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65-500: El Mahalla El Kubra consists of two words: El Mahalla in Arabic means " district " or " encampment", El Kubra means "great" . Hence the title collectively means " The Great Encampment ". The name is probably a rough translation of its Coptic Egyptian equivalent ti-Šairi ( Coptic : ϯϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ , lit.   'cohabitation, residence' ). In the Chronicle of John of Nikiu el-Mahalla

130-404: A Mahalle council ( Persian : شورای محله ), a quarter mosque, and a small parkette. A maalo (sometimes maale ), plural maala ( Macedonian : маало / маале, маала ) is a synonym for neighborhood in colloquial speech, but can also appear as part of a neighborhood name, such as Skopje's "Debar maalo", and Bitola's "Jeni maale", "Madzar maala". In Romanian, the word mahala has come to have

195-501: A muhtasib and a territorial muhtasibat . They were urban divisions in central Asian communities which today exist in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan . Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in central Asia, mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting

260-835: A debt settlement program. Misr Helwan currently sells approximately 70% of its production to domestic markets, with the remaining production sold primarily to Europe. The earliest efforts to unionize Misr Helwan workers were led by the radical Abbas Halim , a member of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty and veteran of the German and Turkish armies during the First World War . While these efforts failed, Misr Helwan workers nevertheless organized strike activities themselves, demanding in July 1938 that they be granted eight-hour workdays, and in 1947 that they work under more lenient disciplinary rules. During

325-586: A garment unit to complement its cloth manufactory. In 1976, the United States Agency for International Development contributed $ 96 million in loans to the Egyptian government, intended to help further modernize the Misr company. The loan caused controversy among American textile manufacturers, faced with losses as global textile markets expanded. In the 1990s, solar heat increasingly used in dye and bleaching saved

390-453: A general strike in El-Mahalla and surrounding towns. The strike forced Mubarak to return the cost of flat bread in working class districts to one penny, a subsidy then costing the government $ 400 million annually. Between 1986 and 1988, workers struck demanding an increase in wages from $ 26 to $ 30 monthly, and placed an image of Mubarak in a coffin outside the factory walls; government response

455-583: A nationwide strike centered on pay, living conditions, and market reforms. Workers in March 2006 had made concessions to the management accepting 45 rather than 60 days of bonus pay, in exchange for profit sharing in the event of profits beyond an agreed upon threshold. Workers decided to return to strikes in December after Misr Helwan reported over $ 30 million in profits, while giving only 20 days bonus pay, less than agreed upon under any condition. The December 2006 strike

520-751: A replacement of the management. Some strikers argued that the revolution had not materially benefitted Misr Helwan workers, and had rather promoted "corrupt" officials such as Fouad Abd-al-Alim. The Misr workers were joined by workers from seven other textile factories in the region, and strikes also broke out among doctors and health workers, university workers, and ceramics workers in other parts of Egypt. Workers suspended their strike on 24 July, having seen only some of their demands met, and promised to strike again in September unless further concessions were made. Violent clashes broke out in Mahalla on November 27, 2012, over

585-488: A revolution, and the revolution, as they say, cleaned out the corrupt leaders." Misr Helwan workers also demanded the resignation of the state-controlled Egyptian Trade Union Federation leadership. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces threatened strikers, declaring that the military "will not allow the continuation of these illegal acts which pose a danger to the nation, and they will confront them.". Following threats,

650-508: A separate type of settlement administration on some occasions. In rural mountainous areas, villages were often scattered and consisted of relatively separate mahalas with badly developed infrastructure . Today, settlements are divided into towns or villages, and the official division of towns is into quarters. It today is used almost always to refer to the Roma neighbourhoods of towns such as Arman Mahala . In Greece , mahalas ( Greek : μαχαλάς )

715-596: A strike would have been illegal unless sanctioned by the ruling National Democratic Party. Nevertheless, Misr Halwan workers and others throughout El-Mahalla El-Kubra fought with police, set fire to schools, cars and tires, destroyed a portrait of Hosni Mubarak , and stormed the city hall. 300 people were injured in the first two days of rioting, and one youth fatally shot by police; two more later died as well. The Egyptian government offered concessions to Misr Helwan workers of 30 days bonus pay, and sent prime minister Ahmed Nazif to negotiate with them. Among those arrested in

