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150-553: The name translates as Liberty Square in English. Previously the square was called Metaxas Square, in reference to the Greek statesman Ioannis Metaxas . It was renamed in 1974, following a competition held at the suggestion of the then Mayor of Nicosia. It is located in the centre of the town below the Venetian walls of the medieval city. Nicosia town hall , located on D’Avila bastion, overlooks

300-663: A Venetian possession, while its roots originated in the Byzantine nobility. The Metaxas family were entered into the Libro d'Oro in the 17th century. Metaxas was very proud of his aristocratic family, observing that many ancestors of ordinary Greeks were not notable enough to be included in the Libro d'Oro . Following studies at the Hellenic Military Academy , he became a career military officer, being sworn as an Engineers 2nd Lieutenant on 10 August 1890. He first saw action in

450-464: A "sculpture-like overbuilding" of the historic Stadtbahn railway, was designed by Hadid's practice ZHA . Hadid, together with British architectural artist Brian Clarke , developed an unexecuted collaborative proposal for the project that incorporated integral artworks by Clarke as part of the Neo-Futurist structures, with interrelated glass mosaic and traditionally-leaded stained glass forming part of

600-632: A Greek mobilization could be completed, Bulgaria was likely to flank any Greek forces fighting against the Austrians, while a Romanian intervention would not be decisive. Metaxas judged that even if Bulgaria joined the Entente, it still would not suffice to shift the balance in Central Europe, and recommended the presence of four Allied army corps in Macedonia as the minimum necessary force for any substantial aid to

750-687: A Liberal government. The chief of the Army General Staff, General Alexandros Papagos , told the king that the Army would carry out an immediate coup d'état if the Liberals made an alliance with the KKE, saying he would never allow the Communists to form a government or even have any role in the government. Contrary to expectations, George had not taken sides in the 1936 election and remained neutral, behaving for once as

900-504: A building that seems to suck the surrounding landscape into a vortex of movement and swirling space... appears both as alien object in a landscape of incomprehensible vastness (and often overwhelming banality), and as an extrusion of the peculiar nature of this landscape." Nicolai Ourousoff, architecture critic of the New York Times , wrote that "stepping into the main hall is like entering the soft insides of an oyster...The concave ceiling

1050-642: A confrontation with the Ottoman Empire over the status of the eastern Aegean islands, which had been occupied by Greece in the First Balkan War, and were finally awarded to Greece on 31 January 1914 by the Great Powers . The Ottomans refused to accept this, leading to a naval arms race between the two countries and persecutions of Greeks in Asia Minor. On 29 May, the Greek government issued an official protest to

1200-596: A constitutional monarch. The king had expected the Liberals to lose, and with the Venizelists forming the largest bloc in Parliament, he faced demands that the Venizelist officers dismissed in 1935 be restated, which led to warnings from the right-wing parties that the king risked being sent into exile again if any of the dismissed officers received their commissions again. There was considerable anger within right-wing circles at

1350-520: A cross between a bridge and a tower, which by its form gives a sense of movement and speed. At the end of the 1990s, her career began to gather momentum, as she won commissions for two museums and a large industrial building. She competed against Rem Koolhaas and other well-known architects for the design of the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati , Ohio (1997–2003). She won, and became

1500-609: A design museum at the Vitra factory in Weil-am-Rhein . In 1993, he invited Hadid to design a small fire station for the factory. Her design, made of raw concrete and glass, was a sculptural work composed of sharp diagonal forms colliding together in the centre. The design plans appeared in architecture magazines before construction. When completed, it only served as a fire station for a short period of time, as Weil am Rhein soon opened their own fire station. It became an exhibit space instead, and

1650-405: A dramatic and historically significant 'architectural' intervention - an aspiration to reconnect the ancient city's massive fortified Venetian Walls and moat with the modern city and beyond - a bold vision of coherence and continuity which can become a catalyst to unify the last divided capital of Europe ." Zaha Hadid Architects In 2005, an international architectural competition was announced for

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1800-531: A fascist "new order" in Greece, arguing that the Great Depression proved the failure of democracy and fascism was the solution. Under pressure from the newly empowered and more extreme Monarchists like Metaxas, Tsaldaris announced for the first time his intention to hold a referendum on restoring the monarchy. In the 1935 elections , he cooperated in a union with other small Monarchist parties, returning seven MPs,

1950-541: A field also occupied by other top architects including Norman Foster and Santiago Calatrava . Between 2005 and 2008, she designed and built the Bridge-Pavilion of Zaragoza , which was both an exhibit hall and a bridge, created for Expo 2008 , an event on the themes of water and durable development. The concrete bridge span on which the pavilion rests is 85 metres long, as measured from the Exposition site to an island in

2100-666: A five-metre wide passage to the old museum. There are no right angles – only diagonals – in the concrete shell of the museum. The floor-to-ceiling glass walls of the gallery make the garden the backdrop of the exhibits. In 2004, she won the Pritzker Architecture Prize , the most prestigious award in architecture, though she had only completed four buildings – the Vitra Fire Station, the Ski Lift in Innsbruck Austria,

2250-470: A government mainly on the question of the return of the democratic officers of the 1935 movement to the army. In 1936 elections, the Venizelists won 141 seats while the Populists loyal to Tsaldaris won 72 seats, another faction of the Populists loyal to Ioannis Theotokis won 38 seats, the followers of Kondylis won 12 seats and Metaxas's Eleftherophrones party won only 7 seats, making Metaxas in electoral terms

2400-512: A government. This dismissal solidified the rift between monarchists and Venizelists, creating the " National Schism " that would be a centerpiece of Greek politics for decades. In May and August 1916, Constantine and the General Staff allowed Fort Roupel and parts of eastern Macedonia to be occupied, without opposition, by the Central Powers (Germany and Bulgaria), as a counterbalance to

2550-750: A heart attack at the age of 65 at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami , where she was being treated for bronchitis . The statement issued by her London-based design studio announcing her death read, "Zaha Hadid was widely regarded to be the greatest female architect in the world today". She is buried between her father Mohammed Hadid and brother Foulath Hadid in Brookwood Cemetery in Brookwood, Surrey , England. In her will she left £67m, bequeathing various amounts to her business partner and family members. Her international design businesses, which accounted for

2700-487: A height of 74 metres. Hadid wrote that "its fluid form emerges from the folds of the natural topography of the landscape and envelops the different functions of the centre", though the building when completed was largely surrounded by Soviet-era apartment blocks. Peter Cook in Architectural Review called it "a white vision, outrageously total, arrogantly complete ... a unique object that confounds and contradicts

