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71-645: Elmer Henry Zacher (September 17, 1880 – December 20, 1944) was a professional baseball outfielder . Nicknamed "Silver", he played one season in Major League Baseball in 1910, appearing in one game for the New York Giants and 47 games for the St. Louis Cardinals . This biographical article relating to an American baseball outfielder born in the 1880s is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Professional baseball Professional baseball

142-634: A Willard Mullin illustration of the Brooklyn Bum. Perhaps the highlight of the Daffiness Boys era came after Wilbert Robinson left the dugout. In 1934 , Giants player/manager Bill Terry was asked about the Dodgers’ chances in the coming pennant race and cracked infamously, "Is Brooklyn still in the league?" Managed then by Casey Stengel , who played for the Dodgers in the 1910s and went on to greatness managing

213-490: A chance to buy land somewhat suitable for building a ballpark, and the chance to own that ballpark, giving him complete control over all its revenue streams. At the same time, the National League was not willing to approve the Dodgers' move unless O'Malley found a second team willing to join them out west, largely out of concern for travel costs. Meanwhile, Giants owner Horace Stoneham was having similar difficulty finding

284-427: A contending club first by general manager Larry MacPhail and then the legendary Branch Rickey . Led by Jackie Robinson , Pee Wee Reese , and Gil Hodges in the infield, Duke Snider and Carl Furillo in the outfield, Roy Campanella behind the plate, and Don Newcombe , Carl Erskine , and Preacher Roe on the pitcher's mound, the Dodgers won pennants in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 , only to fall to

355-424: A new, more accessible and better ballpark than Ebbets Field . Beloved as it was, Ebbets Field had grown old and was not well served by vehicular infrastructure, to the point where the Dodgers could not "sell out" the park to maximum capacity even in the heat of a pennant race, despite dominating the league from 1946 to 1957 . New York City Construction Coordinator Robert Moses sought to force O'Malley into using

426-566: A noted sports cartoonist , fixed the Brooklyn team with the lovable nickname of "Dem Bums". After hearing his cab driver ask, "So how did those bums do today?", Mullin decided to sketch an exaggerated version of famed circus clown Emmett Kelly to represent the Dodgers in his much-praised cartoons in the New York World-Telegram . Both image and nickname caught on, so much so that many a Dodger yearbook cover, from 1951 through 1957, featured

497-577: A replacement for his team's antiquated home stadium, the Polo Grounds . Unlike O'Malley, Stoneham did not engage in a serious effort to identify a location for a replacement for the Polo Grounds. Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis, but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco, ensuring that the Dodgers had a National League rival closer than St. Louis. So the two arch-rival teams,

568-474: A site in Flushing Meadows , Queens – the eventual location of Shea Stadium (which opened in 1964), the home of the future New York Mets , who began play in 1962. Moses' vision involved a city-built, city-owned park, which was greatly at odds with O'Malley's real-estate savvy. When O'Malley realized that he was not going to be allowed to buy a suitable parcel of land in Brooklyn, he began thinking of moving

639-540: A week of each other in 1925, and Robbie was named president while still field manager. Upon assuming the title of president, however, Robinson's ability to focus on the field declined, and the teams of the late 1920s were often fondly referred to as the "Daffiness Boys" for their distracted, error-ridden style of play. Outfielder Babe Herman was the leader both in hitting and in zaniness. The signature Dodger play from this era occurred when three players – Dazzy Vance , Chick Fewster , and Herman – ended up at third base at

710-506: Is known as the Shot Heard 'Round The World . In 1955, by which time the core of the Dodger team was beginning to age, "next year" finally came. The fabled "Boys of Summer" shot down the "Bronx Bombers" in seven games, led by the first-class pitching of young left-hander Johnny Podres , whose key pitch was a changeup known as "pulling down the lampshade" because of the arm motion used right when

781-669: Is often applied as an umbrella term for all leagues — major and minor — under the authority of the Commissioner of Baseball . Operating outside the Minor League Baseball organization are many independent minor leagues such as the Atlantic League , American Association , Frontier League , and the feeder league to these the Empire Professional Baseball League . Japan has had professional baseball since