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780-464: A town, usually with its own school , religious building or buildings, mayor's representative etc. Mahalas are often named after the first settler or, when ethnically separate, according to the dominant ethnicity. In the Ottoman Empire, the "mahalle" was the smallest administrative entity. The mahalle was generally perceived to play an important role in identity formation , with the local mosque and

845-517: A week; Egyptian Interior Ministry officials stated that workers had burned cotton shipments and looted the homes of company executives. During this period, in order to organize labor activity, Misr Helwan workers created a political organization of several hundred members called Fagr (Dawn), and published a digest of the same name. In September 1984 a sit-in strike at the Misr Company over government-mandated price increases and declining wages led to

910-634: Is a large textile company located in El-Mahalla El-Kubra within the Nile Delta of Egypt , approximately 80 kilometers north of Cairo . It is a state-owned enterprise held by the Holding Company for Cotton, Spinning, Weaving and Garments. Egypt's largest industrial facility employs over 25,000 workers, many of whom have played an active role in Egyptian labor struggles. Large protests and strikes at Misr Spinning and Weaving since 2006 contributed to

975-410: Is also given a name Didouseya , which could be equated with Theodosiou ( Coptic : ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲥⲓⲟⲩ ). It is given as Theodosiou Nixis ( Coptic : ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲝⲓⲥ ) by Daressy , but it's rather an equation of two nearby towns (Theodosiou and Nixis, modern Nawasa ( Arabic : نَوَسا )), common for Coptic Scalae, rather than a compound name. The modern area Suq al-Laban is located on Didouseya Hill. The city

1040-575: Is an Arabic word variously translated as district , quarter , ward , or neighborhood in many parts of the Arab world , the Balkans , Western Asia , the Indian subcontinent , and nearby nations. Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Today it is popularly recognised also by non-Muslims as a neighbourhood in large cities and towns. Mahallas lie at

1105-477: Is an Islamic congregation or parish. Typically, a mahalla supports a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of a mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to a city or town , especially an electoral district, for ritual and representative purposes. Unlike a ward , it is an optional and non-elective unit of a city corporation or municipal corporation . Mahalla also means an urban neighbourhood. In Bulgaria , mahalas were historically considered

1170-482: Is considered a neighborhood. Sometimes it is considered a quarter of a small town or a gypsy neighborhood. The township of Szentendre lost most of its population during the Ottoman era, and was repopulated by various migrant groups from the Balkans - Serbs , Dalmatians , Bosniaks and the like. They built their own churches and created their own neighborhoods around them. They called them mahala or mehala , using

1235-462: Is home to the largest public sector Egyptian textile company, the Misr Spinning and Weaving Company , employing over 27,000 workers. The city has two football teams: Ghazl Al-Mehalla and Baladeyet Al-Mahalla . [REDACTED] Media related to El Mahalla El Kubra at Wikimedia Commons Mahallah A mahallah , also mahalla , mahallya , mahalle , mohalla , mehalla , or mehalle

1300-718: Is mentioned in Demotic sources ( Ancient Egyptian : Ḥwrn.t ). In 1844 the city absorbed both villages. El Mahalla El Kubra was designated as the capital of Gharbia Governorate in 1320 by Ibn Qalawun , before it was relocated to Tanta in 1836. Over 15,000 protesters clashed with police in El Mahalla in 2006, following the publication of a cartoon mocking Islam in Denmark. Later in 2006 textile workers struck to protest market reforms, demanding better living conditions. Beginning in April 2008

1365-507: The 2013 Egyptian coup d'état , the Egyptian government passed laws raising the minimum wage to 1,200 EGP per month. In February 2014, 13,000 Misr Helwan workers, some earning only 500 EGP per month, began a sit-down strike demanding the implementation of minimum wages. Workers also demanded unpaid bonuses. In April Egypt's Higher Administrative Court ruled that public sector employees who strike can be prosecuted, prompting clashes between Misr Helwan workers and Egyptian security forces. In June,

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1430-543: The constitution proposed by the Muslim Brotherhood; some Misr Helwan workers participating in the protest stated that they did not participate in an attack on the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party headquarters. On December 7 protesters in El-Mahalla El-Kubra stormed the city hall and declared independence from the "Muslim Brotherhood State." One Misr Helwan worker, arrested on previous occasions by

