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90-663: Born in Hudson, New York , Roberts was raised in Rhinebeck , where she was elected class president in high school. She earned a self-designed undergraduate degree in environmental policy from Cornell University in 1981. During college, she spent a semester as an intern in Washington DC, working for her Congressional representative and for the Republican National Committee . She moved to Colorado upon graduation and worked as

180-639: A Universal basic income pilot, was launched in Hudson by The Spark of Hudson community center together with Humanity Forward Foundation . Some residents will receive an unrestricted payment of $ 500 per month, for 5 years, funded by the Andrew Yang Foundation. The first written mention of 'cocktail' as a beverage appeared in The Farmers Cabinet, 1803, in the United States. The first definition of

270-824: A ranger in Rocky Mountain National Park until 1984. In 1982, Roberts married; she and her husband, Rick, have two children: Caitlin and Ben, both of whom have attended Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado. After being hired by a law firm in Granby, Colorado , Roberts returned to school to earn a J.D. from the University of Colorado in 1986. She worked as an attorney in private practice in Granby and Hot Sulphur Springs , specializing in estate , probate and business law. A resident of Durango, Colorado since 1989, she joined

360-456: A "standout" legislator and a potential candidate for higher office. She also organized bowling outings for legislators during her first year in the legislature. Roberts carried legislation which revised Colorado's surface rights laws, requiring oil and gas companies to minimize the impacts of drilling. The bill was weakened by lobbying from the Colorado Oil and Gas Association, but represented

450-461: A Council President elected citywide, as is the Treasurer. In the early 21st century, Hudson has become a destination for LGBTQ people. In 2010, Hudson High School made national history when two openly gay seniors, Timothy Howard and Charlie Ferrusi, were named prom king and queen. During the same year, Hudson hosted its first LGBTQ pride parade, attended by several hundred people. Lil' Deb's Oasis

540-405: A breadth of reform that had failed to pass in previous legislative sessions. During her first legislative session, Roberts also sponsored bills to revise the process by which special health care districts are created and to expand eligibility for Korean War special license plates ; she cosponsored legislation to fund study of a methane seep in southwestern Colorado. Her only unsuccessful bill

630-630: A brief time. He continued to maintain a part interest in the New York firm and attracted customers from the Hudson area, including: Thomas Jenkins & Sons, Seth Jenkins, and the Paddock family, among others. After Alsop's death in November 1794, his partner, Isaac Hicks , began to focus more of his efforts toward increasing his sale of whale products-especially oil and spermaceti candles. Hudson grew rapidly as an active port and came within one vote of being named by

720-488: A clean campaign pledge, controversy arose over advertisements run by outside sources. In particular, Roberts denounced as "misleading" and "unacceptable" a television advertisement criticizing Colgan's record as mayor of Durango. The ad, which was run by a political group associated with the Colorado Association of Home Builders, was later pulled off the air. Direct mail flyers sent by right-leaning outside groups during

810-463: A cocktail as an alcoholic beverage appeared three years later in The Balance and Columbian Repository (Hudson, New York) May 13, 1806. Traditionally, cocktail ingredients included spirits, sugar, water and bitters; however, this definition evolved throughout the 1800s to include the addition of a liqueur. From late 1998 until spring 2005, a land-use conflict took place when St. Lawrence Cement (SLC),

900-513: A few occupants of quasi-legal summer shanties. The Town of Greenport borders the other three sides of the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,713 people, 2,766 households, and 1,368 families residing in the city. The population was estimated at 6,648 Hudson (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau in 2013. These numbers include the approximately 360 residents of the local Hudson Correctional Facility. Population declines since

990-420: A household in the city was $ 35,117, and the median income for a family was $ 37,400. Males had a median income of $ 26,274 versus $ 22,598 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 22,353. About 23.0% of families and 23.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 19.1% of those age 65 or over. The city has a mayor-council form of elected government. Since

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1080-479: A major political party caucus process that places candidates on a primary ballot for the position sought in their political party, which generally requires 30% support from delegates to the relevant nominating body of the political party. It is also possible for individuals who have been registered to vote and affiliated with the political party in question for at least a year to gain access to a partisan primary ballot by petition. Minor party candidates can gain access to

