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70-634: Richards graduated from Westford Academy (second oldest secondary school in Massachusetts) in 1862. She was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She graduated in 1873 and later became its first female instructor. Richards was the first woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology, and the first American woman to obtain a degree in chemistry , which she earned from Vassar College in 1870. Richards

140-518: A Change.org petition to Replace the Grey Ghost mascot that received over 500 signatures. In September 2021, as a response to the aforementioned petition receiving substantial attention, a WA student started another Change.org petition to Save the Grey Ghost mascot that received over 1,000 signatures. The Westford community remains divided over the issue of whether or not to change the mascot. In September 2021, Superintendent Dr. Christopher Chew released

210-630: A concession from the administration of the Exposition ;; but it should be understood that this is not a money-making exhibit; that nothing is cooked for the sake of being sold; and that the enterprise is to be regarded as absolutely a scientific and educational one. The purpose of the exhibit in the Rumford Kitchen is two-fold: First, to commemorate the services to the cause of domestic science rendered by Count Rumford one hundred years ago[;] ... second, to serve as an incentive to further work in

280-558: A group of WA students attending a varsity women’s basketball game allegedly made racist, insensitive and disparaging remarks to a black student on the Wayland High School team. 42°34′37.3″N 71°27′49.6″W  /  42.577028°N 71.463778°W  / 42.577028; -71.463778 Lawrence Experiment Station The Lawrence Experiment Station , now known as the Senator William X. Wall Experiment Station ,

350-409: A kind of experimental laboratory for healthier living through science. Concerned with air quality in her home, she moved from coal heating and cooking oil to gas. She and her husband installed fans to pull air from the home to the outside to create a cleaner air environment within the home. She also determined the water quality of the property's well through chemical testing, and to ensure that wastewater

420-456: A larger store and expanded his business. In June 1864, Swallow, now twenty-one, took a teaching position. She did not teach again in 1865 but spent that year tending the family store and taking care of her ill mother. During the winter of 1865–66, Swallow studied and attended lectures in Worcester. In September 1868, Swallow entered Vassar College , classified as a special student. Somewhat over

490-497: A meeting at Marion Talbot's home in Boston, on November 28, 1881. The group envisioned an organization in which women college graduates would band together to open the doors of higher education to other women and to find wider opportunities for their training. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae (ACA), AAUW's predecessor organization, was officially founded on January 14, 1882. Lucretia Crocker , along with women's clubs and other help in

560-545: A near-steady decreasing gradient to less than 1 ppm about the Berkshire Hills in the extreme western end of the state. Thereby waters with chloride concentrations that deviated from the plot could be suspected of human pollution. As a result, Massachusetts established the first water-quality standards in America, and the first modern sewage treatment plant was created in Lowell, Massachusetts . Richards' master's thesis at Vassar

630-574: A position to take pupils and that her best course was to try to enter the Institute of Technology of Boston as a student. On December 10, 1870, after some discussion and a vote, the Faculty of the Institute of Technology recommended to the MIT Corporation the admission of Swallow as a special student in chemistry. Swallow thus became the first woman admitted to Massachusetts Institute of Technology , although

700-506: A score of 175 to Andover's 625. In 2021 the WA team lost in the Qualifying Round with a score of 800 to AMSA 's 940. In 2004, Westford Academy math teacher Rosemarie Pumo pled guilty to distributing heroin to her students and was incarcerated at MCI-Framingham . Two years later, "Stony Brook middle school teacher... Jessica Palkes faced charges of heroin possession. She pleaded not guilty at

770-510: A statement explaining, "While there may be a lack of clarity around the true origin of the mascot, there is no ambiguity that Westford Public Schools must be a welcoming place for all students and families... And if our mascot is preventing students from feeling like this is their school district or their community, then we obviously have more work to do." On November 22, 2021, the Westford School Committee unanimously voted to change

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840-726: A woman and did not award its first advanced degree, a Master of Science in chemistry, until 1886. Richards served on the board of trustees of Vassar College for many years and was granted an honorary doctor of science degree in 1910. On June 4, 1875, Swallow married Robert Hallowell Richards (1844–1945), chairman of the Mine Engineering Department at MIT, with whom she had worked in the mineralogy laboratory. They took up residence in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. With her husband's support she remained associated with MIT, volunteering her services and contributing $ 1,000 annually to