2850-523: A man who was loyal to the monarchy, which ruled out Kondylis and led the king to turn to Metaxas. Zaha Hadid Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid DBE RA ( Arabic : زها حديد Zahā Ḥadīd ; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi-British architect, artist and designer, recognised as a key figure in architecture of the late-20th and early-21st centuries. Born in Baghdad , Iraq , Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at

3000-525: A museum of design, conference rooms and other common facilities, as well as the bureaux and a marketplace for designers which is open 24 hours a day. The main building is 280 metres long with seven levels, including three levels underground. The smooth-skinned, giant mushroom-like structure floating atop sloping pylons is made of concrete, aluminium, steel and stone on the exterior, and finished inside with plaster reinforced with synthetic fibre, acoustic tiles, acrylic resin, and stainless steel and polished stone on

3150-414: A museum. No straight line was used in the project of the complex. The shape of the building is wave-like and the overall view is unique and harmonic. Such an architectural structure stands for post-modernist architecture and forms oceanic feeling. The lines of the building symbolise the merging of past and future. While the building itself was widely praised, Dame Zaha was criticized in many circles when she

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3300-504: A new modern architecture style through her extremely detailed and professional "superfluid" sketches. At the time people were focused on postmodernism designs, so her designs were a different approach to architecture that set her apart from other designers. She then began her career teaching architecture, first at the Architectural Association, then, over the years at Harvard Graduate School of Design , Cambridge University ,

3450-456: A new precinct so that it sits at the heart of an urban extension of the city, creating community-based activities in and around the stadium on non-event days.” According to the designers, it was inspired by the sails of traditional Dhow boats, used by pearl divers from the region, weaving through currents of the Persian Gulf . The Scorpion Tower of Miami, now known as One Thousand Museum ,

3600-479: A performance repeated in the 1936 elections . Tsaldaris had called early elections in 1935 as a way of putting off the pressure to hold a referendum on restoring the monarchy, and his decisive victory in an election boycotted by the Liberals for the moment seemed to strengthened his hand. In the Peloponnese region, which was the traditional center of Greek royalism, Metaxas's party had fared poorly, but he won 20% of

3750-587: A plan for an opera house in Cardiff , Wales, (1994). The Cardiff experience was particularly discouraging; her design was chosen as the best by the competition jury, but the Millennium Commission , acting as funding body, refused to pay for it, and the commission was given to a different and less ambitious architect. Hadid's response to the decision was to ask "Do they want nothing but mediocrity?". Her reputation in this period rested largely upon her teaching and

3900-410: A progressive approach to the creation of public space, and in fact many of the criticisms may have been due to a misinterpretation of the design intent. The project has been described as a model Cypriot garden with the synthesis of archaeological, ecological and architectural elements in a single whole. The project has received many awards for the overall design approach and the positive impact it has on

4050-555: A research center, a computer center, a conference center, a library and the Musalla, a place for prayer. Al-Janoub Stadium is a retractable-roof football stadium in Al-Wakrah , Qatar that was inaugurated on 16 May 2019. This was the second of the eight stadiums inaugurated for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar . Zaha Hadid Architects stated that “The stadium was designed in conjunction with

4200-523: A scene of the 2016 Batman vs. Superman movie. Many of Hadid's later major works are found in Asia. The Galaxy SOHO in Beijing, China (2008–2012) is a combination of offices and a commercial centre in the heart of Beijing with a total of 332,857 square metres, composed of four different ovoid glass-capped buildings joined by multiple curving passageways on different levels. Hadid explained, "the interior spaces follow

4350-422: A series of levels and floors which seem to cascade, sheltered by tilting concrete beams and a roof supported by steel beams in the shape of an 'H'. The open interior inside was intended, she wrote, to avoid "the traditional segregation of working groups" and to show the "global transparence of the internal organisation" of the enterprise, and wrote that she had given particular attention to the parking lot in front of

4500-526: A ship-like structure of glass and steel on a white concrete perch, seems to have landed atop the old port building constructed in 1922. The faceted glass structure also resembles a diamond, a symbol of Antwerp's role as the major market of diamonds in Europe. It was one of the last works of Hadid, who died in 2016, the year it opened. The square in front of the building was renamed to Zaha Hadidplein (Zaha Hadidsquare) to honor her death. On 31 March 2016, Hadid died of

4650-556: A single cube which appears to hover above the ground, eroded by a fluid void. The Mercury Tower is the tallest building in Malta. The Tower is 122 metres (400 ft) tall, with 32 floors of mixed residential and hotel space. The most iconic feature of the building is the twisted area between levels 9 and 11 that provide its distinctive appearance. This development is one of the last concept designs signed off by Zaha Hadid personally before her death in 2016. The "Masaryčka Connects" project

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4800-423: A year after the Greek monarchy was restored . With the support of King George II , Metaxas initiated a self-coup and established an authoritarian , nationalist , and anti-communist regime. The ideology associated with his rule, Metaxism , has sometimes been characterized as fascist , though scholars have described his rule as a conventional authoritarian-conservative dictatorship akin to Francoist Spain or

4950-511: Is a synthesis of two distinct parts – the 19th century classical brick structure named The Magazine (a former gunpowder store), and a 21st-century tensile structure. This is the second art space (after the MAXXI Museum in Rome) where Zaha Hadid Architects worked on the melding of both old and new elements. Zaha Hadid's Magazine extension on the original Grade II building was aided by the reinstatement of

5100-681: Is currently headed by Joseph Bahout The Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre are two skyscrapers in Nanjing , Jiangsu, China. Tower 1 is 314.5 metres (1,032 ft) tall and Tower 2 is 255 metres (837 ft). Construction began in 2012 and ended in 2015. Of all her works, Hadid designed only one government building, the Port Authority Building , or Havenhuis, in Antwerp , Belgium , completed in 2016. Most new government buildings attempt to express solidity and seriousness, but Port Authority,

5250-420: Is his son." The former Soviet secret police general ruled for 30 years, first as its Communist leader and then as its president. Amnesty International accused him of human rights abuses, balloting irregularities and intimidating the opposition while in power. Several architecture critics who admired the work itself felt that Dame Zaha should have raised questions about this repressive leader even as she accepted

5400-428: Is located in a new business district of the city, with a new 103-storey glass tower behind it. It covers 70,000 square metres and was built at cost of US$ 300 million. The complex comprises an 1,800-seat theatre, a multipurpose theatre, entry hall, and salon. A covered pathway with restaurants and shops separates the two main structures. This building, like several of her later buildings, was inspired by natural earth forms;