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852-588: Is organized baseball in which players are selected for their talents and are paid to play for a specific team or club system. It is played in leagues and associated farm teams throughout the world. Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada consists of the National League (founded in 1876) and the American League (founded in 1901). Historically, teams in one league never played teams in

923-575: The 1889 championship tournament to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 championship with Louisville . Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct AA New York Metropolitans and one-year Players League entry the Brooklyn Ward's Wonders . The middle years of the decade were disappointing, a slump the Spalding Guide rather primly ascribed to management tolerating drunkenness among

994-512: The Billy Joel single " We Didn't Start the Fire ", which included the line, "Brooklyn's got a winning team." Lawyer and real estate businessman Walter O'Malley had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950, when he bought Rickey's 25 percent share of the team and secured the support of the widow of another equal partner, John L. Smith . Soon O'Malley was working to buy new land in Brooklyn for

1065-492: The China National Baseball League , Israel Baseball League , and Baseball Philippines . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, players of black African descent were barred from playing the major leagues , though several did manage to play by claiming to be Cubans or Native Americans . As a result, a number of parallel Negro leagues were formed. However, after Jackie Robinson began playing with

1136-646: The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Catcher Roy Campanella , left partially paralyzed in an off-season automobile accident on January 28, 1958, was never able to play for the Dodgers in Los Angeles. After the 1957 season, the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants relocated from New York to California to become the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants , leaving the largest city in

1207-531: The National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) were from Brooklyn, including the Atlantic , Eckford , and Excelsior clubs that combined to dominate play for most of the 1860s. Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial, as the locale of the first paid admission games, a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858. Brooklyn also featured the first two enclosed baseball grounds,

1278-511: The New York Yankees in all five of the subsequent World Series. The annual ritual of building excitement, followed in the end by disappointment, became a common pattern to the long suffering fans, and "Wait ’til next year!" became an unofficial Dodger slogan. While the Dodgers generally enjoyed success during this period, in 1951 they fell victim to one of the largest collapses in the history of baseball. On August 11, 1951 , Brooklyn led

1349-532: The New York Yankees , the 1934 Dodgers were determined to make their presence felt. As it happened, the season entered its final games with the Giants tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the pennant, with the Giants’ remaining games against the Dodgers. Stengel led his Bums to the Polo Grounds for the showdown, and they beat the Giants twice to knock them out of the pennant race. The " Gashouse Gang " Cardinals nailed

1420-605: The Union Grounds and the Capitoline Grounds ; enclosed, dedicated ballparks accelerated the evolution from amateurism to professionalism . Despite the early success of Brooklyn clubs in the NABBP, which were officially amateur until 1869, they fielded weak teams in the succeeding National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP), the first professional league formed in 1871. The Excelsiors no longer challenged for

1491-676: The 1930s. Nippon Professional Baseball consists of two leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League , each with six teams. South Korea has had professional baseball since 1982. There are 10 teams in KBO League . Taiwan has had professional baseball since the 1990s. The Chinese Professional Baseball League absorbed Taiwan Major League in 2003. There are currently 6 teams in the CPBL. Other Asian leagues include three now defunct leagues,

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1562-462: The 1940s, described the Cardinals as being "our old rivals." During this period, the Cardinals won the National League pennant 4 times (with the Dodgers finishing 2nd twice) and the Dodgers won the National League pennant 3 times (with the Cardinals finishing 2nd each time). In 1942 the Cardinals overcame a 10 game Dodger lead in early August to win the pennant. In 1946 the Cardinals and Dodgers finished

1633-539: The 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been economic, political, and cultural rivals, representative of the broader Southern / Northern California divide. Manager Wilbert Robinson , another former Oriole , popularly known as "Uncle Robbie", restored the Brooklyn team to respectability. His "Brooklyn Robins" reached the 1916 and 1920 World Series , losing both, but contending perennially for several seasons. Charles Ebbets and Ed McKeever died within