910-619: A year later, she was admitted to the senior class, graduating in 1870 with a bachelor's degree. She then earned a Master of Art's degree with a thesis on the chemical analysis of iron ore. The strongest personal influences during her college years were Maria Mitchell , the astronomer, and Professor Charles S. Farrar (1826-1908), who was at the head of the Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. In 1870, she wrote to Merrick and Gray, commercial chemists in Boston, asking if they would take her on as an apprentice. They replied that they were not in

980-508: Is Penia - Πενία ("deficiency" or " poverty ") the personification of poverty and need. In her book Euthenics: the science of controllable environment (1910), she defined the term as the betterment of living conditions, through conscious endeavor, for the purpose of securing efficient human beings. Vigorous debate about its exact meaning, confusion with the term eugenics , followed by the Great Depression and two world wars, were among

1050-465: Is due ... to Mrs. Abel's hard work[.] [S]tarting the New England Kitchen ... was ... an experiment to determine the successful conditions of preparing, by scientific methods, from the cheaper food materials, nutritious and palatable dishes, which should find a ready demand at paying prices. Mrs. Abel would doubtless give as the principal secret of her success, that she had everything necessary for

1120-642: Is historically one of the most successful athletic teams at WA. In 2017, the Westford Academy Girls Soccer team made it to the Division 1 state championship game, losing in double overtime to Wachusett , 2–1. In 2020, the team defeated rival Concord-Carlisle to advance to the DCL championship, but lost in the final against Newton South 2–0. Both the girls and boys swimming and diving teams are highly competitive programs, with particular dominance attained by

1190-596: Is the largest in the state, with over 400 members. The club is open to all WA students, grades 9–12, who are enrolled in at least one business class for each school year of their participation. As the WA Ghostwriter reported in 2020, "For over ten years, WA DECA has had significant successes at both district, state and international level conventions. They competed in 30 events and have 39 qualifiers for ICDC, DECA’s international conference (USA and Canada), where competitors who achieved top 5 in their events at states compete on

1260-461: Is winning me stronger allies than anything else," she wrote to her parents. She published The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning: A Manual for House-keepers in 1881, designed and demonstrated model kitchens, devised curricula, and organized conferences. Mrs. Richards appeared before the Woman's Education Association of Boston on November 11, 1875, and in an address, which made a deep impression, set forth

1330-624: The Advanced Placement , Honors, College Prep, and Foundations level. Westford Academy is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC). On October 9, 2008, Westford Academy was honored as a Blue Ribbon School . "The No Child Left Behind-Blue Ribbon Schools Program is an award that honors public and private elementary, middle and high schools that are either academically superior, or that have demonstrated dramatic gains in student achievement... satisfying

1400-928: The DCL (Dual County League) which is part of the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) and offers a number of athletic opportunities for students. Westford Academy Girls Varsity Ice Hockey team also allows girls from the Littleton High School to join the team. Westford also teams up with Littleton for their Crew Team. Sports teams include cheerleading , soccer , golf , field hockey , football , swimming & diving , basketball , ice hockey , gymnastics , alpine skiing , indoor track , wrestling , Nordic skiing , women's ice hockey , track and field , lacrosse , tennis , softball , baseball , fencing , crew , and volleyball . Westford Academy Girls Soccer (WAGS)

1470-708: The Lawrence Experiment Station , the first in the United States, headed by her former professor William R. Nichols . In 1884 she was appointed as an instructor in sanitary chemistry at a newly formed MIT laboratory for the study of sanitation. Mrs. Richards was a consulting chemist for the Massachusetts State Board of Health from 1872 to 1875, and the Commonwealth's official water analyst from 1887 until 1897. She also served as nutrition expert for

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1540-627: The Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild 's annual play festival. Since 2009, WATA has entered the Theater at the Mount Youth Awards at Mount Wachusett Community College , which celebrate excellence and achievement in high school musical theatre. In 2013 WATA's production of Evita won for "Best Overall Production" and in 2017 WATA's production of Spring Awakening won Best Musical. The Westford Academy chapter of DECA

1610-606: The Verizon Innovative App Challenge... [the] app... helps children learn chemistry using a 3D simulator... [and] creates 3D simulations of equipment, different chemicals and reactions that occur in chemistry experiments, such as simulating flame tests and adding together chemicals in a beaker... Westford Academy received a $ 20,000 grant accumulated from winnings of both the regional and national competition to support science, technology, engineering, and mathematics programs in school.." Westford Academy participates in

