashing methods require three vessels and at least two heat sources. Brew in

4800-640: The greatest part of the silver (although recent excavations seem to suggest the presence of free workers at Laurion). During the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, twenty thousand Athenian slaves, including both mine-workers and artisans, escaped to the Spartans when their army camped at Decelea in 413 BC. Other than flight, resistance on the part of slaves occurred only rarely. GEM de Ste. Croix gives two reasons: Athens had various categories of slave, such as: In some areas of Greece there existed

4880-738: The hobby of home distillation , the production of alcoholic spirits for personal consumption, but home distillation is generally more tightly regulated . Beer has been brewed domestically throughout its 7,000-year history , beginning in the Neolithic period in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq ), Egypt and China . It seems to have first developed as thick beers ; during this time meads , fruit wines and rice wines were also developed. Women brewers dominated alcohol production on every occupied continent until commercialization and industrialization of brewing occurred. The tradition of brewing being in

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4960-485: The household. Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes , homebrewers are restricted from selling any beer they brew. This similarly applies in most Western countries. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers, which had not been permitted unless the excise taxes were paid as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages, which had been repealed in 1933. This change also exempted home brewers from posting

5040-549: The inlet and outlet ports. Coke distributors used pin-lock fittings, while Pepsi distributors used ball-lock fittings. Ball-lock are most frequently encountered. The pin-lock style is sometimes referred to as a "Coke" keg or style and the ball-lock is sometimes referred to as a "Pepsi" keg or style though the fittings themselves are removable, serviceable, and contain interchangeable parts. Homebrewers sometimes use 15.5-US-gallon (59 L) commercial kegs (known as 1/2 kegs) for boiling vessels in creating wort. The kegs are drilled for

5120-407: The lid, the fermenter is tumbled slightly to let the hot wort sanitise all internal surfaces. It then will be left alone (often overnight) until it has reached pitching temperatures, what may take up to the best part of a day. Contamination should not be an issue since near-boiling wort is a very effective sanitiser. Where the desired outcome is to capture wild yeast from the air, some homebrewers leave

5200-497: The lower classes had to make do with poorly-filtered mash . Laws against making alcohol were enacted and repealed between the Zhou and Ming dynasties . The 18th century Industrial Revolution brought about such innovations as the thermometer and hydrometer . These tools increased efficiency to the point that mass production of beer was possible for the first time in history . In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur explained

5280-467: The mash in a process known as sparging . There are two types of sparging. Fly sparging and batch sparging. Fly sparging involves rinsing the grain bed by adding small amounts of hot water to the top while draining equal amounts from the bottom. Batch sparging involves adding all or most of your sparge water at one time to the grain bed and slowly draining it from the bottom. The sparging process will also stop any further enzymatic activity if much hotter water

5360-545: The mistress of the household. Not all slaves went to houses. Some also sold themselves to temples or were assigned to temples by the king. Slave trading was not very popular until later in Ancient Egypt. But while slave trading eventually sprang up all over Egypt, there was little worldwide trade. Rather, the individual dealers seem to have approached their customers personally. Only slaves with special traits were traded worldwide. Prices of slaves changed with time. Slaves with

5440-503: The quality of beer from these kits can be on par with commercial beer or homebrew made from other methods, others feel that pre-hopped extract provides hop bitterness with little flavor and bouquet. A typical brew session using pre-hopped ingredients may take less than an hour, not including fermentation. Brew in a bag (BIAB) is a simplified all-grain technique developed in Australia. The main pioneer and continuing authority on this method

5520-531: The role of yeast in beer fermentation, allowing brewers to develop strains of yeast with desirable properties such as efficiency converting sugar to alcohol and ability to handle higher alcohol content. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, homebrewing in the UK was circumscribed by taxation: the Inland Revenue Act 1880 ( 43 & 44 Vict. c. 20) introduced a 5- shilling homebrewing licence. Chancellor of