1704-724: The Atlantics in favor of the Mutual Club of New York who had shared home grounds with the Atlantics. When the Mutuals were expelled by the league, the Hartford club moved in, the press dubbing them The Brooklyn Hartfords , and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding. The team currently known as the Dodgers was formed in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast Charles Byrne , who convinced his brother-in-law Joseph Doyle and casino operator Ferdinand Abell to start

1775-466: The Bronx as announcer. The first major-league baseball game to be televised was Brooklyn 's 6–1 victory over Cincinnati at Ebbets Field on August 26, 1939. Batting helmets were introduced to Major League Baseball by the Dodgers in 1941. The Cardinals–Dodgers rivalry was particularly intense from 1941 through 1949. In his autobiography written in 1948, Leo Durocher , who managed the Dodgers for most of

1846-515: The Cardinals play suffered on the field tremendously in the 1950s. Meanwhile, with the success of Robinson, the Dodgers doubled down on the opportunity to sign players of color from the Negro leagues . In the subsequent years after their pennant-winning season in 1947 , they would sign Don Newcombe , Roy Campanella , and Jim Gilliam from the Negro leagues, adding to an already tremendous team. The Dodgers made

1917-643: The Dodgers and Giants, moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24, 1957 , which the Dodgers won 2–0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates . On April 18, 1958 , the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in L.A., defeating the former New York and newly moved and renamed San Francisco Giants , 6–5, before 78,672 fans at

1988-459: The Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate, neighboring cities. Brooklyn and New York were separate cities until 1898, when they became neighboring boroughs of the newly consolidated New York City. When both franchises moved to California after

2059-579: The Dodgers won 2–0. Although the Dodgers lost the World Series to the Yankees in 1956 during which the Yankees pitcher Don Larsen pitched the only World Series perfect game in baseball history and the only post-season no-hitter for the next 54 years, it hardly seemed to matter. Brooklyn fans had their memory of triumph, and soon that was all they were left with – a victory that was remembered decades later in

2130-450: The Dodgers' general manager. In 1947, after Rickey broke the color line by signing Jackie Robinson to the Dodgers, there were rumors that southerners playing for the Cardinals were planning to boycott games against the Dodgers, although the players later denied it. In general, the Cardinals were latecomers to integration. Front-office executive Bing Devine said the owner from 1947 to 1953, Fred Saigh , refused to sign black players. There

2201-533: The Dodgers' lead announcer in 1939, just after MacPhail broke the New York baseball executives' agreement to ban live baseball broadcasts, enacted because of the fear of the effect of radio calls on the home teams' attendance. MacPhail remained with the Dodgers until 1942, when he returned to the Armed Forces for World War II. He later became one of the Yankees' co-owners, bidding unsuccessfully for Barber to join him in

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2272-576: The Dodgers. Their original target had been the Washington Senators franchise, which eventually moved to Bloomington, Minnesota to become the Minnesota Twins in 1961 . At the same time, O'Malley was looking for a contingency in case Moses and other New York politicians refused to let him build the Brooklyn stadium he wanted, and sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking. Los Angeles offered him what New York did not:

2343-534: The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, oversees nearly all minor league baseball in the United States and Canada. The minor leagues are divided into classes AAA, AA, High-A, A, and Rookie. These minor-league divisions are affiliated with major league teams, and serve to develop young players and rehabilitate injured major-leaguers. "Affiliated baseball" (archaically, " organized baseball ")

2414-404: The National League by an enormous 13 + 1 ⁄ 2 games over their archrivals, the Giants . While the Dodgers went 26–22 from that time until the end of the season, the Giants went on an absolute tear, winning an amazing 37 of their last 44 games, including their last seven in a row. At the end of the season the Dodgers and the Giants were tied for first place, forcing a three-game playoff for

2485-657: The Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played." Most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant-winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins; on the other hand, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle used "Superbas" in its box scores that season. A 1918 New York Times article used the nickname Robins in its title "Buccaneers Take Last From Robins", but