1170-446: A one-year moratorium on new Colorado health insurance mandates with independent Rep. Kathleen Curry , as part of a proposal to overhaul the states insurance mandate commission. However, they announced at the start of the session that their proposal would not include an immediate moratorium on insurance mandates, and the legislation was killed on its first hearing in a House committee. Roberts also withdrew one of her proposals to continue

1260-537: A pilot program for training of Certified Nursing Assistants , on account of its cost. Roberts also sponsored a contentious piece of legislation with general election opponent Sen. Bruce Whitehead , negotiated by Governor Ritter's office, to require utilities to convert some Front Range coal-fired power plants to natural gas . In June 2009, Roberts announced her intention to seek the Colorado State Senate seat held by term-limited Democratic Sen. Jim Isgar in

1350-572: A proposal to require that insurance companies offer low-cost health care benefit packages for Coloradoans, as part of a "public-private" plan towards achieving universal coverage. Roberts was the sponsor of a legislative resolution urging the Federal Communications Commission to support including southwestern Colorado, including portions of her district, within the Denver media market , a resolution she introduced again in 2010. Before

1440-634: A seat in the Democrat-controlled legislature. Roberts' 2010 campaign for the Senate seat also faced a challenge in the Republican primary from former Norwood, Colorado town marshal Dean Boehler , who campaigns as a self-described "true conservative;" Boehler received 67 percent of delegate votes at the Republican district assembly to Roberts' 33, earning him the top spot on the August primary ballot. Roberts won

1530-430: A six-member legislative panel tasked with developing recommendations for constitutional reform. She was ultimately a cosponsor of the panel's proposal to create distinctions in the petition process between constitutional and statutory amendments,; the proposal which was referred by the legislature to voters and appeared on the November 2008 Colorado ballot as Referendum O. Roberts campaigned in support of Referendum O during

1620-441: A subsidiary of Swiss multinational Holderbank (since renamed Holcim ), then one of the world's largest cement companies, proposed to build a cement-manufacturing plant in the city and area. The massive coal-fired plant project would have occupied more than 1,800 acres (7.3 km ) in the city of Hudson and the town of Greenport . Supporters cited the project for jobs and stimulating other growth. Sustained grassroots opposition to

1710-477: A system of government based on the separation of powers doctrine with power divided among the executive , legislative and judicial branches of government. Article V vests the legislative power of the state in the General Assembly, while reserving to the people the power to propose, approve, and reject both laws and amendments to the state Constitution by initiatives or referendums . The General Assembly

1800-673: Is bicameral , composed of the Colorado House of Representatives and the Colorado Senate . The House has 65 members and the Senate 35. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms, and members of the Senate are elected to four-year terms. General legislative elections are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in each even-numbered year. The entire House is elected in each general election. Senators are elected in two classes such that, as nearly as possible, one-half of

1890-572: Is New York's oldest operating theater. Time & Space Limited, a not-for-profit arts organization serves the City of Hudson and the Hudson River Valley Region. It shows a wide selection of independent movies. A farmers market takes place on Saturdays, offering a variety of fresh organic products from the Hudson Valley area. The market is conducted outdoors in the warm season and indoor in

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1980-517: Is a fiscal impact. A state budget, called the "Long Bill" is prepared each year by the Joint Budget Committee of the General Assembly. Unlike many legislative initiatives, the Long Bill is neither an acronym nor named after an individual with significant influence. The Long Bill is simply a lengthy bill that contains many appropriations. The House and the Senate alternate the job of introducing

2070-431: Is a restaurant in the city that hosts queer events and is an LGBTQ gathering space. After a steep economic decline in the 1960s and '70s, following the loss of jobs due to restructuring in the manufacturing sector, the city has undergone a significant revival. The economy has shifted to one based on tourism , services and related retail. Attracted by its quality architecture, a group of antiques dealers opened shops on