5550-631: Is now on display with the works of Gehry and other well-known architects. It was the launching pad of her architectural career. Hadid designed a public housing estate in Berlin (1986–1993) and organised an exhibition, "The Great Utopia" (1992), at the Guggenheim Museum in New York. Her next major project was a ski jump at Bergisel, in Innsbruck Austria. The old ski jump, built in 1926, had been used in

5700-521: Is of flow and movement and it resembles a demented piece of transport architecture. Inside, black steel stairs and bridges, their undersides glowing with white light, fly across a void. They take you off to the galleries, which are themselves works of frozen motion. The design is intended to generate what Hadid called "confluence, interference and turbulence", In 2002 Hadid won an international competition for her first project in China. The Guangzhou Opera House

5850-407: Is pierced by thousands of little lights—it looks like you're sitting under the dome of a clear night sky." Ourousoff noted that the finished building had construction problems: many of the granite tiles on the exterior had to be replaced, and the plaster and other interior work was poorly done by the inexperienced workers, but he praised Hadid's ability "to convey a sense of bodies in motion" and called

6000-410: Is the second building Hadid designed for the major Chinese property developer, located half-way between the centre of Beijing and the airport. The towers slope and curve; Hadid compared them to Chinese fans, "whose volumes turn one around the other in a complex ballet." The tallest building is 200 metres high, with two levels of shops and 37 levels of offices. A single atrium level three storeys high joins

6150-861: The Estado Novo in Portugal . On 28 October 1940, Metaxas rejected an ultimatum imposed by the Italians to surrender, committing Greece to the Allies and bringing the country into the war. He died in January 1941, before the German invasion and subsequent fall of Greece . Ioannis Metaxas was born in Ithaca in 1871. His family was inscribed in the Libro d'Oro of the Ionian islands , previously

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6300-475: The 2012 Summer Olympics in London as "inspired by the fluid geometry of water in movement". The building covers three swimming pools, and seats 17,500 spectators at the two main pools. The roof, made of steel and aluminium and covered with wood on the inside, rests on just three supports; it is in the form of a parabolic arch that dips in the centre, with the two pools at either end. The seats are placed in bays beside

6450-524: The Architectural Association School of Architecture in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by Suprematism and the Russian avant-garde , Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building". She

6600-473: The Entente Powers , Britain, France, and Russia. The Entente governments were lukewarm to Venizelos' proposals, since they hoped to entice Bulgaria on their side, even offering territorial concessions at the expense of Serbia, Greece, and Romania. Russia in particular considered her interests best served if Greece remained neutral. On 19 November, Serbia repeated its request for Greek assistance, supported by

6750-569: The European Union were also centered around the square. As presently the square is not pedestrianized, when major events take place vehicles are redirected. Liberty Square was not part of the original construction of the Venetian walls. It first took the form of a bridge constructed during the British Cyprus era when the island was under the dominion of the British Empire , at the end of

6900-579: The Great Depression lowered living conditions even more and Macedonia was the region of Greece hit worse by the Depression. As it was under the leadership of King Constantine that Greece was defeated in 1922, the refugees tended to be very hostile towards the House of Glücksburg and Thessaloniki was known as a "hotbed of republicanism". The failed coup with its connotations of social unrest and protest alarmed

7050-525: The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 attached to the staff of the Greek commander-in-chief, Crown Prince Constantine . Metaxas became a protégé of Constantine and much of his rise through the ranks of the Hellenic Army was a consequence of Crown Prince's patronage. Greece was characterized by a clientist system at the time, and a powerful patron in the form of Constantine boosted Metaxas's career. After

7200-903: The Noemvriana events in Athens. When the French/British landed in Athens and demanded the surrender of material equal lost to Fort Rupel (as guarantee for Greece's neutrality), they met resistance. In June 1917, under Allied pressure, King Constantine was deposed, Alexander became King, and Venizelos came to power, declaring war officially on behalf of the whole country on 29 June 1917. Defunct With Venizelos' coming to power in Summer 1917, Metaxas, along with other notable antivenizelists, were exiled to Corsica , from where he escaped to Sardinia (with Gounaris and Pesmazoglou) and later found himself with his family to Siena , Italy , while King Constantine with

7350-661: The Office for Metropolitan Architecture , in Rotterdam , the Netherlands. Through her association with Koolhaas, she met the architectural engineer Peter Rice , who gave her support and encouragement during the early stages of her career. Hadid became a naturalised citizen of the United Kingdom. She opened her own architectural firm, Zaha Hadid Architects , in London in 1980. During the early 1980s, Hadid's style introduced audiences to

7500-780: The Second Balkan War when he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. After the end of the Balkan Wars, he was appointed director of the 1st (Operations) Directorate of the Army Staff Service , and became deputy head of the Staff Service in January 1915. In October 1913, he was awarded by the King with the Golden Cross of the Redeemer . In the spring and summer of 1914, Greece found itself in

7650-440: The Stirling Prize , in 2010 and 2011. In 2012, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II for services to architecture, and in February 2016, the month preceding her death, she became the first woman to be individually awarded the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects ( Ray Eames and Sheila O'Donnell had previously been awarded it jointly with Charles Eames and John Tuomey respectively). Zaha Hadid

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7800-414: The Sublime Porte , threatening a breach of relations and even war, if the persecutions were not stopped. On 6 June 1914, Metaxas, as the de facto head of the Staff Service, presented a study on the military options against the Ottoman Empire: the most decisive maneuver, a landing of the entire Greek army in Asia Minor, was virtually impossible due to the hostility with Bulgaria; instead, Metaxas proposed

7950-419: The University of Chicago , the Hochschule für bildende Künste in Hamburg, the University of Illinois at Chicago , and Columbia University . She earned her early reputation with her lecturing and colourful and radical early designs and projects, which were widely published in architectural journals but remained largely unbuilt. Her ambitious but unbuilt projects included a plan for Peak in Hong Kong (1983), and

8100-454: The outbreak of World War I , the prospect of Greece's possible entry into the war emerged, especially given the obligation to provide military assistance to Serbia based on the Greek–Serbian Alliance. By 12 July 1914, the Serbian government had requested Greece's aid following the terms of the alliance, in the case of an Austrian and Bulgarian attack. Greece rejected the request on the grounds that Serbia had undertaken to provide 150,000 troops in

8250-482: The 1960s, Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland. Hadid was unmarried with no children. Hadid studied mathematics at the American University of Beirut before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the Architectural Association School of Architecture . There she studied with Rem Koolhaas , Elia Zenghelis and Bernard Tschumi . Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit." Zenghelis described her as

8400-433: The 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics. The new structure was to contain not only a ski jump, but also a cafe with 150 seats offering a 360-degree view of the mountains. Hadid had to fight against traditionalists and against time; the project had to be completed in one year, before the next international competition. Her design is 48 metres high and rests on a base seven metres by seven metres. She described it as "an organic hybrid",