1680-416: The "Woman's Laboratory," a program in which her students were mostly schoolteachers, whose training had lacked laboratory work, and who wanted to perform chemical experiments and learn mineralogy. Her first post-college career was as an unpaid chemistry lecturer at MIT from 1873 to 1878. From 1884 until her death, Swallow now Richards was an instructor at the newly founded laboratory of sanitary chemistry at

1750-422: The "household of nature". Richards' interests also included applying scientific principles to domestic situations, such as nutrition , clothing , physical fitness , sanitation , and efficient home management, creating the field of home economics . "Perhaps the fact that I am not a radical and that I do not scorn womanly duties but claim it as a privilege to clean up and sort of supervise the room and sew things

1820-506: The Boston area, created a " Teachers' School of Science " in Back Bay at the New Museum of the Boston society. Along with Mrs. Richards, Crocker created a mineralogy course for teachers. Scientists in the Boston area offered their teaching services for the school, allowing teachers to easily take such courses. On January 1, 1890, Richards collaborated with Mary Hinman Abel (1850–1938) to found

1890-651: The Ghosts, the run came to an end in the state semifinal, with eventual state champ Springfield Central downing Westford by the final of 61-45." The following year the Girls Basketball team once again made it to the Division 1 Central finals, losing to Wachusett 54–47. On January 27, 2018, both the Girls and Boys basketball teams were invited to play at the Good Sports TD Garden Invitational. "Each member of

1960-450: The New England Kitchen ... is remarkable for two things: the new and valuable information which has been acquired, as the result of the daily work of the Kitchen, and the short time which has sufficed to put the enterprise on a business basis. It is well to emphasize the causes of this success, that the lessons in social science and practical philanthropy be not lost. A large part of the credit

2030-409: The New England Kitchen of Boston, at 142 Pleasant Street. Using volunteers of modest circumstances, they experimented with ways to prepare the most inexpensive, tasty and nutritious food. Years later, Mrs. Richards, herself, wrote in her preface to part one of The Rumford kitchen leaflets: No. 17, The Story of the New England Kitchen; Part II; A study in social economics , by Mary Abel: The story of

2100-747: The Rumford Kitchen at the World's Fair in Chicago , she accepted the added work and responsibility of arranging an exhibition of the work of Studies at Home. The opening statement of the Guide to the Rumford Kitchen: An Exhibit made by the State of Massachusetts in connection with the Bureau of Hygiene and Sanitation ( World's Columbian Exposition , Chicago, 1893) by General Francis A. Walker explains: The exhibit known as

2170-425: The Rumford Kitchen is the outgrowth of the work, in the application of the principles of chemistry to the science of cooking, which has for three years been carried on as an educational agency by Mrs. Robert H. Richards and Mrs. Dr. John J. Abel, with pecuniary assistance from certain public-spirited citizens of Boston. The Massachusetts Board of World's Fair Managers, ... believing that such practical demonstration of

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2240-750: The U.S. Department of Education’s criteria for being 'in the top 10 percent of all schools on state assessment scores in both reading (language arts or English) and mathematics, regardless of their demographics.'" In their 2021 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked WA as #27 in Boston Metro Area High Schools, #30 in Massachusetts High Schools, and #754 in their National Rankings. In 2021, Boston Magazine ranked WA as #13 on their list of "Best Public High Schools in Boston". In 2014 four WA students won "the title 'Best in Nation' in

2310-496: The US Department of Agriculture. In the 1880s, her interests turned toward issues of sanitation, in particular air and water quality. At the request of the Massachusetts State Board of Health she performed a series of water tests on 40,000 samples of local waters which served as drinking water for their immediate populations. These led to the so-called "Richards' Normal Chlorine Map" which was predictive of inland water pollution in

2380-724: The Westford Academy boys and girls basketball teams dealt with the excitement of playing in the home of the Boston Celtics... The boys fell to Algonquin, 71-53, while the WA girls lost a heartbreaker to Wachusett, 45-41." Each year, the Westford Academy Booster Club organizes a charity basketball game against members of the New England Patriots including famous players such a Julian Edelman and Rob Gronkowski . The WA Nordic ski team "perennially finishes in

2450-472: The construction of the new station in the 1950s. Lawrence Station was established by the Massachusetts State Board of Health, based on the earlier work of scientists William Thompson Sedgwick and Theobald Smith who understood the linkage of water-borne germs to specific diseases. In 1886 the Massachusetts legislature required its Board of Health to adopt water pollution standards, which led to creation of