2160-499: Is staffed by approximately 230-year-round staff and 115 session-only staff. Staffing levels and expenditures have decreased since 2003. Similarly to Congressional staffers , legislative staff in Colorado fall into five broad categories: member staff , administrative staff , committee staff , communications and leadership staff , and legal service staff . With the exception of those working in communications and leadership, employees of

2250-775: Is the state legislature of the State of Colorado . It is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives that was created by the 1876 state constitution. Its statutes are codified in the Colorado Revised Statutes (C.R.S.). The session laws are published in the Session Laws of Colorado . Colorado's legislature is similar to those of other states, except that, unlike many states, Colorado does not give its lieutenant governor any legislative authority (e.g. tie-breaking vote). The first meeting of

2340-590: The 2020 census , it had a population of 5,894. On the east side of the Hudson River , 120 miles (190 km) from the Atlantic Ocean , it was named after the river's explorer, Henry Hudson . The native Mahican people had occupied this territory for hundreds of years before Dutch colonists began to settle here in the 17th century, calling it "Claverack Landing" (as it was later known in English). In 1662, some of

2430-963: The Hudson Historic District are considered to be contributing , attesting to their quality. These properties include the Dr. Oliver Bronson House and Estate and Dr. Oliver Bronson House and Stables (both for Dr. Oliver Bronson ), Henry A. and Evanlina Dubois House , Cornelius H. Evans House , Front Street-Parade Hill-Lower Warren Street Historic District , Houses at 37–47 North Fifth Street , Hudson Almshouse , Hudson Historic District , Hudson/Athens Lighthouse , Rossman-Prospect Avenue Historic District , United States Post Office , William Henry Ludlow House , Elisha Williams House , Oliver Wiswall House , and Van Salsbergen House . Colorado General Assembly 39°44′21″N 104°59′05″W  /  39.7392°N 104.9848°W  / 39.7392; -104.9848 The Colorado General Assembly

2520-551: The Hudson station . Columbia County Public Transportation provides local service and commuter service to Albany . Hudson Ferry Company provides ferry service across the Hudson River to Athens, NY. Hudson is home to the Firemen's Association of the State of New York (FASNY) Museum of Firefighting, one of the largest fire service-centered museums in the world. It is on the grounds of

2610-462: The governor or upon written request of two-thirds of the members of each house, but are infrequent. Some committees of the General Assembly work between sessions and have limited power to take action without General Assembly approval between legislative sessions. Joint procedural rules of the two chambers require most legislation to be introduced very early in the legislative session each year, and to meet strict deadlines for completion of each step of

2700-456: The head of navigation on the Hudson River and developed it as a busy port. Hudson was chartered as a city in 1785. The self-described "Proprietors" laid out a city grid. By 1786, the city had several fine wharves, warehouses, a spermaceti-works and fifteen hundred residents. In 1794 John Alsop , of the New York City shipping and commission agents Alsop & Hicks, relocated to Hudson for

2790-474: The 1990s, nine mayors have served: William Allen, Dolly Allen, Richard Scalera, Kenneth Cranna, Richard Tracy, William Hallenbeck, Tiffany Martin Hamilton, Rick Rector, and Kamal Johnson. This period has been marked by unusual levels of friction between elected officials and residents, as the demographics and economics of the city have shifted. The Common Council consists of ten members elected from five districts, and

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2880-462: The 2010 legislative elections, Senate District 6. After Isgar resigned from the legislature in July 2009 to head the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Development office in Colorado, Democrats appointed civil engineer Bruce Whitehead to the seat; Whitehead declared his intention to run for a full term in 2010, setting up a race that Colorado Republicans viewed as one of their best opportunities to pick up

2970-712: The 2010 session, including two bills that clarified policies surrounding end-of-life care and advance directives . Other legislation that Roberts carried in 2010 included a bill to allow voluntary income tax contributions to support 2-1-1 services, and she fought against cuts to the Native American tuition waiver program at Fort Lewis College . Roberts was one of only three Republican House members to vote in support of Colorado's 2010 budget, after successfully sponsoring an amendment that removed restrictions on Fort Lewis College's ability to set its own out-of-state tuition rates. Roberts had planned to introduce legislation to place