5600-567: The rules differed greatly from region to region. Greek slaves had some opportunities for emancipation, though all of these came at some cost to their masters. The law protected slaves, and though a slave's master had the right to beat him at will, a number of moral and cultural limitations existed on excessive use of force by masters. In ancient Athens , about 10-30% of the population were slaves. The system in Athens encouraged slaves to save up to purchase their freedom, and records survive of slaves operating businesses by themselves, making only

5680-525: The safety catch. See "How to remove a Miller threaded keg valve (not retained by a spiral ring)". The safety catch prevents the valve from releasing under pressure. It is not recommended that kegs be sanitised with bleach. To avoid unpleasant residuals, kegs are sanitised with an iodine- or oxygen-based sanitiser. Sanitisers like Star-San and B-Brite are commonly used. The ball lock valves may be unscrewed using wrenches to allow further cleaning or replacement of O-rings or poppet valves. Homebrewing can reduce

5760-591: The slaves kept by the Hittites possessed a realistic chance of escaping and regaining their freedom, possibly by finding refuge with other kingdoms or ethnic groups. In the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament ), there are many references to slaves, including rules of how they should behave and be treated. Slavery is viewed as routine, as an ordinary part of society. During jubilees , slaves were to be released, according to

5840-418: The sour characteristics. During this time, temperatures should be kept at optimum temperature for the particular yeast strain being used. For ale this temperature is usually 18–24 °C (64–75 °F); for lager it is usually much colder, around 10 °C (50 °F). A vigorous fermentation then takes place, usually starting within twelve hours and continuing over the next few days. During this stage,

5920-543: The temples or a king, and they had to do manual labor. The worst thing that could happen to a slave was being assigned to the quarries and mines. Private ownership of slaves, captured in war and given by the king to their captor, certainly occurred at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1295 BCE). Sales of slaves occurred in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty (732–656 BCE), and contracts of servitude survive from

6000-432: The time : those free, and those enslaved. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi , written between 1755–1750 BC, also distinguishes between the free and the enslaved. Like the Code of Ur-Nammu, it offers a reward of two shekels for returning a fugitive slave, but unlike the other code, states that harbouring or assisting a fugitive was punishable by death. Slaves were either bought abroad, taken as prisoners in war, or enslaved as

6080-459: The valve counterclockwise using a piece of 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 -inch-wide (44 mm) metal inserted between the valve ears and turned with an adjustable wrench, or pipe wrench. A "wonderbar" type of pry bar just happens to fit. After the valve is loose it is still retained by a safety catch that must be pried inward. A simple valve seal depressing tool and a screwdriver with a 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm) diameter shaft must be used to release

6160-457: The world. Homebrewers can submit their beer for evaluation into competitions. These competitions provide blind feed back to brewers so they can get objective feedback, make adjustments to improve their brewing, and be recognized for outstanding homebrew. Competitions can be organized by homebrew clubs, state fairs, or businesses. The AHA, BJCP, and HomebrewCompetitions.com all keep a list of currently scheduled competitions. Homebrewcompetitions.com

6240-548: The wort boils with the hops varies depending on the style of beer , but is usually 60–90 minutes. Hops are added at different times during the boil, depending on the desired result. Hops added at the beginning of the boil contribute bitterness, hops added in the last thirty minutes contribute flavor. Hops added in the last few minutes or even after the end of the boil contribute both flavor and hop aroma. These hop additions are generally referred to as bittering, flavor, and aroma additions respectively. Finings such as Irish moss ,

6320-411: The wort to cool in a broad, uncovered container, typically called a coolship . Once the wort has cooled to a temperature that is friendly to yeast, the yeast is "pitched" into the wort and allowed to ferment. It is at this point that 'wort" becomes "beer." Primary fermentation in homebrewing takes place in large glass or plastic carboys or food-grade plastic buckets, nearly always sealed. When sealed,

6400-539: Was by inheriting the status from their parents. One could also become a slave on account of his inability to pay his debts. Slavery was the direct result of poverty. People also sold themselves into slavery because they were poor peasants and needed food and shelter. Slaves only attempted escape when their treatment was unusually harsh. For many, being a slave in Egypt made them better off than a freeman elsewhere. Young slaves could not be put to hard work and had to be brought up by

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