2520-476: The corporation made it clear that "her admission did not establish a precedent for the general admission of females," according to the records of the corporation's meeting on December 14, 1870. In 1873, Swallow received a Bachelor of Science degree from MIT for her thesis, "Notes on Some Sulpharsenites and Sulphantimonites from Colorado". She continued her studies at MIT and would have been awarded its first advanced degree, but MIT balked at granting this distinction to

2590-571: The creation of the MIT Woman's Laboratory in November 1876. The Institute provided a small building, planned for a gymnasium, as the location of the Laboratory. Mrs. Richards became an unpaid assistant instructor in 1879 in chemical analysis , industrial chemistry , mineralogy , and applied biology under Professor John M. Ordway. The Woman's Education Association agreed to raise money to buy equipment for

2660-576: The dangers or difficulties inherent in using these new appliances. She saw that instruction was needed and the Society began to provide information on how to organize a house on truly scientific principles. Richards, Emily Fairbanks Talbot , and Marion Talbot (Boston University class of 1880) became the "founding mothers" of what was to become the American Association of University Women (AAUW) when they invited fifteen other women college graduates to

2730-408: The development of the New England Kitchen. Whether the business can in the future take care of itself to the profit of those who conduct it remains to be seen ; but, in any event, kitchens of this kind cannot fail to be of great advantage to multitudes in moderate circumstances, who have hitherto been unable to buy good, nutritious, and tasteful cooked food. In 1893, when Richards was in charge of

2800-412: The experiments, without giving a thought to the cost. ... In the New England Kitchen, the selection of the apparatus and material and the employment of labor have been without restriction. Without this freedom to carry on the experiments as seemed wise and prudent, the results detailed in the accompanying report could not have been attained. The philanthropy of the scheme rests in the experimental stage of

2870-601: The final to Methuen. In 2019, the WA Baseball team lost on a walkoff in the Division 1 North quarterfinal to rival Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School with a final score of 9–8. Between 1956 and 1958, Westford Academy's mascot was the Black Knights. "The 1959 yearbook specifically stated that WA teams would no longer use the symbol after the 1958 season... The familiar Grey Ghost — and associated maroon and gray colors — were adopted and applied starting in 1959... This change

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2940-609: The first annual report of the Board of Health, Lunacy and Charity, which had succeeded the earlier Board of Health. She also served as a consultant to the Manufacturers Mutual Fire Insurance Company and in 1900 wrote the textbook Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint , with A. G. Woodman. Her interest in the environment led her to introduce the word ecology into English around 1892. The word had been coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel to describe

3010-584: The girls program in recent years. As the Boston Globe reported, "the Grey Ghosts [girls team has] strung together six consecutive undefeated seasons, winning eight of the last nine MIAA Division 1 titles... [the Boys] hoisted the Division 1 trophy in 2015 and have finished in the top six every year since 2011." In 2017, the WA girls basketball team won both DCL title and the Division 1 Central title, "unfortunately for

3080-470: The hard sciences and in the professions of nursing and public health. Also, improvements in public sanitation (for example, the wider availability of sewage systems and of food inspection) led to a decline in infectious diseases and thus a decreasing need for the largely household-based measures taught by home economists. Richards was the first writer to use the term euthenics, in The Cost of Shelter (1905), with

3150-425: The home. Since women were responsible for the home and family nutrition at the time, Richards felt that all women should be educated in the sciences. She wrote books about science for use in the home, such as The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning , published in 1882. Her book Food Materials and Their Adulterations (1885) led to the passing of the first Pure Food and Drug Act in Massachusetts. She used her own home as

3220-555: The international level." Westford Academy has a FIRST Tech Challenge team called "Ghost Robotics". Ghost Robotics is a school-sponsored team open to all WA students. In 2022, the team won the Massachusetts State Championship at Natick High School . The WA High School Quiz Team competed in WGBH 's High School Quiz Show in 2014, 2019, and 2021. In 2019 WA lost in the Qualifying Round to multi-year champion Andover with

3290-501: The laboratory. A new building, erected by the institute in 1883, reserved space for all laboratory students' use, women as well as men. The original Woman's Laboratory was closed and the building demolished. In 1884, Mrs. Richards was appointed Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry in the Institute of Technology itself, a position which she filled until the time of her death. In addition to her faculty duties and instructional work, she

3360-625: The many factors which led to the movement never really getting the funding, nor the attention needed to put together a lasting, vastly multidisciplinary curriculum as defined by Richards. Instead, different disciplines such as Child Study became one such curriculum. Martin Heggestad of the Mann Library notes that: Starting around 1920, however, home economists tended to move into other fields, such as nutrition and textiles, that offered more career opportunities, while health issues were dealt with more in