3060-724: The 2012 legislative session, Roberts was award a handful of awards: 2012 Champion of Conservation Award from the Colorado Coalition of Land Trusts, the 2012 Pinnacle Award from the Colorado Farm Bureau, the 2012 Common Sense in the Courtroom Award from the Colorado Civil Justice League, and the 2012 Green Colorado Legislator of the Year Award. She was also honored to win the 2012 Legislator of the Year Award from

3150-718: The Agriculture, Natural Resources and Energy Committee as well as Chair of the Judiciary Committee. Senator Roberts also served on the Committee Legal Services, Water Resources Review Committee, Joint Judiciary Committee and the Joint Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee. She resigned at the end of 2016. Hudson, New York Hudson is a city in Columbia County, New York , United States. At

3240-652: The Colorado Economic Development Council. Due to the wild fires in the state of Colorado in 2012, Senator Roberts was elected as chairwoman of the bipartisan Lower North Fork Fire Commission, which convened during the interim and which proposed four pieces of legislation to address the threat of wildfire risk and damage in Colorado. Roberts was appointed to serve on the Senate Health and Human Services Committee. As state senator, Senator Roberts served on several committees. She served as Vice Chair of

3330-558: The Colorado General Assembly took place from November 1, 1876, through March 20, 1877. Succeeding sessions met every two years until 1950, when it began to meet annually. The lieutenant governor served as Senate President until 1974 when Article V, Section 10 of the state constitution was amended, granting the Colorado Senate the right to elect one of its own members as President. The Colorado Constitution establishes

3420-515: The Durango Chamber of Commerce's Athena Award for professional women in business. In December 2004, only a month after Larson was elected to his fourth and final term in the state house, Roberts filed for a 2006 candidacy to seek his seat. She announced her campaign formally in January 2005. She was endorsed by Larson, and won the Republican nomination unopposed. As Representative Mark Larson neared

3510-745: The Durango Citizens Steering Committee for a New Library, a successful effort to push for a new local public library that was eventually built on the site of Mercy Medical Center, the hospital Roberts had worked to help replace. She was a member of the Citizens Health Advisory Council, the High Noon Rotary Club , and sat on the boards of First National Bank and the Community Foundation Serving Southwest Colorado. In 2004, she won

3600-758: The Dutch bought this area of land from the Mahican. Later it was part of the Town of Claverack established by English colonists. In 1783, after the American Revolution, the area was settled largely by Quaker whalers and merchants hailing primarily from the New England islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island , led by Thomas and Seth Jenkins. They capitalized on Hudson being at

3690-461: The FASNY Firemen's home, the first nursing home for firemen in the country. The Hudson Music Festival was an annual event established in 2011 and was New York's largest free music festival. The fourth annual Hudson Music Festival took place August 8, 9 & 10, 2014 and showcased 100 acts. Hudson Hall , an arts venue and organization, is located on Warren Street in the center of the city. It

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3780-564: The Federalist paper The Wasp . The state's Democratic-Republican attorney General Ambrose Spencer indicted Croswell for seditious libel. The case eventually wound up with Alexander Hamilton defending Crosswell before the New York Supreme court in Albany in 1804. Crosswell lost, apparently due the influence of anti-Federalist Justice Morgan Lewis . However, enough state assemblymen had observed

3870-591: The General Assembly are non-partisan staffers. There are 65 House Members and 35 Senate Members making up the 100 seats in Colorado General Assembly. Based on the 2010 census, each House member represents about 77,372 constituents and each Senator 143,691. The 2018 Colorado elections resulted in Democrats extending their control in the House (41 Democrats; 24 Republicans) and capturing the Senate majority. All 65 Colorado House seats were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Democratic majority increased to 46-19, keeping

3960-425: The General Assembly does not reauthorize them. The governor submits a proposed budget to the Joint Budget Committee each year in advance of the year's legislative session. Colorado's fiscal year is from July 1 to June 30. All bills introduced in the General Assembly are evaluated by the non-partisan state legislative services body for their fiscal impact and must be provided for in appropriations legislation if there