8550-451: The 19th century. As the city expanded out of the medieval walls wooden bridges were constructed to facilitate transport. The original wooden bridge known as the Hajisavvas Opening (erected in 1882) was replaced with a solid concrete one, which survives to date. In 2005 an architectural competition was announced to redesign the historical square. This was won by a group led by Zaha Hadid and Christos Passas . "Eleftheria Square constitutes

8700-445: The 2013 Forbes List as one of the "World's Most Powerful Women" Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the Daxing International Airport in Beijing, and the Al Wakrah Stadium (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the 2022 FIFA World Cup . Hadid was the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize , in 2004. She received the UK's most prestigious architectural award,

8850-406: The Allied presence in Thessaloniki. This caused popular anger, especially in Greek Macedonia, and among Venizelist officers. In August 1916, Venizelist officers launched a revolt in Greece's northern city of Thessaloniki , which resulted in the establishment of a separate " Government of National Defence " under Venizelos. The new government, with the Allied support, expanded its control over half

9000-418: The Car Park and Terminus Hoenheim North in France, and the Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati. In making the announcement, Thomas Pritzker , the head of the jury, announced: "Although her body of work is relatively small, she has achieved great acclaim and her energy and ideas show even greater promise for the future." Between 1997 and 2010, Hadid ventured into the engineers' domain of bridge construction,

9150-490: The Ebro River. The bridge carries or is attached to four tunnel-like exhibition spaces she termed "pods", which spread onto the island, for a total length of 275 metres. The pods are covered with a skin of 26,000 triangular shingles, many of which open to let in air and light. The bridge-pavilion, characteristic of her designs and buildings of the period, is composed entirely of diagonal slopes and curves, with no right-angles of orthogonal forms. By its curving shape and low profile,

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9300-449: The Entente. Venizelos asked Metaxas for an evaluation of the situation; the opinion of the latter was that without a simultaneous entry of Romania into the war on the side of the Allies, Greece's position was too risky. Following the firm refusal of Romania to be drawn into the conflict at this time, the proposal was scuttled. On 11 January 1915, the British offered Greece "significant territorial concessions in Asia Minor" if it would enter

9450-437: The Foreign Minister Dimitros Maximos who was in Geneva attending a session of the League of Nations, telephoned George to tell him that Tsaldaris was preparing a National Council resolution calling for a constitutional monarchy. In both telephone calls, Maximos asked George to publicly commit himself to obeying the National Council resolution asking him to behave strictly as a constitutional monarch who would uphold democracy and

9600-420: The Greek elite and led to a swing towards the right among the elite, though not the Greek people. As a result of the failed coup, the Liberals came to be viewed within the elite as the party of insurgency and chaos while many Populists frightened by the prospect of a revolution swung behind Metaxas's viewpoint. In response to the fears of the impoverished Greek people rising up in a revolution, Metaxas called for

9750-413: The Greek government to again refuse. However, in February 1915, the Entente attack on Gallipoli began. Venizelos decided to offer an army corps and the entire Greek fleet to assist the Entente, making an official offer on 16 February, despite the King's reservations. This caused Metaxas to resign on the next day in protest, basing his argument on the loss of the element of surprise, the fortification of

9900-450: The Greeks and Serbs. Furthermore, Metaxas argued that a Greek entry into the war would once again expose the Greeks of Asia Minor to Turkish reprisals. Venizelos rejected this report, and recommended entry into the war in a memorandum to the King, provided that Bulgaria and Romania also joined the Entente. By that time, however, it was clear that Bulgaria was aligning towards the Central Powers, and Romania's determination to remain neutral led

10050-434: The King that Greece could not live without her German customers and that, in particular, a reduction or cessation of our purchases of tobacco must lead to the impoverishment of the Macedonian peasants and thus to grave disturbances in Greek domestic politics [emphasis in the original]. Careful fostering of these relationships (between Germany and Greece) was therefore as much a political as an economic imperative." To stay in

10200-484: The Tate in London and press coverage of her work began to not only get her name out into the architecture world, but allowed people to associate a particular style of architecture with Hadid. One of her first clients was Rolf Fehlbaum , the president-director general of the Swiss furniture firm Vitra , and later, from 2004 to 2010, a member of the jury for the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize . In 1989, Fehlbaum had invited Frank Gehry , then little-known, to build

10350-411: The UAE. Traffic on the bridge commenced three days following the opening ceremony. The National Museum of Arts of the 21st Century ( MAXXI for short), in Rome, was designed and built between 1998 and 2010. The main theme of its architecture is the sense of movement; Everything in the structure seems to be moving and flowing. Hadid took inspiration from the surrounding orthogonal site grids to determine

10500-452: The Zaha Hadid Building, is located in New York City . Designed by the architect Zaha Hadid, the building was her only residential building in New York and one of her last projects before her death. Research and Office Complex was designed by Zaha Hadid. Hadid received the commission after a 2009 design competition. It opened in October 2017 and received a LEED Platinum certification. The complex consists of five interlocking buildings,

10650-413: The architect herself referred to it as the "two pebbles". It appears akin to two giant smooth-edged boulders faced with 75,000 panels of polished granite and glass. Edwin Heathcote, writing for the Financial Times , noted Hadid's concentration on how her design could transform the urban landscape of Guangzhou, as the building rose as the centre of the new business area. He wrote in 2011 that Hadid "produced

10800-506: The area of Gevgelija to guard against a Bulgarian attack; in addition, if Greece sent her army to fight the Austrians along the Danube, this would only incite a Bulgarian attack against both countries, with insufficient forces left to oppose it. A German request on 14 July to join the Central Powers was rejected by both Venizelos and King Constantine, but on 1 August, Venizelos sounded out

10950-651: The bridge-pavilion fits smoothly into the grassy landscape along the river. Between 1997 and 2010, she constructed a much more ambitious bridge, the Sheikh Zayed Bridge, which honors Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , between the island of Abu Dhabi and the mainland of Abu Dhabi , as well as to the Abu Dhabi International Airport . Both the design of the bridge and the lighting, consisting of gradually changing colours, were designed to give

11100-526: The building "a Chinese gem that elevates its setting." The Riverside Museum (2004–2011), on the banks of the River Clyde Glasgow , Scotland, houses the Glasgow Museum of Transport . Hadid described the 10,000-square metre building, with 7,000 square metres of gallery space, as "a wave", "folds in movement", and "a shed in the form of a tunnel, open at the extreme ends, one end toward the city and