3430-1141: The mascot from the Grey Ghosts to the Ghosts. Westford Academy offers a number of clubs and extracurriculars including: A World of Difference ( ADL program), Anime Club, Asian Culture Club, Beyond Words (literary magazine), Book Club, Chess Club, Cirrus Outdoor Adventure Club, Colorguard, Dance Club, Entrepreneurship Club, Equestrian Club, French Club, German Club, Ghostwriter (Student Newspaper), Gender & Sexuality Alliance (GSA), HOSA , Human Rights Club, International Club, Investment Club, Jazz Band, Jewish Student Union (JSU), Junior State of America (JSA) , Latin Club, Marching Band , Math Team, Mock Trial, Model UN , Museum Club, Outing Club, Programming Club, SADD & Herren Project, Science Team, Ski Club, Smash Club, Spanish Club, Speech and Debate Team, Troubadors, WA Acapella, WA Friends/Best Buddies, and Women in STEM. Westford Academy Theater Arts (WATA) puts on four main stage and four black box productions each year. WATA has won eight state championships (2008, 2010–2015, 2019) at

3500-405: The meaning "the science of better living". After her first experience as water analyst under Professor Nichols, Richards began a large, private practice in sanitary chemistry, including testing water, air and food, and the testing of wallpapers and fabrics for arsenic . In 1878 and 1879 she examined a large number of staple groceries for the state. The results of her investigation were published in

3570-472: The needs of women. She expressed the belief that the governing board of the Institute of Technology would provide space for a woman's laboratory if the Association would supply the necessary money for instruments, apparatus, and books. She said that scholarships would be indispensable. The Woman's Education Association appointed a committee to enter into discussions with the Institute of Technology, which led to

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3640-491: The same direction, as he expressed it," to provoke men to investigation," "to cause doubt, that first step toward knowledge." The first commercially available "modern" kitchen ranges began to appear about 1800, they were the invention of an American named Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count von Rumford . Westford Academy Westford Academy is the public high school for the town of Westford , Massachusetts , United States. It

3710-402: The state of Massachusetts. This map plotted the chloride concentrations in waters of the state. It illustrated the natural distribution of chlorides from the ocean. (Her survey long preceded the practice of road de-icing with chlorine derivative salts.) Her map plotted greater than 6.5 parts per million (ppm) of chloride near the coast, with Cape Cod concentrations well in excess of 10 ppm and with

3780-416: The station under the direction of Hiram Francis Mills , the "Father of American Sanitary Engineering". MIT professors William Ripley Nichols , Ellen Swallow Richards , and Thomas Messinger Drown also played important early roles. Allen Hazen and George W. Fuller were in charge of some of the earliest research on sewage treatment and drinking water filtration . At first, the station's main mission

3850-451: The time, but the incident prompted Westford town officials to call for drug testing of newly hired teachers -- a program that is currently in place." In January 2020, a student executing the outlet challenge, a viral internet challenge which emerged over the TikTok social media platform , led to a building evacuation after smoke was noticed leaving power outlets. On January 28, 2022,

3920-643: The top half of the Mass. Bay West League and [from 2013-2017] both the boys’ and girls’ programs have finished in the top 10 at the state team championships." In 2020, the boys Alpine ski team won the Mass Bay West League title. In 2015, the Softball team entered the North Division 1 softball tournament as the 19th seed. "Westford advanced to the final after defeating No. 5 seed Revere, 4-2," but ultimately lost in

3990-469: The usefulness of domestic science could not fail to be of advantage to multitudes of visitors to the Columbian Exposition, have invited the ladies named to open the Rumford Kitchen as a part of the exhibit of Massachusetts in connection with the Bureau of Hygiene and Sanitation. In order to reduce, in some degree, the expenses of this exhibit, the food cooked in the Rumford Kitchen will be sold under

4060-404: The value of education. Swallow was home-schooled in her early years. In 1859 the family moved to Westford and she attended Westford Academy . Studies at the academy included mathematics, composition, and Latin, similar to other New England academies of the time. Swallow's Latin proficiency allowed her to study French and German, a rare language north of New York. Because of her language skills she

4130-449: The war, eventually becoming the U.S. Ambassador to Hong Kong in the Ulysses S. Grant administration. His exploits were turned into a television show in the late 1950s that was apparently popular with Westford Academy students of the time, who chose Mosby's nickname as the replacement nickname during a contest to replace the school's former one: the Black Knights." In 2020, a WA alumni started