1495-483: The fall of Mubarak's government , Misr Helwan workers briefly ceased but then continued strike action, demanding higher wages. Workers also demanded the replacement of company officials, as the Egyptian Supreme Council for the Armed Forces called on the workers to return to work. With a tank stationed outside the company's main gate, workers also called for reforms within the country's military. "We are in

1560-680: The 1947 strike, the Egyptian government brought tanks into Mahalla, killing three workers and injuring 17 more. It was not until 1948 that workers achieved eight-hour days, following a government commission responding to strike pressure. Strikes were again suppressed by the army under Nasser in August 1952. Due to low capital investment in Egypt's textile industry, the proportion of textile workers in Egypt's workforce began declining in 1960, and absolute numbers were declining by 1976. While wages initially increased following nationalization, wages began declining in

1625-463: The 1970s under Anwar al-Sadat . Following structural adjustments mandated by the World Bank during the 1990s, Egyptian textile manufacturing wages declined more precipitously, making them among the lowest of any textile manufacturers on earth as of the mid-2000s. "They eat pigeons and chickens: we're tired of eating beans. And the beans are tired of us!" In May 1975, workers from Misr Helwan, still

1690-450: The 1980s represented the second largest export in Egypt, after crude oil. Cotton production in Egypt nevertheless declined after its post-WWII peak as arable land was converted to cereal or clover production, and previous importers including India achieved cotton self-sufficiency. In 1960, Misr Helwan was the first firm to be nationalized by Gamal Abdel Nasser . It began to diversity its cotton sources and products, and in 1975 established

1755-482: The 20 percent of the whole labour force existing in the Egyptian public textile sector. The company remained nationalized despite largescale liberalization of other sectors of the Egyptian economy. Following the global financial crisis of 2008, Misr Helwan entered into $ 21 million in debt, which the Egyptian State News Service stated it was able to reduce to $ 16 million in debt the subsequent year through

1820-531: The April strikes was Kareem el-Beheiri, a Misr Helwan worker and organizer of previous strikes, whose arrest sparked concern and condemnation from Reporters Without Borders . Later released by Egyptian authorities, el-Beheiri and fellow Misr Helwan workers Tarek Amin and Kamal al-Fayoumy told the Agence France Presse that they had been subjected to beatings, electric shocks and starvation during their 76 days of confinement. Police reportedly sought to block

1885-511: The Middle East's largest spinning and weaving plant, demonstrated against high costs of living. Many workers were veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War and expected better treatment following their service in the Egyptian army. On May 21 Egyptian security forces killed one protester, injured others, and arrested 40–50; police requestioned two agricultural engineers who they alleged had incited workers to protest. The Misr Helwan workers earned $ 12.50

1950-558: The Mubarak government, explained workers' attitudes to the Muslim brotherhood: The revolution's slogan was "Justice, bread and freedom," but we've obtained none of these. The government just increased the price of electricity by 15% while our wages have stagnated. They're now trying to impose a discriminatory constitution, written for and by Islamists. The Muslim Brotherhood doesn't represent me... they take with one hand what they pretend to give with

2015-608: The Ottoman nomenclature, and the word is still in use to describe these small quarters of the town today. In India, the word mohalla is used in Hindi and Urdu to refer to a "neighbourhood". The "mahalle" is the smallest urban administrative division in Iran . Each city is divided into a few Mantaqe s, ( Persian : منطقه ), which is then divided into Nahiye s ( Persian : ناحیه ), further subdivided to Mahalle ( Persian : محله ), usually having

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2080-685: The Sisi government called on workers to stop all strikes, and increase productivity. Some Misr Helwan workers stated that mismanagement had brought productivity to 50% of capacity through failure to provide adequate raw materials for production. Misr Helwan employees stated that their wages still remained below minimum wage. In October 2015 Egyptian authorities declared that they would no longer provide promised and as-yet unpaid bonuses to employees, prompting another strike by 17,000 Misr Helwan workers, soon joined by workers in associated industries. The bonuses were meant to help with surging inflation. In response to