11250-407: The building contains a cafe, a shop, or a museum entrance. The tilting columns reach up through the building and also support the roof. The museum structure resembles an enormous ship, with sloping walls and asymmetric scatterings of windows, and the interior, with its angular columns and exposed steel roof framework, gives the illusion of being inside a working vessel or laboratory. In 2002, she won

11400-462: The building to an historic arrangement as a free-standing pavilion within an enclosure, with the former courtyards covered. The North Gallery extension features Hadid's distinct hallmark of curves, and houses a series of skylights which welcome natural light into the space as well as retractable blinds when less light is needed. Hadid also worked in collaboration with architect and heritage specialist Liam O'Connor, whose reconstructions and conversions of

11550-463: The building, with the intent, she wrote, of "transforming it into a dynamic spectacle of its own". In 2001, she began another museum project, an extension of the Ordrupgaard Museum near Copenhagen, Denmark, a museum featuring a collection of 19th century French and Danish art in the 19th-century mansion of its collector. The new building is 87 metres long and 20 metres wide, and is connected by

11700-399: The bulk of her wealth, were left in trust. Skyscraper proposed for Midtown Manhattan sited at 666 Fifth Avenue. On 25 March 2017, Kam Dhillon reported a yet-to-be completed skyscraper design designed by Hadid prior to her death in 2016 in an article titled "Zaha Hadid Architects Unveils Monumental Skyscraper Project for NYC". The first major project to be completed shortly after her death

11850-413: The central core of the building, bringing a rigid frame and a sense of movement to this completely new typology of tower.” The 94,000-square metre building, which resembles a ship’s prow, is the highest in the town at 147 m and has a capacity of 2700 desks, an 800-seat company restaurant, a 190-seat auditorium, a maritime museum, a fitness room and training rooms. Hadid described her Aquatics Centre for

12000-636: The centre "the Olympics' most majestic space". The Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan , Hadid's second project in the United States, has a space of 4,274 square metres, dedicated to contemporary art and modern art and an historical collection. The parallelogram-shaped building leans sharply and seems about to tip over. Hadid wrote that she designed the building so that its sloping pleated stainless steel facades would reflect

12150-527: The cladding and fenestration of the complex. Clarke developed a new type of mouth-blown glass for the scheme, which he christened 'Zaha-Glas'. Later reduced to three buildings, the project, which experienced delays in construction, was completed in 2006, without the artwork. In 2000, she won an international competition for the Phaeno Science Center , in Wolfsburg , Germany (2002–2005). The new museum

12300-547: The commission, and other critics questioned the UK granting its most prestigious architecture award to a building which memorialized a vicious Soviet dictator. The Dongdaemun Design Plaza (2007–2013) is among the largest buildings in Seoul , South Korea. Its name means "Great Gate of the East", in reference to the old walls of the city. The complex of 86,574 square metres contains exhibition space,

12450-471: The competition to design a new administrative building for the factory of the auto manufacturer BMW in Leipzig, Germany. The three assembly buildings adjoining it were designed by other architects; her building served as the entrance and what she called the "nerve centre" of the complex. As with the Phaeno Science Center , the building is hoisted above street level on leaning concrete pylons. The interior contains

12600-414: The country and entered the war on the Allies' side. Meanwhile, the official Greek state and the royal government remained neutral. King Constantine and Metaxas were accused as pro-German by their Venizelist opponents. However they kept negotiating with the Allies a possible entry with their side. Metaxas was later the creator and head of the monarchist paramilitary Epistratoi (reservists) forces during

12750-412: The crisis atmosphere was a wave of strikes and protests all across the country in both urban and rural areas as the unemployed demanded social reforms that would address the Great Depression. Despite his unpopularity with the Greek people, from August 1935 politicians began to openly visit the former King George II in his exile in London to assure him of their loyalty. On 8 October 1935 and 10 October 1935,

12900-430: The curving and outward-leaning walls of glass. At £269 million, the complex cost three times the original estimate, owing principally to the complexity of the roof. This was the subject of much comment when it was constructed, and it was the first 2012 Olympic building begun but the last to be finished. It was praised by architecture critics. Rowan Moore of The Guardian said that the roof "floats and undulates" and called

13050-400: The dispute between the Venizelists vs. the anti-Venzelists that really paralyzed parliament. Although Kondylis had been instrumental in restoring the monarchy in 1935, George greatly distrusted him as he had not forgotten that it was Kondylis who had deposed and exiled him in 1924. George had often mused that if he was to play the role of King Victor Emmanuel III, he wanted his Mussolini to be

13200-655: The failed Monarchist Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup attempt in October 1923 forced him to flee the country again. Soon after, King George II (son of Constantine I) was also forced into exile. The monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed, in March 1924. Metaxas returned to Greece soon after, publicly stating his acceptance of the Republic regime. Despite a promising start, and his status as one of

13350-524: The first woman to design an art museum in the United States. At 8,500 square metres, the museum was not huge, and her design did not have the flamboyance of the Guggenheim Bilbao of Frank Gehry , built at the same time. But the project demonstrated Hadid's ability to use architectural forms to create interior drama, including its central element, a 30-metre long black stairway that passes between massive curving and angular concrete walls. In 1994, Hadid

13500-462: The following for the Greek Occupation of Anatolia to Venizelos: " The Greek state is not today ready for the government and exploitation of a so extensive a territory. " He subsequently repeatedly rejected the military leadership of the Greek army offered to him by Constantine. As a soldier, Metaxas argued that Greece did not have logistical capacity nor the economic resources to support an army in

13650-517: The good graces of the Reich , Eisenlohr told the king that he must "bind the armed forces to his person and thus provide himself with a reliable bulwark for his throne in the ever-changing currents of internal politics"; though Eisenlohr did not mention Metaxas by name, it is clear that he was the "reliable bulwark" that he wanted the king to rely upon. At the time, the Romanian foreign minister Nicolae Titulescu

13800-455: The imaginative and colourful paintings she made of her proposed buildings. Her international reputation was greatly enhanced in 1988 when she was chosen to show her drawings and paintings as one of seven architects chosen to participate in the exhibition "Deconstructivism in Architecture" curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley at New York's Museum of Modern Art . This, a conference at

13950-445: The impression of movement. The silhouette of the bridge is a wave, with a principal arch 235 metres long, standing 60 metres above the water. The total span of four lanes is 842 metres (2,762 feet) long, and also includes pedestrian walkways. The bridge was inaugurated on November 25, 2010, by the late UAE President Sheikh Khalifa. The ceremony was also attended by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, marking her second state visit to

14100-411: The initial excavation works revealed archaeological findings that have forced alterations to the original design. Some conflicting opinions have also been expressed about the aesthetics and functionality of the project. Some of the criticisms the project has received are for the choice of trees planted, which are mostly pyramidal cypresses that do not provide enough shade, etc. The project is admittedly