2556-454: The U.S. Army in his decision, since he knew that boos , taunts, and criticism were going to be directed at Robinson, and that Robinson had to be tough enough to withstand abuse without attempting to retaliate. The inclusion of Robinson on the team also led the Dodgers to move its spring training site. Prior to 1946, the Dodgers held their spring training in Jacksonville, Florida . However,

2627-476: The United States with no National League franchise and only one major league team, the New York Yankees of the American League (AL). With the threat of a New York team joining the new Continental League , the National League expanded by adding the New York Mets following a proposal from William Shea . In a symbolic reference to New York's earlier National League teams, the new team took as its primary colors

2698-557: The amateur championship after the Civil War (1861–1865) and never entered the professional NAPBBP (aka NA). The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players; the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four, with losing teams. The National League (NL) replaced the NAPBBP in 1876 and granted exclusive territories to its eight members, excluding

2769-417: The ball was released. Podres won two Series games, including the deciding seventh. The turning point of Game 7 was a spectacular double play that began with left fielder Sandy Amorós running down Yogi Berra 's long fly ball, then throwing to shortstop Pee Wee Reese , who relayed to first baseman Gil Hodges to double up a surprised Gil McDougald to preserve the Dodger lead. Hank Bauer grounded out and

2840-468: The big club. Although the Dodgers ultimately built Dodgertown and its Holman Stadium further south in Vero Beach , and played there for 61 spring training seasons from 1948 through 2008, Daytona Beach renamed City Island Ballpark to Jackie Robinson Ballpark in his honor. This event marked the continuation of the integration of professional sports in the United States, with professional football having led

2911-544: The blue of the Dodgers and the orange of the Giants, both of which are colors also featured on the flag of New York City . The nickname "Mets" was adopted: being a natural shorthand to the club's corporate name, the " New York Metropolitan Baseball Club , Inc.", which hearkened back to the " Metropolitans " (a New York team in the American Association from 1880 to 1887), and its brevity was advantageous for newspaper headlines. The historic and heated rivalry between

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2982-526: The city's stadium refused to host an exhibition game with the Montreal Royals – the Dodgers’ own farm club – on whose roster Robinson appeared at the time, citing segregation laws. Nearby Sanford similarly declined. Ultimately, City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach agreed to host the game with Robinson on the field. The team traveled to Havana, Cuba for spring training in 1947, this time with Robinson on

3053-423: The club's performance rebounded somewhat. When Robinson retired in 1931, he was replaced as manager by Max Carey , who had played for the team from 1926 until 1929. Although some suggested renaming the "Robins" the "Brooklyn Canaries", after Carey, whose last name was originally "Carnarius", the name "Brooklyn Dodgers" returned to stay following Robinson's retirement. It was during this era that Willard Mullin ,

3124-569: The eight-year-old NL for the 1884 season. After winning the American Association league championship in 1889, the Brooklyn club (very occasionally now nicknamed the Bridegrooms or Grooms , for six players having wed during the 1888 season) moved to the competing older National League (1876) and won the 1890 NL Championship, being the only Major League team to win consecutive championships in both professional "base ball" leagues. They lost

3195-410: The first African-American to play Major League baseball in the 20th century when he played his first major league game on April 15, 1947, as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson's entry into the league was mainly due to General Manager Branch Rickey 's efforts. The deeply religious Rickey's motivation appears to have been primarily moral, although business considerations were also present. Rickey

3266-566: The first team manager, and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12, 1883, against the Trenton, New Jersey team. The Grays won the league title after the Camden Merritt club in New Jersey disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players. The Grays were invited to join the two-year-old professional circuit, the American Association (founded 1882) to compete with

3337-553: The franchise that finally came to be called "the Dodgers" were the Atlantics (1884, not directly related to the earlier Brooklyn Atlantics ), Bridegrooms or Grooms ( 1888 – 1898 ), Ward's Wonders , the Superbas ( 1899 – 1910 ), and the Robins ( 1914 – 1931 ), named for longtime manager Wilbert Robinson. All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe

3408-619: The major-league Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, the Negro leagues gradually faded. The process of integration did not go entirely smoothly; there were some ugly incidents, including pitchers who would try to throw directly at a black player's head. Now, however, baseball is fully integrated, and there is little to no racial tension between teammates. Between 1943 and 1954, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League fielded teams in several Midwestern towns. Brooklyn Dodgers The team's name derived from

3479-486: The neighborhood of Crown Heights in 1912. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues. The Brooklyn Dodgers had an overall win–loss record of 5,624–5,290–133 (.515) during their 68 years in Brooklyn. Eight former Brooklyn Dodgers players were elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame . Many of the clubs represented at the first convention of

3550-559: The new name which eastern baseball cranks [fans] have given the Brooklyn club." In 1895, Brooklyn played at Eastern Park, bounded by Eastern Parkway (now Pitkin Avenue), Powell Street, Sutter Avenue, Van Sinderen Street, where they had moved early in the 1891 season when the second Washington Park burned down. Some sources erroneously report that the name "Trolley Dodgers" referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides. However, Eastern Park

3621-564: The other until the World Series , in which the champions of the two leagues played against each other. This changed in 1997 with the advent of interleague play . The Philadelphia Phillies , founded in 1883, are the oldest continuous same-name, same-city franchise in both Major League Baseball and all of American professional sports. In addition to the major leagues, many North American cities and towns feature minor league teams. An organization officially styled Minor League Baseball , formerly

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3692-536: The pennant by beating the Cincinnati Reds those same two days. One key development during this era was the 1938 appointment of Leland "Larry" MacPhail as Dodgers' general manager. MacPhail, who brought night games to Major League Baseball as general manager of the Reds, also started night baseball in Brooklyn and ordered the successful refurbishing of Ebbets Field. He also brought Reds voice Red Barber to Brooklyn as

3763-570: The pennant. The Giants took Game 1 by a score of 3–1 before being shut out by the Dodgers' Clem Labine in Game 2, 10–0. It all came down to the final game, and Brooklyn seemed to have the pennant locked up, holding a 4–2 lead in the bottom of the ninth inning. Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson , however, hit a stunning three-run walk-off home run off the Dodgers' Ralph Branca to secure the NL Championship for New York . To this day Thomson's home run

3834-592: The players. Over the 1890s, Charles Ebbets accumulated shares in the club, owning 80% of it by decade's end. Other shares were held by Harry Von der Horst —owner of the Baltimore Orioles team that won consecutive championships in 1894, 1895, and 1896—and Orioles manager Ned Hanlon . In 1899, Von der Horst and Hanlon moved most of the Orioles' stars from Baltimore to join the Grays (Bridegrooms) in Brooklyn; Hanlon became

3905-519: The regular season tied for first place but the Cardinals won the pennant when they prevailed in the first ever playoff tiebreaker in the National League. Cardinal Hall of Famer Enos Slaughter said during this period of the Cardinals–Dodgers rivalry that "We loved to hate them and they loved to hate us." During this period, after the 1942 season, Branch Rickey , who had built up the Cardinals farm system as their general manager moved to become

3976-535: The reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcars . The name is a shortened form of one of their former names, the Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers , and they later earned the respectful nickname Dem Bums . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in

4047-405: The same time. The play is often remembered as Herman "tripling into a triple play", though only two of the three players were declared out and Herman was credited with a double rather than a triple. Herman later complained that no one remembered that he drove in the winning run on the play. The incident led to the popular joke: After his removal as club president, Robinson returned to managing, and

4118-429: The series as "Dodgers vs. Indians", despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent usage at this point for around six years. For most of the first half of the 20th century, no Major League Baseball team employed a black player. A parallel system of Negro leagues developed, but most of the Negro league players were denied a chance to prove their skill before a national audience. Jackie Robinson became

