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82-495: The state of Tamaulipas protected the area in 1985 and in 1987 it was formally recognized as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO 's Man and the Biosphere Programme . The El Cielo area attracted little attention until the 1930s. In 1935, A Canadian farmer and horticulturalist named John William Francis (Frank, Francisco, or Pancho) Harrison established a homestead he named Rancho El Cielo at 1,140 metres (3,740 ft) elevation in

164-710: A non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development since December 1925 and joined UNESCO in 1969, after having established a joint commission in 1952. After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations , the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943,

246-467: A Commission to study the feasibility of having nations freely share cultural, educational and scientific achievements. This new body, the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), was created in 1922 and counted such figures as Henri Bergson , Albert Einstein , Marie Curie , Robert A. Millikan , and Gonzague de Reynold among its members (being thus a small commission of

328-482: A Preparatory Commission was established. The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946 — the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state. The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Julian Huxley to Director-General. United States Army colonel, university president and civil rights advocate Blake R. Van Leer joined as

410-656: A United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London from 1 to 16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by Rab Butler , the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and

492-638: A biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the IATI registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard. There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as

574-504: A cross section of the altitudes and climates of the area, especially the cloud forest. The remainder of the reserve is a buffer zone in which human activities, including limited logging, is permitted. Several communities within the reserve offer facilities for visitors and are reachable by road. An ecological interpretive center is reached by paved road a few miles west of the town of Gómez Farías . The interpretive center, located at an elevation of 360 metres (1,180 ft) offers good views of

656-493: A declaration of anthropologists (among them was Claude Lévi-Strauss ) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice . In 1955, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to "interference" in the country's "racial problems". It rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela . One of

738-445: A few of the many species of bats include the elegant myotis ( Myotis elegans ), wrinkle-faced bat ( Centurio senex ), and hairy-legged vampire bat ( Diphylla ecaudata ). Birds: Endemic birds include the red-crowned amazon ( Amazona viridigenalis ), Altamira yellowthroat ( Geothlypis flavovelata ), and crimson-collared grosbeak ( Rhodothraupis celaeno ). A few other species occurring in this region of rich avifauna include

820-536: A full member. As a result, the United States withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget. Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the Palestinian Authority , stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental "to potential peace talks". Two years after stopping payment of its dues to UNESCO,

902-543: A global movement in 1990 to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. In 2000, World Education Forum in Dakar , Senegal, led member governments to commit for achieving basic education for all in 2015. The World Declaration on Higher Education was adopted by UNESCO's World Conference on Higher Education on 9 October 1998, with the aim of setting global standards on the ideals and accessibility of higher education . UNESCO's early activities in culture included

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984-416: A height of about 30 metres (98 ft). Oak forests, ( Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests ), mixed oak-pine forest, and pine forests are found at elevations of 700 metres (2,300 ft) to the top of highest summits in the reserve. These forested highland areas are drier than the cloud forests with an average precipitation of 850 millimetres (33 in) annually. All of the vegetation types experience

1066-454: A height of up to 30 m (98 ft), such as Mayan breadnut ( Brosimum alicastrum ), sapodilla ( Manilkara zapota ), rosadillo ( Celtis monoica ), Bursera simaruba , Dendropanax arboreus , and Sideroxylon capiri . The southern parts of the ecoregion feature mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ), Manilkara zapota , Bernoullia flammea , and Astronium graveolens . Mammals: Three species of rodents are endemic to this area,

1148-742: A large fish diversity, lower elevation tributaries in the Rio Guayalejo drainage, such as the Rio Sabinas and Rio Frio and associated springs and creeks contain species like the longnose gar ( Lepisosteus osseus ), red shiner ( Cyprinella lutrensis ), lantern minnow ( Dionda ipni ), pigmy shiner ( Notropis tropicus ), Mexican tetra ( Astyanax mexicanus ), gold gambusia ( Gambusia aurata ), Forlón gambusia ( Gambusia regani ), Gulf gambusia ( Gambusia vittata ), mountain swordtail ( Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl ), and variable platyfish ( Xiphophorus variatus ), Tamesí molly ( Poecilia latipunctata ), and