14250-487: The interior of Anatolia, and the decision by his patron, King Constantine, to continue the war against Turkey caused a rift between the two. Following the defeat of Greek forces in Asia Minor, King Constantine was again forced into exile by the 11 September 1922 Revolution , led by Col. Nikolaos Plastiras . Metaxas moved into politics and founded the Freethinkers' Party on 12 October 1922. However, his association with

14400-565: The interior. Hadid wrote that the principal characteristics of her design were "transparency, porousness, and durability." It also features many ecological features, including a double skin, solar panels, and a system for recycling water. The Library and Learning Center was designed as the centrepiece of the new University of Economics in Vienna. Containing 28,000 square metres of space, its distinctive Hadid features include walls sloping at 35 degrees and massive black volume cantilevered at an angle over

14550-443: The king for "stacking" the election in favor of the Venizelists (i.e. being neutral), and the king was faced with a situation where his loyalist supporters were on the verge of turning against him. Tsaldaris wanted to compromise on the issue of the Venizelist officers, agreeing that some would have their commissions returned, but Theotokis was against any compromise, and thus it was a dispute between Tsaldaris vs. Theotokis as opposed to

14700-582: The king the representative of the past, present and future of the nation. All opposition to him from whatever quarter I reject and find repulsive." Metaxas also expressed his opposition to the "intemperate parliamentarism" of Greece, preferring the authoritarian German system where the Chancellor was responsible to the Emperor, not the Reichstag . On his return in 1904, he joined the newly formed General Staff Corps. He

14850-505: The living former prime ministers) on 18 and 20 February, but they proved indecisive. King Constantine decided to keep the country neutral, whereupon Venizelos submitted his resignation on 21 February 1915. Venizelos won the May 1915 elections , and formed a new government on 17 August. When Bulgaria signed a treaty of alliance with Germany and mobilized against Serbia , Venizelos ordered a Greek counter-mobilization (10 September 1916). As part of

15000-686: The military treaty between Greece and Bulgaria, sending him to Sofia . He participated in the First Balkan War as a captain in the operations staff of the Army of Thessaly , before joining Venizelos as a military expert in the London Conference of 1912–13 in December 1912. In May 1913, as military plenipotentiary, he negotiated the military terms of the Greek–Serbian Alliance . He took part in

15150-529: The mobilization, Metaxas was recalled to active duty as deputy chief of staff. After Venizelos condoned the landing of British and French troops in Thessaloniki to aid the collapsing Serbian army, Venizelos presented his case for participation in the war to Parliament, securing 152 votes in favor to 102 against in a vote during the early hours of 22 September. On the next day, however, King Constantine dismissed Venizelos, and called upon Alexandros Zaimis to form

15300-402: The monarch after the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état for the government of General Abd al-Karim Qasim . Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul while her brother Foulath Hadid was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs. Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient Sumerian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In

15450-469: The more opportunistic republicans started to defect over to the monarchist camp, though Metaxas drew little benefit electorally. Kondylis pronounced himself an admirer of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, and based his call to end the republic he himself had helped to found under the grounds that restoring the monarchy would permanently shift the center of the political gravity in Greece to the right. Under strong pressure from Kondylis, Tsaldaris finally brought

15600-423: The most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in

15750-537: The most prominent Monarchist politicians, Metaxas's foray into politics was not very successful. In the 1926 elections , his Freethinkers' Party claimed 15.8% of the vote and 52 seats in Parliament, putting it almost on a par with the other main Monarchist party, the People's Party . As a result, Metaxas became Communications Minister in the " ecumenical government " formed under Alexandros Zaimis . However, infighting within

15900-427: The necessary legislation for a referendum to a vote on the floor of parliament on 10 July 1935. From June to October 1935, there was a crisis atmosphere in Greece as the Army was purged of Venizelist officers, rumors swirled of coups being planned, Metaxas spoke openly of the possibility of a civil war and most politicians were fearful of being caught on the losing side as alliances were rapidly made and unmade. Adding to

16050-523: The original space were designed in consultation with English Heritage and Westminster City Council. The extension houses internal exhibition spaces as well as the museum shop and offices for the curatorial team. The Innovation Tower in Hong Kong (2007–2014) is part of Hong Kong Polytechnic University . The building of 15 floors has 15,000 square metres of space, with laboratories, classrooms, studios and other facilities for 1,800 students and their faculty. It

16200-524: The other toward the Clyde." Like many of her buildings, the whole form is only perceived when viewed from above. The facades are covered with zinc plates, and the roofline has a series of peaks and angles. The interior galleries caused some controversy; visitors who came to see the collection of historic automobiles found that they are mounted on the walls, high overhead, so it is impossible to look into them. Rowan Moore of The Guardian of London wrote: "Obviously

16350-456: The overall form. The facade belongs to her earlier period, with smooth curving white walls and an austere black and white colour scheme. The building is perched on groups of five very thin pylons, and one gallery with a glass face precariously overhangs the plaza in front of the museum, creating shade. Rowan Moore of The Guardian of London described its form as "bending oblong tubes, overlapping, intersecting and piling over each other. The imagery

16500-530: The party and the departure of many members plunged the party to 5.3% and a single seat in the 1928 elections . The 1932 and 1933 elections saw the percentage drop to 1.6%, although the party still returned three MPs, and Metaxas became Interior Minister in the Panagis Tsaldaris cabinet. Metaxas was regarded as the most intransigent and extreme of all the Monarchist politicians and his open hostility to parliamentary government as useless might perhaps explain

16650-463: The plaza in front of the building. She described the interior as follows: "The straight lines of the building's exterior separate as they move inward, becoming curvilinear and fluid to generate a free-formed interior canyon that serves as the principal public plaza of the Center, as well as generating corridors and bridges ensuring smooth transitions between different levels." The Serpentine Sackler Gallery

16800-465: The post of Minister of Military Affairs , as his adjutant. Venizelos appointed Metaxas as part of an effort at rapprochement with the monarchy. Despite Venizelos's efforts to reach out, Metaxas was strongly opposed to his decision to have a French military mission arrive to train the Greek Army, and almost resigned in protest. In 1912, just before the Balkan Wars, Venizelos appointed Metaxas to negotiate

16950-428: The project architect who completed the building after Hadid's death, said, "We thought of the building as an oyster, with a hard shell top and bottom, and a softer, liquid, more organic interior." At the opening of the new building, posters of Hadid were placed around the city, saying, "Goodbye Zaha Hadid; Genius and Modernity, Inspiration and Transformation, Light That Takes Shape." 520 West 28th Street , also known as