4189-399: The subtitle of the article reads "Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4, Making Series An Even Break". Space-conscious headline writers still used "the Flock" (derived from "Robins") during the Dodgers' last decade in Brooklyn. Another example of the interchangeability of different nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series , which identifies the matchup in

4260-474: The team bore the name "Dodgers". Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used interchangeably are available from newspaper articles from the period before 1932. A New York Times article describing a game the Dodgers played in 1916 starts out by referring to how "Jimmy Callahan, pilot of the Pirates, did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant", but then goes on to comment, "the only thing that saved

4331-402: The team with him. Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Street, and Fifth Avenue, and named it Washington Park in honor of first president George Washington . Nicknamed by reporters the "Grays" for their uniforms, the team played in the minor league Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season. Doyle became

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4402-401: The team's manager. The press, inspired by the popular circus act The Hanlons' Superba , dubbed the new combined team the Brooklyn Superbas . In 1899 and in 1900, they were the champions of the National League . The name Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers was first used to describe the team in 1895. The nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper reported that "'Trolley Dodgers' is

4473-499: The team, often concurrently, but not in any official capacity. The team's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club . The "Trolley Dodgers" nickname was used throughout this period, along with other nicknames, by fans and sports writers of the day. The team did not use the name in a formal sense until 1916, when the name was printed on home World Series programs. The word "Dodgers" appeared on team jerseys in 1932. The "conclusive shift" came in 1933, when both home and road jerseys for

4544-513: The team. O'Malley was free to purchase land of his own choosing, but wanted Robert Moses to condemn a parcel of land along the Atlantic Railroad Yards in downtown Brooklyn under Title I authority, after O'Malley had bought the bulk of the land he had in mind. Title I gave the city municipality power to condemn land for the purpose of building what it calls "public purpose" projects. Moses' interpretation of "public purpose" included public parks, housing, highways, and bridges. What O'Malley wanted

4615-447: The way in 1946, with the concomitant demise of the Negro leagues , and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American civil rights movement. Robinson was an exceptional player, a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity. He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award, which is now named the Jackie Robinson award in his honor. The Dodgers' willingness to integrate, when most other teams refused to,

4686-405: The years since the Second World War. Teams were no longer bound by much slower railroad infrastructure. Because of advances in civil aviation, it became possible to locate teams farther apart – as far west as California – while maintaining the same busy game schedules. When Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to entice a team to move there, they were not even thinking of

4757-399: Was a key factor in their 1947–1956 success. They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson, three-time MVP Roy Campanella , Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe , Jim Gilliam , and Joe Black . Robinson eventually became the first African-American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. After the wilderness years of the 1920s and 1930s, the Dodgers were rebuilt into

4828-533: Was a member of the Methodist Church , the antecedent denomination to the United Methodist Church of today, which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the Civil Rights Movement . Rickey saw his opportunity with the 1944 death of Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis , an arch-segregationist and enforcer of the color barrier. Besides selecting Robinson for his exceptional baseball skills, Rickey also considered Robinson's outstanding personal character, his UCLA education and rank of captain in

4899-403: Was a widespread belief that St. Louis was, in many ways, a Southern city. In the mid-1950s many of its stores and restaurants refused to serve black customers. The Cardinals, with baseball’s largest radio network blanketing the Midwest and South, had cultivated white Southern fans. Their ballpark was also the last in the majors to abolish segregated seating. Because of their lack of black players,

4970-403: Was for Moses to use Title I authority, rather than to pay market value for the land. With Title I the city via Robert Moses could have sold the land to O'Malley at a below market price. Moses refused to honor O'Malley's request and responded, "If you want the land so bad, why don't you purchase it with your own money?". Meanwhile, non-stop transcontinental airline travel had become routine during

5041-412: Was not bordered by street-level trolley lines that had to be "dodged" by pedestrians. The name "Trolley Dodgers" implied the dangers posed by trolley cars in Brooklyn generally, which in 1892, began the switch from horse-power to electrical power, which made them much faster, and were hence regarded as more dangerous. The name was later shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers . Other team names used to refer to

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