1230-613: A member as well. The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the executive board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity. This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in

1312-444: A platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate". Since March 2006 it has been available free online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017. In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact of Science on Society (also known as Impact ) to discuss

1394-525: A wet season from May to October and a dry season from November to April. More than 1,000 species of plants have been recorded from the cloud forests consisting of 56 percent tropical species, 20 percent temperate, 19 percent cosmopolitan, and 5 percent other. Included are species associated with the temperate climate of the eastern United States such as maple ( Acer skutchii ), hickory ( Carya ovata ), hornbeam ( Carpinus tropicalis ), and redbud ( Cercis canadensis ). A botanical garden and arboretum

1476-549: Is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It has 194 member states and 12 associate members, as well as partners in the non-governmental , intergovernmental and private sector . Headquartered in Paris , France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions. UNESCO

1558-607: Is a tropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion in eastern Mexico . The Veracruz moist forests cover an area of 69,101 km (26,680 sq mi), occupying a portion of Mexico's Gulf Coastal Plain between the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Gulf of Mexico . The forests extend from southern Tamaulipas across northern Veracruz , eastern San Luis Potosí , and portions of eastern Hidalgo , northeastern Puebla and northern Queretaro . The Huasteca region includes much of

1640-424: Is a road, initially paved, from the town of Gomez Farias into the interior and higher elevations. The community of Alta Cima (also known as Altas Cimas), at an elevation of 910 metres (2,990 ft) has modest lodging and restaurants for visitors. Camping is allowed. The highest point in the reserve is 7,719 feet (2,353 m) located at 23 14N, 99 30W. The lowest elevations are about 200 metres (660 ft) at

1722-418: Is also high in this area including the lowland cichlid ( Herichthys carpintis ) and endemic species like the chairel cichlid ( Herichthys [ Nosferatu ] pantostictus ) and Nautla cichlid ( Herichthys deppii ) among others. Other fishes include the pigmy shiner ( Notropis tropicus ), Forlón gambusia ( Gambusia regani ), gulf gambusia ( Gambusia vittata ), chubsucker minnow ( Dionda erimyzonops ), and

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1804-428: Is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences. In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development . The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme . UNESCO has been credited with

1886-450: Is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us". 2023 saw Russia excluded from the executive committee for the first time, after failing to get sufficient votes. The United States stated its intent to rejoin UNESCO in 2023, 5 years after leaving, and to pay its $ 600 million in back dues. The United States

1968-461: Is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programs and budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect

2050-593: Is high. One source list 93 species in the Guayalejo-Temesí watershed of Tamaulipas alone, but this includes brackish -marine species. Many of the streams and rivers of this region are spring fed by karstic aquifers , providing consistent and relatively thermally stable water compared to other basins sourced largely by precipitation. The karstic environment of the Sierra Madre Oriental produces many caves and subterranean waterways that ultimately surface near

2132-479: Is located in Alta Cima at an elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft). Mammals: Six species of cats, none abundant, are found in the reserve: jaguar , mountain lion , ocelot , margay , jaguarundi , and bobcat . A small population of black bears is also present. Both birds and mammals are a mixture of temperate and tropical species. The large cats, jaguars and mountain lions, are generally regarded favorably by

2214-482: Is usually from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) to more than 1,800 millimetres (71 in). The principal reason for the establishment of El Cielo was the prevalence of cloud forests , distinguished by heavy precipitation, foggy conditions, and abundant mosses and fungi, at elevations of 800 metres (2,600 ft) to 1,400 metres (4,600 ft). The El Cielo cloud forests receive precipitation of about 2,500 millimetres (98 in) annually. The closed canopy forests reach

2296-801: The Acropolis of Athens (Greece). The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. In 1976, the World Heritage Committee was established and the first sites were included on the World Heritage List in 1978. Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for

2378-751: The International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia , launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the Aswan Dam . During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur (Indonesia) and