17100-476: The project, Christos Passas . The proposed plans were strongly criticized by some local architects who mainly deal with the preservation of monuments.[6] In 2009, at the instigation of the Architects, the initial excavations revealed archaeological finds that brought about modifications to the original design. In February 2012, renovation works began. The project was completed with a delay of more than 2 years and

17250-650: The ranks of the Hellenic Army . As a monarchist during the National Schism , Metaxas unsuccessfully opposed Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and Greece's entry in World War I ; he was exiled to Corsica in response in 1917. On his return, Metaxas moved into politics and founded the Freethinkers' Party , but had only limited success under the Second Hellenic Republic . Metaxas was appointed prime minister in April 1936,

17400-453: The reasonable ... a wave form sweeping up, almost lunging, into the sky ... here is architecture as the ultimate statement of theatre ... It is the most complete realisation yet of the Iraqi-born architect's vision of sweeping curves and flowing space." Consisting of eight storeys, the centre includes an auditorium with 1000 seats, exhibition space, conference hall, workshop and

17550-511: The redesign of the square in which 35 offices from different countries submitted proposals.[1][5] The winners were a team led by Zaha Hadid and Christos Passas . The reasoning behind the project was presented at various events both in Cyprus and in London, where a special exhibition was held to present the idea at the Hellenic Center in London, under the artistic supervision of the co-creator of

17700-477: The relative failure of his parliamentary career. By 1933, even the officially monarchist Populist Party had tacitly came to accept the republic as much as the Liberals as both the Populist and Liberal leaders wanted a system that guaranteed the possibility of orderly change and the rule of law, and Metaxas's call for something resembling an absolute monarchy put him out of the mainstream of Greek politics. In 1933, there

17850-592: The republic, a figure that was widely regarded at the time as laughable. On 11 December 1935, the king met with Ernst Eisenlohr, the German envoy in Athens, who in his account of the conversation reminded him that Germany was Greece's largest trading partner and that: "the fact of a constant active balance in Greece's favor arising from the exchange of goods made it possible for Greece to obtain commodities from Germany which she could not purchase from other countries for lack of sufficient supplies of foreign exchange. In discussing economic changes, I endeavored to make clear to

18000-527: The royal family left for Switzerland. In January 1920, Metaxas was sentenced to death in absentia for his role in the Noemvriana. He returned to Greece in November 1920, after the electoral defeat of Eleftherios Venizelos. He was reinstated in the army with the rank of Major General, but as he opposed the continued Greek campaign in Asia Minor , he resigned and went into retirement on 28 December 1920. He stated

18150-466: The rule of law. Both times George refused under the grounds that as a king he was above "procedures" and he would rule Greece whatever way he liked. On 10 October 1935, the "Thunder General" as Kondylis was known carried out a coup d'état in the name of a "revolutionary committee" that deposed Tsaldaris. On 3 November 1935, the monarchy was restored and George returned to Greece to reclaim his crown. The American Embassy in Athens reported that public opinion

18300-454: The same coherent formal logic of continual curvilinearity." The complex, like most of her buildings, gives the impression that every part of them is in motion. The Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku , Azerbaijan (2007–2013) is a gigantic cultural and conference centre containing three auditoriums, a library and museum, with a total space of 10,801 square metres on a surface of 15,514 square metres, and

18450-457: The slow pace of the investigation into the attempted assassination, which almost succeeded. Thessaloniki, together with the rest of Greek Macedonia, had taken in the bulk of the about 1.3 million Greeks expelled from Turkey in the compulsory population exchange of 1923 , and the majority of the refugees lived in extreme poverty with those living in rural areas making their living picking tobacco. The collapse of international tobacco prices in

18600-537: The space is about movement...Outside it is, typologically, a supermarket, being a big thing in a parking lot that is seeking to attract you in...It has enigma and majesty, but not friendliness." Hadid's first built tower, the CMA CGM Headquarters in Marseille , France, is most immediately notable for its dual vertical form. According to Zaha Hadid Architects, "The curving profiles on the exterior facades work with

18750-504: The square whilst Ledra Street leads onto its northern side. The project involves the use of sophisticated custom made materials and concepts. The square is usually the focus of various profile activities in the capital. Examples include advertising promotions, political rallies and meetings such as the first meeting of the Occupy Buffer Zone movement on October 15, 2011, and sporting events. Celebrations such as Cyprus's accession to

18900-574: The straits, the fact that a single army corps was insufficient to alter the balance of forces, and the uncertain stance of Bulgaria. Metaxas insisted that the campaign had been mishandled thus far, and that even if the Entente captured Gallipoli, the Turks still fielded 12 divisions in Eastern Thrace . Shaken by Metaxas's resignation, Venizelos convened meetings of the Crown Council (the King, Venizelos, and

19050-815: The sudden occupation of the Gallipoli Peninsula , without a prior declaration of war , the clearing of the Dardanelles , and the occupation of Constantinople so as to force the Ottomans to negotiate. However, on the previous day, the Ottoman government had suggested mutual talks, and the tension eased enough for Prime Minister Venizelos and the Ottoman Grand Vizier , Said Halim Pasha , to meet in Brussels in July. Following

19200-399: The surrounding neighbourhood from different angles; the building continually changes colour depending upon the weather, the time of day and the angle of the sun. As Hadid commented, the building "awakens curiosity without ever truly revealing its contents". Elaine Glusac of The New York Times wrote that the architecture of the new museum "radicalizes the streetscape". The Museum was used in

19350-596: The three buildings at the base. The Issam Fares Institute is located in the campus of the American University of Beirut (AUB). It won the Agha Khan Award in 2016, the same year Hadid died. It has a 21 meters cantilever in order to preserve the existing landscape. The institute aims to harness, develop and initiate research of the Arab world to enhance and broaden debate on public policy and international relations. It

19500-581: The upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the joinery she knew we could fix that later. She was right.' Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik , was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's Hungerford Bridge executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Ukrainian suprematist artist Kazimir Malevich . After graduation in 1977, she went to work for her former professors, Koolhaas and Zenghelis, at

19650-573: The urban center of Nicosia. In November 2022, the project and the co-creator of the project, Christos Passas , who undertook the completion of the work after the death of Zaha Hadid , shared the 1st place State Architecture Award in the Remarkable Architectural Project Category. 35°10′12″N 33°21′36″E  /  35.170°N 33.360°E  / 35.170; 33.360 Ioannis Metaxas Ioannis Metaxas (12 April 1871  – 29 January 1941)