4050-795: The House Judiciary Committee, where she was the ranking Republican member. Roberts was also named to a Republican task force charged with making recommendations on resolving the state's projected budget shortfall. In 2009, Roberts also sat on the Colorado Commission on Criminal and Juvenile Justice and co-chaired the Colorado Youth Advisory Council. During the 2009 session, Roberts sponsored several bills relating to juvenile criminal offenders, including legislation to allow more juveniles to have their criminal records expunged, and to allow young adults to serve sentences within

4140-496: The House Judiciary Committee. She introduced eight bills during the session, all of which were passed by the legislature. During the 2008 legislative session, Roberts introduced a bill, drafted and lobbied for by Colorado students, to create a legislative youth advisory council . The bill stalled in the legislature until its minimal cost was approved by the House Appropriations Committee, after which it cleared both

4230-461: The House and Senate, and Governor Bill Ritter signed it into law. She was later appointed by Minority Leader Mike May to be one of the legislative members of the council. Roberts introduced a bill which would grant advanced practice nurses power to sign off on additional medical forms, in response to shortages of doctors in portions of rural Colorado, a measure which garnered support from both nurses' and doctors' associations. In March, she backed

4320-637: The House, which resolved the same issue. HB12-1347 passed the second time around with a resounding 98–1 vote. Senator Roberts was appointed to the National Conference of State Legislatures Budgets and Revenue Committee. In addition, she was re-elected to the executive committee for NCSL . Senator Roberts was also awarded the Legislator of the Year Award for the 2012 legislative session by the Economic Development Council of Colorado. During

4410-724: The Hudson Half Dollar. The coin is one of the rarest ever minted by the United States Government, as only 10,008 coins were struck. On the front of the coin is an image of Henry Hudson 's ship the Half Moon , and on the reverse is the seal of the city. Local legend has it that coin was minted on direct order of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to thank the Hudson City Democratic Committee for being

4500-523: The Hudson River between the South Bay and North Bay. Both bays have been largely filled in. Across the Hudson River lies the town of Athens in Greene County ; a ferry connected the two municipalities during much of the 19th century. Between them lies Middle Ground Flats, a former sandbar that grew due to both natural silting and also from dumping the spoils of dredging ; today it is inhabited by deer and

4590-656: The Legislative Health Benefit Exchange Implementation Review Committee until the end of the 2012 legislative session. In addition to her responsibilities at the Colorado legislature, Roberts was appointed to the National Conference of State Legislatures’ (NCSL) Federal Deficit Reduction Task Force and, in August 2011, was elected to NCSL's executive committee. She is the only Colorado legislator to serve on either of these committees. Senator Roberts proposed legislation at

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4680-456: The November 2006 general election with 52 percent of the vote. In the 2007 session of the Colorado General Assembly , Roberts was a member of the House Health and Human Services Committee, the Joint Legal Services Committee, and the House Judiciary Committee. Roberts was one of the most successful Republican legislators at passing legislation through the Democrat-controlled legislature, and has been identified by media reports and commentators as

4770-411: The Southwest Colorado Bar Association in 1986 and served as its president, and as president of the Southwest Colorado Women's Bar Association. As an attorney, Roberts advocated for increased legal services for immigrants and Spanish-speakers in southwestern Colorado Roberts has focused on health care , constitutional reform, judicial, and financial issues in the state legislature, and, despite being in

4860-508: The State House of Representatives in 1894 and Helen Robinson being elected to the State Senate in 1912 (the second state upper house in the country to welcome women as members). With the notable exceptions listed below, the Colorado General Assembly operates in a manner quite similar to the United States Congress . Regular sessions are held annually and begin no later than the second Wednesday in January. Regular sessions last no more than 120 days. Special sessions may be called at any time by

4950-522: The Youth Offender System instead of correctional facilities. Roberts also sponsored legislation to make minor adjustment to the statutes concerning the Colorado Youth Advisory Council, legislation to create a regional self-insurance plan within the San Luis Valley, and legislation revising statutes surrounding end-of-life care . Following the 2009 legislative session, Roberts sat on an interim committee dealing with hospice and palliative care issues, and carried legislation originating from that committee during