2460-951: The Jōmon Venus of Japan, the Mona Lisa of France, the Gebel el-Arak Knife of Egypt , The Ninth Wave of Russia, the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük of Turkey, the David (Michelangelo) of Italy, the Mathura Herakles of India, the Manunggul Jar of the Philippines, the Crown of Baekje of South Korea, The Hay Wain of the United Kingdom and the Benin Bronzes of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on

2542-480: The Sabinas River , just outside the reserve, to preserve part of a riparian ecosystem. The 144,530-hectare (357,100-acre; 558.0 sq mi) reserve has two core areas in which most human travel and exploitation are prohibited. One, 7,844 hectares (19,380 acres; 30.29 sq mi) in area, protects tropical forests while the larger core area of 28,674 hectares (70,850 acres; 110.71 sq mi) includes

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2624-428: The United Nations member states (except Israel and Liechtenstein ), as well as Cook Islands , Niue and Palestine . The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018, but the United States rejoined in 2023. As of June 2023 , there have been 11 Directors-General of UNESCO since its inception – nine men and two women. The 11 Directors-General of UNESCO have come from six regions within

2706-560: The Amazon molly ( Poecilia formosa ), an all female species, reproduces through gynogenesis . The phantom blindcat ( Prietella lundbergi ) is known only from subterranean waters and has been collected by cave drivers at depths of 50 meters in Rio Frio cave systems. The climate of Gómez Farías , to the east, is typical of the lower and wetter elevations of the reserve. Higher elevations are substantially cooler and precipitation declines rapidly on

2788-819: The Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows: This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946: Ahmet Altay Cengizer Biennial elections are held, with 58 elected representatives holding office for four years. [REDACTED]   Finland [REDACTED]   Portugal [REDACTED]   Turkey [REDACTED]   Albania [REDACTED]   Belarus [REDACTED]   Bulgaria [REDACTED]   Cuba [REDACTED]   Grenada [REDACTED]   Jamaica [REDACTED]   Saint Lucia [REDACTED]   Saint Vincent and

2870-683: The El Carrizo deer mouse ( Peromyscus ochraventer ) the Tamaulipan woodrat ( Neotoma angustapalata ), and the Jico crested tail mouse ( Habromys simulatus ). Spider monkeys ( Ateles geoffroyi ), the northernmost representative of the New World primates range into this region, although it is an endangered species and not common. Marsupials include the common opossum ( Didelphis marsupialis ) and Mexican mouse opossum ( Marmosa mexicana ). Other mammals such as

2952-1862: The Grenadines [REDACTED]   Venezuela [REDACTED]   Bangladesh [REDACTED]   China [REDACTED]   India [REDACTED]   Indonesia [REDACTED]   Japan [REDACTED]   Philippines [REDACTED]   Burundi [REDACTED]   Equatorial Guinea [REDACTED]   Ethiopia [REDACTED]   Madagascar [REDACTED]   Zambia [REDACTED]   Zimbabwe [REDACTED]   Egypt [REDACTED]   Jordan [REDACTED]   Morocco [REDACTED]   France [REDACTED]   Germany [REDACTED]   Italy [REDACTED]   Netherlands [REDACTED]   Spain [REDACTED]    Switzerland [REDACTED]   Hungary [REDACTED]   Poland [REDACTED]   Russia [REDACTED]   Serbia [REDACTED]   Argentina [REDACTED]   Brazil [REDACTED]   Dominican Republic [REDACTED]   Uruguay [REDACTED]   Afghanistan [REDACTED]   Kyrgyzstan [REDACTED]   Philippines [REDACTED]   Pakistan [REDACTED]   South Korea [REDACTED]   Thailand [REDACTED]   Benin [REDACTED]   Congo [REDACTED]   Guinea [REDACTED]   Ghana [REDACTED]   Kenya [REDACTED]   Namibia [REDACTED]   Senegal [REDACTED]   Togo [REDACTED]   Saudi Arabia [REDACTED]   UAE [REDACTED]   Tunisia Veracruz moist forests The Veracruz moist forests ( Spanish : Bosques húmedos de Veracruz )

3034-622: The League of Nations essentially centred on Western Europe ). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris in September 1924, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC. However, the onset of World War II largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations. As for private initiatives, the International Bureau of Education (IBE) began to work as