19800-525: The vote in Athens, mostly in middle class and upper-class neighborhoods as the well off looked towards Metaxas as the best man to "impose order" on Greece. When the War Minister, General Georgios Kondylis , until then a republican and one of the founders of the First Hellenic Republic in 1924, pronounced himself in favor of restoring the monarchy on 3 July 1935, he demoralized the republicans and

19950-571: The war to support Serbia, and in exchange for satisfying some of the Bulgarian territorial demands in Macedonia ( Kavala , Drama , and Chrysoupolis ) in exchange for Bulgarian entry into the war on the side of the Entente. Venizelos argued in favor of the proposal, but Metaxas disagreed, for reasons which he laid down in a memorandum on 20 January: the Austrians were likely to defeat the Serbian army before

20100-846: The war, he continued his military studies at the Berlin War Academy from 1899 to 1903. Metaxas was very close to Constantine and was personally selected by the Crown Prince to go to Berlin. During his time at the War Academy, Metaxas received consistently high marks from his German instructors with one writing that he was " ein kleiner Moltke " ("a little Moltke " – a reference to Metaxas's short stature). Metaxas's time in Germany made him into an admirer of Prussian militarism. In his diary in March 1900, he wrote: "I have no other ambition than to fulfill my duty to my king and crown prince ... I consider

20250-515: The weakest of the right-wing leaders. The greatest surprise of the 1936 elections was the breakthrough of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) which won 15 seats, settling off a hysterical reaction on the right that this presaged a Communist revolution as the fears were voiced that the great masses of the unemployed would rally to the KKE. In 1935, the Comintern had ordered Communist parties around

20400-416: The world to engage in "popular fronts" against fascism, allying themselves with other left-wing parties. Following the Comintern's orders, the KKE declared itself in favor of a "popular front" to unite all left-wing parties against fascism, and called for an alliance with the Venizelists. Faced with a parliament evenly divided between left and right, the Liberals entered negotiations for Communist support for

20550-505: Was a Greek military officer and politician who was dictator of Greece from 1936 until his death in 1941. He governed constitutionally for the first four months of his tenure, and thereafter as the strongman leader of the 4th of August Regime following his appointment by King George II . Born to an aristocratic family in Ithaca , Metaxas took part in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the Balkan Wars (1912–13), and quickly rose through

20700-520: Was a failed assassination attempt against Venizelos, which Metaxas praised in his newspaper Hellenki , expressing regret only that the attempt failed. The would-be assassins were never arrested, but Metaxas's editorial stance led to widespread suspicions both at the time and since that he was involved, through no definitive evidence has ever emerged. On 1 March 1935, in Thessaloniki there was an attempted coup d'état by Venizelist officers ostensibly over

20850-598: Was awarded Britain's most prestigious prize in architecture, the Design Museum "Design of the Year," the first woman to do so. The building was named for the former ruler of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev , and commissioned by his son, Illham , who became president after his father's death in 2003. Hugh Williamson , director of Human Rights Watch for Europe and the Central Asian division, called Aliyev "an authoritarian leader and so

21000-524: Was born on 31 October 1950 in Baghdad , Iraq , to an upper-class Iraqi family. Her father, Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid , was a wealthy industrialist from Mosul . He co-founded the socialist al-Ahali group in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s. He was the co-founder of the National Democratic Party in Iraq and served as minister of finance after the overthrow of

21150-448: Was built on the site of the university's former football pitch. The extremely complex forms of the building required computer modelling. Early designs experimented with a facade made of reinforced plastic, textiles or aluminium, but Hadid finally settled upon metal panels with multiple layers. The building seems to lean towards the city. The floors inside are visible from the exterior like geological strata. Wangjing SOHO tower in Beijing

21300-538: Was commissioned by the city of Vienna to design and construct a three-part scheme for the urban redevelopment of an area adjacent to the Danube Canal. Situated along the Spittelauer Lände, the series of buildings interact with and cross over the railway viaduct by Viennese Modernist architect Otto Wagner , a protected structure. In its initial design consisting of five buildings, the mixed-use scheme, described as

21450-671: Was described by The Guardian as the "Queen of Curves", who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity". Her major works include the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympics, the Broad Art Museum , Rome's MAXXI Museum , and the Guangzhou Opera House . Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the 2017 Brit Awards . With several awards and accolades to her name, she has also been recognized by

21600-441: Was firmly against the king, and that it would take a "miracle" for George to keep his throne again as he lacked any popular support. After a heavily rigged plebiscite, George II returned to take the throne in 1935. The extent of the voting fraud could be seen in that Crete, the homeland of Venizelos, an island that was well known for its republicanism, showed 50,655 votes for restoring the monarchy and only 1,276 votes for retaining

21750-446: Was given to the public in stages and in progress on June 11, 2021. The construction lasted 6 years. The technical difficulties during the construction, but also the improvement interventions in the infrastructure of the city center, were something that had upset the local community and caused a lot of complaints and dissatisfaction, mainly due to traffic obstruction. The proposed plans have been criticized by some local designers. In 2009

21900-462: Was only a little larger than the Cincinnati Museum, with 9,000 square metres of space, but the plan was much more ambitious. It was similar in concept to the buildings of Le Corbusier , raised up seven metres on concrete pylons. Unlike Corbusier's buildings, she planned for the space under the building to be filled with activity, and each of the 10 massive inverted cone-shaped columns that hold up

22050-524: Was part of the modernizing process of the Greek Army before the Balkan Wars (1912–13). However, he opposed the Goudi coup . For Metaxas, the coup represented an attack on everything he valued because the Military League behind the coup were opposed to Constantine and the other princes holding positions of command. In 1910, Metaxas was appointed by Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos , who had also assumed

22200-470: Was seeking to link the Little Entente of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia together with the Balkan Pact of Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece and Turkey, which Eisenlohr vehemently objected to, saying he wanted the king to appoint as prime minister someone who was friendly towards Germany who would veto Titulescu's plan, which was aimed at building an alliance against Germany. After the elections on 26 January 1936, Venizelists and anti-Venizelists could not form

22350-454: Was started while Hadid was still alive. It is noted by its curved external columns standing the full length of the building. Its twin Scorpion Tower has also been built in Dubai. The Beijing Daxing International Airport opened in September 2019. The Opus designed by Zaha Hadid is a mixed-use 20 storey tower, housing residences, offices, a mix of restaurants, retail spaces and a five-star hotel. The building comprises two structures that form

22500-408: Was the Salerno harbor station in Salerno, Italy , her first major transportation building. She won the competition for the building in 2000, but then the project was delayed due to funding and technical issues. Hadid scouted the site from a police boat in the harbour to visualise how it would appear from the water. The final building covers 50,000 square feet and cost 15 million Euros. Paola Cattarin,

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