5040-408: The antique shops. Hudson (2016) has a higher concentration of independent artists than only two other U.S. counties — Kings County, known worldwide as Brooklyn, and Taos County, N.M., according to Captivate: The Capital Region's Creative Economy , a study released in 2014 by the Regional Alliance for the Creative Economy. Amtrak , the national passenger rail system, provides service to Hudson via

5130-432: The board of Mercy Regional Medical Center , she pushed for the construction of a new hospital in Durango. She chaired Healthy 58, a rural health care task force, and in 2001, was appointed to the Task Force to Evaluate Health Care Needs for Colorado, a commission formed by the legislature to study health-care needs in rural Colorado communities. Roberts sat on the Sixth Judicial District Nominating Commission, and co-chaired

5220-558: The city was 59.0% (55.5% Non-Hispanic) White , 25.0% African American , 7.1% Asian , 0.4% Native American , 0.1% Pacific Islander , and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.2% of the population. There were 2,766 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.6% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.5% were non-families. 40.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who

5310-501: The city's main thoroughfare, Warren Street, in the mid-1980s. Among these were the Hudson Antiques Center, founded by Alain Pioton, and the English Antiques Center. In the early 21st century, the city has nearly seventy shops now, represented by the Hudson Antiques Dealers Association (HADA). The business revival stimulated tourism and attracted residents, some taking second homes in the city. It has become known for its active arts scene, restaurants, art galleries and nightlife, in addition to

5400-400: The creation of an interim committee to study palliative care . During the general election campaign, Roberts emphasized her work on health care issues and her experience working with Representative Larson in the legislature, and criticized the passage of constitutional amendments creating conflicting fiscal obligations. Although both Roberts and her main opponent, Democrat Joe Colgan, signed

5490-505: The distillery and cooperage reside in Rensselaer's former carriage house. Barrels are handmade on site to age bourbon, whiskey, and brandy. Many local restaurants use fresh meat, eggs, herbs, and produce from local farms and agrarian groups. With hundreds of properties listed or eligible to be listed in the State and National registers of historic places, Hudson has been called the "finest dictionary of American architecture in New York State". The vast majority of properties listed within

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5580-407: The end of his term-limited tenure in the Colorado House of Representatives, Roberts began to work with him on learning the legislative process, in preparation for seeking elected office herself. She instigated a bill, introduced by Larson and eventually signed into law, to require that remains be handled in accordance with the wishes of the deceased. She also lobbied the legislature, unsuccessfully, for

5670-401: The fall campaign. Roberts was one of a few Republicans to back a measure to reform spending requirements in Colorado's state constitution. The proposal, which would have diverted excess revenues under TABOR to K-12 education, was regarded as a sweeping revision to competing constitutional mandates; it was not passed by the General Assembly, but was advanced as a citizens' initiative. Roberts

5760-561: The first to endorse him for state senator and governor. In the late 19th and first half of the 20th century, Hudson became notorious as a center of vice, especially gambling and prostitution . The former Diamond Street is today Columbia Street. At the peak of the vice industry, Hudson boasted more than 50 bars. These rackets were mostly broken up in 1951, after surprise raids of Hudson brothels by New York state troopers , under orders from Governor Thomas E. Dewey , netted several local policemen, among other customers. In 2020, HudsonUP ,

5850-411: The general election ballot through a minor party caucus process. Unaffiliated candidates can gain access to the general election ballot by petition. Vacancies in legislative offices are generally filled by political party vacancy committees, rather than special elections. Vacancy appointees who fill the first half of a state senators term must stand for election at the next even year November election for

5940-429: The last weeks of the campaign also misrepresented both candidates' stances on immigration, exaggerating the contrast between their positions. In addition to her Democratic opponent, Roberts faced unaffiliated write-in candidate Christopher Navage. Navage withdrew from the race in October 2006 and endorsed Colgan. Roberts significantly outraised her opponents, donating over $ 8,000 to her own campaign, and ultimately winning