2145-499: The U.S.-backed liberalization of the Egyptian economy. Resisting nationwide trends, workers at Misr Helwan rejected privatization in Mahalla and encouraged workers at other public facilities to do the same. The company's failed 6 April 2008 strike inspired Egypt's April 6 Youth Movement that ultimately played a significant role in Egypt's Arab Spring and the collapse of the Mubarak government. Writing for The Majalla , Paula Mejia has written that Misr Helwan's strikes "not only voiced

2210-799: The city held mass demonstrations protesting the election results of President Hosni Mubarak, claiming election fraud and demanding better wages. Security forces were ordered to crack down on the dissidents, and in May they killed two or three in the city and injured dozens. Images of protesters in Mahalla overturning billboards of Mubarak were viewed by some Egyptians as a turning point in Egyptian politics, according to The Washington Post . The Observer has written that protests in El Mahalla from 2006 to 2011 spearheaded larger political changes throughout Egypt. A Facebook group established by 28-year-old engineer Ahmad Maher to support striking textile workers in El Mahalla gained 70,000 followers and helped organize support for

2275-409: The city. Protesters stormed the city council and announced their intentions to replace it with a revolutionary council. The Köppen–Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh). El Mahalla El Kubra contains Misr Spinning and Weaving Company , the largest cotton manufacturing company in Egypt, and the clock of Big Ben is made by this company. El Mahalla El Kubra

2340-818: The collapse of the Mubarak government, the 2011 Egyptian revolution , and the Arab Spring more generally. The Misr Spinning and Weaving Company was founded in 1927 by a group of Egyptian businessmen in collaboration with the Misr Bank, facing Mahalla's Tal‘at Harb Square in El-Mahalla El-Kubra. The bank, which had formed during the Egyptian uprising of 1920 and proclaimed itself to be "an Egyptian Bank for Egyptians only," began providing capital for large-scale Egyptian industrial facilities and considered Misr Spinning and Weaving to be its flagship enterprise. Egyptian economist Talaat Harb

2405-555: The government. Mahallas are a common unit not only in Uzbekistan, but in Tajikistani cities like Khujand and Kyrgyzstani cities like Osh . In Turkey, mahalle , which may be translated as 'neighborhood', was traditionally a kind of sub-village settlement, one that could be found in both rural settings and in towns. Misr Spinning and Weaving Company The Misr Spinning and Weaving Company ( Arabic : شركة مصر للغزل والنسيج )

2470-498: The intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions are performed through mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, life-cycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. It is an official administrative unit in many Middle Eastern countries. The word was brought to the Balkans through Ottoman Turkish mahalle , but it originates in Arabic محلة ( mähallä ), from

2535-429: The local coffee house as the main social gathering institutions. Mahalle lay at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions were performed by mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, lifecycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. Today, the mahalle is represented in the municipality and government by its muhtar . The muhtarlık,

2600-565: The military acceded to strike demands and Misr Helwan workers returned to the factory. On 15 July 2012, American Secretary of State Hillary Clinton met with Egyptian Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and praised the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for "representing the Egyptian people in the revolution." On the same day, 25,000 workers from Misr Helwan went on strike demanding increased profit sharing, better retirement benefits and

2665-453: The office of the muhtar, has been designed as the smallest administrative office, with representative and enforcement powers at the local level. In some cases, however, the muhtar acts as not only the representative of the government towards the community but also the head of the community toward the government and subverts official government policies by intricate face-to-face mahalle-level relationships. A mahalla ( pronounced mo-hol-la ),

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2730-494: The ongoing migration crisis, all participants of the festival focus their work using themes of hospitality, identity formation, homelessness, migration, fluctuation, the changing of an existing order and the dissolution of borders. The second Mahalla Festival took place 2018 in Valletta , Malta , in the frame of European Capital of Culture under the title "Generating New Narratives". The third Mahalla Festival took place in 2020 under

2795-470: The other. They're even worse than Mubarak." Other protestors noted that Misr Helwan workers could launch a general strike, slowing or crippling the national economy. One worker speaking to Al-Ahram criticized the constitution, stating that article 14 tied wages to production and not food prices. Voting in Mahalla was largely peaceful on the day of the election. After the overthrow of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi by general Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in