4200-664: The “Westford Academy” from the Trustees of the academy." A group of trustees has been retained to this day, and they bestow scholarships upon graduating seniors at an annual ceremony in May. There have been four Westford Academy buildings: In October 2019, Westford celebrated the 225th anniversary of Westford Academy. Students at Westford Academy are required to take courses in English, Math, Science, Social Studies, Physical Education, and Foreign Language in order to graduate. Courses are offered at

4270-658: Was a pragmatic feminist , as well as a founding ecofeminist , who believed that women's work within the home was a vital aspect of the economy. At the same time, however, she did not directly challenge the prevailing cult of domesticity that valorized women's place and work in the home. Richards was born in Dunstable, Massachusetts . She was the only child of Peter Swallow (b. June 27, 1813, Dunstable; d. March 1871, Littleton, Massachusetts) and Fanny Gould Taylor (b. April 9, 1817, New Ipswich, New Hampshire ), both of whom came from established families of modest means and were believers in

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4340-513: Was added two years later. In 1893 when a typhoid epidemic (Salmonella typhi) arose along the Merrimack River , the City of Lawrence began filtration of river water using Mills' slow sand filters, thus becoming the first American city to filter its water for disease prevention. This filtering led to marked reductions in typhoid fever rate and overall death rate in the city. The facility is now part of

4410-535: Was also the "untitled" Dean of Women. In January 1876, Mrs. Richards began a long association with the first American correspondence school, the Society to Encourage Studies at Home , as an instructor, and developed its science department. In 1886, a new section promoted by Richards, Sanitary Science, was established by the Society. This was at a time when household conveniences employing water, gas, or electricity were becoming more common, but housekeepers seldom understood

4480-501: Was an analysis of the amount of vanadium in iron ore. She performed numerous experiments in mineralogy, including the discovery of an insoluble residue of the rare mineral samarskite . This was later determined by other scientists to yield samarium and gadolinium . In 1879 she was recognized by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers as their first female member. Richards applied her scientific knowledge to

4550-470: Was incorporated in 1792 and is one of the oldest public high schools in the United States . Westford Academy (WA) was founded as a private school in 1792, "for children 'of any nation, age, or sex.'" As long as students could read the Bible and pay the required 9 shillings a term, both boys and girls were allowed to attend. WA became a public school in 1928 after a town meeting vote on April 30, 1928, when "[t]he residents of Westford agreed to purchase

4620-399: Was much in demand as a tutor, and the income earned from this made it possible for Swallow to further her studies. In March 1862, she left the academy. Two months later, in May, she developed the measles , which set her back physically and interrupted her preparations to begin teaching. In the spring of 1863, the family moved to Littleton, Massachusetts, where Mr. Swallow had just purchased

4690-458: Was not contaminating the drinking water. Richards derived the term euthenics from the Greek verb Eutheneo, Εὐθηνέω (eu, well; the, root of tithemi, to cause). To be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to prosper.— Demosthenes . To be strong or vigorous.— Herodotus . To be vigorous in body.— Aristotle . And from the Greek Euthenia , Εὐθηνία. Good state of the body: prosperity, good fortune, abundance.— Herodotus . The opposite of Euthenia

4760-483: Was related to new, differently colored uniforms. Research suggests the ghost was inspired by the title of a popular TV series at the time, ' The Gray Ghost' ". Beginning in 2019, there has been controversy concerning the mascot. "The original Grey Ghost was Colonel John Mosby, a Confederate officer who led a partisan cavalry unit known as Mosby's Rangers during the Civil War. Mosby was fiercely loyal to Virginia, but also disliked slavery, becoming involved in politics after

4830-466: Was the world's first trial station for drinking water purification and sewage treatment . It was established in 1887 in Lawrence, Massachusetts . A new, 22,000-square-foot (2,000 m ) building opened in 1954 at 37 Shattuck Street. In 1975, the station was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers . In 1993, the facility was renamed after state senator William X. Wall, who had lobbied for

4900-474: Was to develop practical methods for treating wastewater. Its task as to determine the effect of filtration as compared to natural oxidation, which it decided by experiments in its chemistry laboratory. During this time, Sedgwick and students invented techniques for identifying and quantitatively analyzing the microorganisms in water and sewage. These studies helped set the standards in Massachusetts , other states, and other countries. A bacteriological laboratory

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