6030-444: The late 20th century may be attributable to demographic trends in which retirees, young couples, childless couples, singles, and weekenders have been gradually replacing larger families in the city. They have converted apartment buildings to single-family homes, and the number of unoccupied homes and rate of tax delinquency have declined. The population density was 3,110.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,201.1/km ). The racial makeup of

6120-469: The legislative process. Joint procedural rules also limit each legislator to introducing five bills per year, subject to certain exceptions for non-binding resolutions, uniform acts, interim committee bills and appropriations bills. Most members of the General Assembly decide which bills they will introduce during the legislative session (or most of them) prior to its commencement, limiting the ability of members to introduce new bills at constituent request once

6210-461: The legislative session has begun. Most bills adopted by the General Assembly include a "safety clause" (i.e. a legislative declaration that the bill concerns an urgent matter) and take effect on July 1 following the legislative session unless otherwise provided. Some bills are enacted without a "safety clause" which makes it possible to petition to subject those bills to a referendum before they take effect, and have an effective date in August following

6300-400: The legislative session unless otherwise provided. Colorado's legislature does not have an analog to the filibuster in the United States Senate requiring a supermajority for approval of any matter. The lieutenant governor does not have the power to preside or break tie votes in either house of the General Assembly. All new executive branch rules are reviewed annually by the legislature and

6390-400: The legislature routinely invalidates some of them each year. The General Assembly does have subpoena power, However this power is rarely used. The General Assembly does not have a role in the appointment or retention of state judges, although it must authorize the creation of each judgeship. Many state agencies and programs are subject to "sunset review" and are automatically abolished if

6480-418: The long bill and making a first committee review of it. Colorado's state legislature is required to obtain voter approval in order to incur significant debt, to raise taxes, or to increase state constitutional spending limitations. It is also required to comply with a state constitutional spending mandate for K-12 education. The Governor has line item veto power over appropriations. The Colorado General Assembly

6570-418: The minority party, has seen almost all legislation she sponsored signed into law. She has also carried legislation to strengthen private property rights surrounding oil and gas drilling , and to create a legislative youth advisory council . Roberts began to re-enter politics after the death of her father in 1992, first focusing on hospice and health care issues. As a member (since 1999) and later chairman of

6660-611: The primary race with 54% of the vote and went on to win the general election with 61% of the vote. As state senator, Roberts served on several committees, including the Health and Human Services, Judiciary, and Legislative Legal Services Committees and also acted as ranking Republican on the Senate Local Government Committee. She served on two interim committees, the Water Resources Review Committee and

6750-485: The project was led by business owner Peter Jung and journalist Sam Pratt, co-founders of Friends of Hudson (FOH). Opponents argued the proposed project violated state environmental regulations and would adversely affect the river, shoreline, and related habitats. The controversy gained national attention from news outlets such as CNN and The New York Times , as well as media outlets in Canada and Switzerland. The project

6840-493: The project), a record for that agency. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.3 square miles (6.0 km ), of which 2.2 square miles (5.6 km ) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km ), or 7.38%, is water. Hudson is located 120 miles (190 km) from New York Harbor, at the head of navigation on the Hudson River, on what originally was a spit of land jutting into

6930-584: The remainder of the state senate term for the seat to which the state senator was appointed. The state auditor is appointed by the General Assembly, as are many members of independent boards and commissions. Currently, the Colorado General Assembly is controlled by the Democratic Party. Democrats also hold the governor's office. The Colorado General Assembly was the first state legislature to welcome women as elected members, with Clara Cressingham , Carrie C. Holly and Frances S. Klock all being elected to

7020-441: The senators are elected in each general election. House members are limited to four consecutive terms in office, and state senators are limited to two consecutive terms. However, term-limited former members of both houses can run again after a four-year break. The vast majority of members of the General Assembly who are ultimately elected (in excess of 90% of members ultimately elected in all recent sessions) are nominated through