2860-481: The private sphere with the public sphere. Religious rituals, life-cycle crisis ceremonies, resource management, conflict resolution, and many other community activities were performed at the mahalla, in other words, on the neighbourhood level. An informal council of elders, called oqsoqol (or " aksakal ") provided leadership. After their inclusion in the Soviet Union, informal mahalla organizations were placed under

2925-616: The publicizing of workers conditions and planned protests via blogs and Facebook groups, and arrested Ahmed Maher after he created the Facebook "6 April" group supporting the Misr Helwan workers. In September 2009, 1,500 Misr Helwan workers demanding unpaid wages went on strike and took company executives hostage. In February 2011 Misr Helwan workers closed the factory and went on strike in solidarity with protestors in Tahrir Square . After

2990-518: The region, and strikes also broke out among doctors and health workers, university workers, and ceramics workers in other parts of Egypt. Clashes between protesters supporting or opposing the Muslim Brotherhood on November 28 left over 100 people injured. On December 7, the city declared itself autonomous from Egypt, as workers and students, declaring themselves independent from the "Muslim Brotherhood State", cut rail lines and blocked entrances to

3055-598: The resignation of Textile Holding Company head Mohsen al-Jilany, Misr Helwan chairman Mahmoud al-Gibali, and the dismissal of the workers' syndicate council head. They furthermore denied any relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood and stated that any implied links were intended to represent their fight over rights as a security risk. Government security forces surrounded and confined striking workers with their families, and arrested 5-8 trade unionists, accusing them of "unlawful gathering" and "destruction of public properties." According to government officials, police feared that

3120-509: The root meaning "to settle", "to occupy". In September 2017, a Turkish-based association referred to the historical mahalle by organizing a festival with the title "Mahalla" in the frame of parallel events of the 15th Istanbul Biennial . The festival in Istanbul features cultural initiatives of civil society and artists from the Middle East, Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. Against the background of

3185-469: The state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government. Mahallas were thought to be "eyes" and "ears" of the Soviet government; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state. Mahalla leaders were then appointed by the government. Mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex, however, as their leaders could serve as henchmen as well as act as buffers between the local community and

3250-486: The state. Due to intimate, face-to face relationships dominant at the mahalla level, mahalla organizations could often shield the community from the incursions of the state. Since 1993, the Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of "Uzbek nationhood" and "morality," effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society. Thus, they are formal structures run by committees and once again regulated by

3315-503: The strictly negative or pejorative connotations of a slum or ghetto that are not present (or not as strongly implied) in other languages. A mahalla is an Islamic congregation or parish in Russia and a number of countries, once part of the Soviet Union . Typically, mahallas support a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of the mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to

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3380-471: The strike Egyptian labor minister Gamal Sorour threatened workers with prosecution "against any attempts to obstruct work." A labor rights director in Egypt stated that the Egyptian government canceled bonuses in an effort to reduce pay to all public sector employees except those in the Interior Ministry, armed forces, judiciary and banks. According to another analyst, the Egyptian government was allowing

3445-451: The strike illegal. The company subsequently promised to meet many of the workers' demands, ending the strike after one week. Faced with municipal elections largely ignored by the population of Mahalla and still rising food prices , Misr Helwan workers promised to strike on April 6, 2008, demanding higher pay. but police response including arrests, occupation of Misr Helwan facilities and intimidation initially prevented them from doing so;

3510-442: The strike would spread to other major manufacturing centers throughout Egypt, as occurred in 2006. Misr Helwan spokesmen stated that the company suffered losses of $ 1.8 million on the first day of the strike. The company management reportedly refused negotiations with strikers in early days of the strike, and Egyptian Labour Minister Aisha Abdel Hadi, along with the government-controlled General Federation for Textile Workers, declared

3575-451: The strike. In 2015, Egyptian Sumo wrestler and Misr Helwan employee, Ramy Abd El Aty Ibrahim Belalal-Gazzar, became the world Sumo wrestling champion at the annual US Sumo Open. Gazzar is a maintenance worker at the company and also coaches its Judo team. "This is a city within a city; a microcosm of Egypt." The Misr Spinning and Weaving Company is considered Egypt's largest company and industrial facility; 48% of Egypt's economy involves