7110-515: The session began, Roberts had expressed interest in sponsoring legislation to revise the process by which the Colorado Constitution is amended through ballot measures, proposing that supermajority popular votes be required to enact amendments. She proposed extending the public hearing process as a means of providing additional input on ballot measures, and, in February 2008, was appointed to

7200-476: The start of session regarding the surety bond required for towing carriers in rural areas. SB12-049 would have lowered the surety bond from $ 50,000 to $ 10,000 for local entities. The bill was assigned to the Senate Transportation Committee, but was postponed indefinitely after it was introduced. However, after the bill was killed, public upheaval caused Roberts to introduce a new bill, this time in

7290-655: The state legislature as the capital of New York state. It lost to Albany, an historic center of Dutch and English colonial trade from the 17th century. Hudson grew rapidly, and by 1790 was the 24th-largest city in the United States, then limited to east of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1820, it had a population of 5,310 and ranked as the fourth-largest city in the state of New York, after New York City, Albany, and Brooklyn. The renowned case of People v. Croswell began in Hudson when Harry Croswell published on September 9, 1802, an attack on President Thomas Jefferson in

7380-539: The trial that in 1805 they changed the state law on libel. Construction of the Erie Canal in 1824 drew development west in the state, stimulating development of cities related to Great Lakes trade, such as Rochester and Buffalo . The Hudson River continued to be important to commerce, as it carried lumber and other products from the Midwest to New York and downriver markets. During the 19th century, considerable industry

7470-474: The wintertime. Olde York Farm is a woman-owned and family-operated distillery sourcing Hudson Valley foraged and farmed ingredients to make seasonal batch spirits. The farm consists of land growing apples for apple based spirits, land for growing grain, and a black walnut tree grove on site at the distillery. The property is part of the historic Jacob Rutsen van Rensselaer House and Mill complex. Rensselaer also had his own distillery and cooperage circa 1805. Today

7560-453: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 3.09. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males. The median income for

7650-461: Was a measure to tighten the rules under which cigar bars could claim exemptions from Colorado's indoor smoking ban. After being killed in committee, the measure was revived in the Colorado Senate by Democrats, but was again unsuccessful. Following the 2007 session, Roberts was named by House Republican leadership to the newly formed Criminal and Juvenile Justice Commission. In November 2007, she

7740-530: Was developed in Hudson, and the city became known as a factory town. It attracted new waves of immigrants and migrants to industrial jobs. Wealthy factory owners and merchants built fine houses in the Victorian period. Hudson obtained a new charter in 1895. It reached its peak of population in 1930, with 12,337 residents. In 1935, to celebrate the sesquicentennial of the city, the United States Mint issued

7830-566: Was named a Legislator of Merit by the Colorado Behavioral Health Council. She joined with other Republicans to criticize an executive order issued by Governor Bill Ritter allowing collective bargaining with government employee unions as a betrayal of Ritter's promise of bipartisan cooperation on major issues. In the 2008 session of the Colorado General Assembly, Roberts sat on the House Health and Human Services Committee and

7920-642: Was nominated by the Republican Party for a second term in the state house; she faced no challengers either in the Republican primary or in the general election. Roberts stood against some fellow Republicans by opposing Amendment 52, a ballot measure on the November ballot that would reallocate some severance tax revenue from water projects to transportation. She also backed Republican presidential candidate John McCain and spoke before McCain at an October rally in Durango, Colorado . Following her re-election, Roberts

8010-447: Was nominated for the post of House Minority Caucus Chair, but lost the caucus' vote for the post to Rep. Amy Stephens . After losing the vote, Roberts publicly lamented the lack of rural representation in legislative leadership and alleged that Republican lawmakers were threatened with primaries if they voted for her leadership bid. For the 2009 legislative session, Roberts was appointed to the House Health and Human Services Committee and

8100-516: Was withdrawn after New York Secretary of State Randy Daniels determined that the company's plans were inconsistent with New York State's 24 coastal policies. Opponents of the cement project described the ruling as "a colossal relief", and supporters, including the Business Council of New York State, denounced it as "flawed in its logic". Nearly 14,000 public comments were received by the State's Division of Coastal Resources (87% of them opposed to

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