3640-401: The strikers nationally. In 2011, protests in Mahalla contributed to the collapse of the Mubarak dictatorship. On 15 July 2012, 25,000 workers from El Mahalla El Kubra's Misr Spinning and Weaving Company went on strike, demanding increased profit sharing, better retirement benefits and a replacement of the management. The Misr workers were joined by workers from seven other textile factories in

3705-649: The textile company 11,000 barrels of oil annually, according to Egypt's New and Renewable Energy Authority. Efforts to private Misr Helwan, and Misr Fine Spinning and Weaving in Kafr el-Dawwar , were blocked by strike actions at both facilities. In 2004, the company employed 23,000 workers and exported 46,000 tons of cotton yarn, 150 million square meters of fabric, and 5 million garments annually. In 2005, it employed 26,000 workers, and company facilities included 8 spinning mills, 10 weaving factories, processing units and labs, and recreational centers. The factory concentrated around

3770-520: The textile industry. Since its creation in 1927 and through successive stages of development and governance, Misr Helwan has been considered at the forefront not only of Egypt's industrial development but also its political and labor activity. Al Jazeera has called the factory "a microcosm of Egyptian society." Textile workers at Misr Helwan and at other facilities in Kafr el-Dawwar , Qalyub , Helwan and Shubra al-Khayma played major roles in nationwide Egyptian strike actions beginning in 1977, with

3835-575: The title " Wandering Towers " with online and physical events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 edition, " Murmuration ", took place in the Istanbul district of Kadıköy at the Yeldeğirmeni Sanat Merkezi. The word is used in many languages and countries to mean neighborhood or location and originated in Arabic محلة ( maḥalla ), from the root meaning 'to settle', 'to occupy', derived from

3900-399: The verb halla (to untie), as in untying a pack horse or camel to make a camp. In ancient cultures, hospitality involved welcoming a stranger at the host location and offering him food, shelter and safety. That demonstration of hospitality centred on the belief that strangers should be assisted and protected while they travel. A mahala was a relatively-independent quarter of a larger village or

3965-506: The workforce to shrink and lowering payroll costs to privatize the company. When workers ignored the ultimatum, the government announced it would extend bonuses to some workers, but not to those at Misr Helwan, unless the company regained profits lost in the strike. When workers remained on strike, the government promised they would extend bonuses to Misr Helwan employees as well, ending the strike. The company announced however that it would deduct 11 days of wages from salaries in retaliation for

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4030-456: Was also known as Mahalla Daqla ( Arabic : محلة دقلا ), where second word could be a corruption of Dakahla . An ancient village Sandafa ( Arabic : صندفا , Coptic : ⲥⲉⲛⲧⲉϥⲉ ) was located south of el-Mahalla. North of it was a village Hureyn Baharmis ( Arabic : هورين بهرمس ), the name of which suggests that it was an ancient river-port ( Coptic : ⲡϩⲟⲣⲙⲟⲥ , romanized:  phormos , lit.   'the port'), whose namesake

4095-850: Was initiated when 3,000 female garment workers left their stations chanting "Here are the women! Where are the men?" prompting male workers to join them. Workers, initially surrounded and confronted by security forces, were joined by 20,000 additional workers, elementary school pupils, and students from Mahalla, forcing security forces to back down. Workers then demanded the impeachment of union officials. From 2006 to 2007, while basic foodstuff prices increased by 48% and Misr Helwan reported profits of $ 120, many Misr workers were paid only $ 27 monthly, with some paid as little as $ 18 monthly. On September 23, 2007, approximately 20–27,000 workers from Misr went on strike, demanding higher pay and better working conditions. Workers and their families held rallies, threatened to create an independent administration, and demanded

4160-530: Was one of those who helped establish the firm. Misr Helwan was largely staffed by workers from peasant backgrounds, many of whom worked temporarily to save and return money to their families. Long-staple cotton had been invented in Cairo in the 1820s, becoming a staple of the Egyptian economy in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Cotton production used 2.1 million acres for cultivation after the Second World War and by

4225-467: Was severe. In 2003, Egypt passed a Unified Labor Law effectively outlawing strikes, by prohibiting labor actions not authorized by the General Federation of Egyptian Trade Unions, itself run by the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP) . Workers at Misr Helwan nevertheless struck on several occasions prior to the fall of the Mubarak government. A strike at Misr Helwan in December 2006 prompted

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