3116-541: The Mexican anteater ( Tamandua mexicana ), lowland paca ( Cuniculus paca ), and red brocket ( Mazama americana ) are known from this region. Among the carnivores are the kinkajou ( Potos flavus ), mustelids such as tayra ( Eira barbara ) and greater grison ( Galictis vittata ), and five cat species including jaguarondi ( Herpailurus yaguarondi ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), margay ( Leopardus wiedii ), Puma ( Puma concolor ) and jaguar ( Panthera onca ). Just

3198-791: The Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ) and 2005 ( Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ). An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research , which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) later on, in 1954. Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966,

3280-568: The Tamaulipan false brook salamander ( Aquiloeurycea scandens ), broadfoot mushroomtongue salamander ( Bolitoglossa platydactyla ) and Bell’s salamander ( Isthmura bellii ). Frogs and toads from the region include the Rio Grande leopard frog ( Lithobates berlandieri ), Mexican treefrog ( Smilisca baudinii ), small-eared treefrog ( Rheohyla miotympanum ), mountain treefrog ( Dryophytes eximius ), long-footed chirping frog ( Eleutherodactylus longipes ), and predominantly subterranean species like

3362-537: The United States and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the United States was elected as a member of the executive board for the period 2016–19. In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN Danny Danon writing: "UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it

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3444-558: The Veracruz moist forests occurs in the El Cielo Biosphere and the Sierra de Tamaulipas at a latitude of about 23° 20′ degrees north. The climate of the region is tropical and humid, with rains during seven months of the year and mild variation in temperature. Average annual rainfall is 1,100–1,600 mm (43–63 in). The canopy of this ecoregion is characterized by trees reaching

3526-422: The barking frog ( Craugastor augusti ) and Adorned Robber frog ( Craugastor decoratus ). At lower elevations the sabinal frog ( Leptodactylus melanonotus ), veined treefrog ( Trachycephalus [ vermiculatus ] typhonius , sheep frog ( Hypopachus variolosus ), and the burrowing toad ( Rhinophrynus dorsalis ) may be found. Fishes: Although the steep mountain slopes and karstic environment do not support

3608-402: The base of the mountains in the west of this region. Some fish like the endemic phantom blindcat ( Prietella lundbergi ) are adapted to caves and have been collected at depths of 50 meters in cave systems of the Rio Frio (in the Rio Guayalejo drainage). Some populations of the Mexican tetra ( Astyanax mexicanus [= A. jordani ]) also inhabit caves and are blind, although other populations of

3690-629: The broad-leafed evergreen forest on the coastal lowlands with the painted treefrog ( Tlalocohyla picta ), Stauffer's treefrog ( Scinax staufferi ), and Mexican treefrog ( Smilisca baudinii ). The veined treefrog ( Trachycephalus typhonius ) is a large species that produces sticky, mucous, skin secretions, presumed to deter desiccation in the dry season, as well as being a toxin to predators. Fishes: The Rio Tamesí/ Pánuco system contains at least 85 species of freshwater fishes (although some of these occur in interior headwaters west of this region), where temperate and tropical taxa mingle and endemism

3772-956: The brown hook-nose snake ( Ficimia olivacea ), Taylor's cantil ( Agkistrodon taylori ), and the Totonacan rattlesnake ( Crotalus totonacus ) are largely associated with the Veracruz moist forest but all range into areas beyond the strict limits of this region. Many tropical snakes from Central America range into this region like the Central American boa constrictor ( Boa imperator ), Central American indigo snake ( Drymarchon melanurus ), blunthead tree snake ( Imantodes cenchoa ), Mexican parrot snake ( Leptophis mexicanus ), brown vine snake ( Oxybelis aeneus ), tropical ratsnake ( Pseudelaphe flavirufa ), tropical tree snake ( Spilotes pullatus ), green ratsnake ( Senticolis triaspis ), banded snail sucker ( Tropidodipsas fasciata ), and terrestrial snail sucker ( Tropidodipsas sartorii ). In addition to

3854-586: The cantil and Totonacan rattlesnake, venomous snakes from this province include the Texas coral snake ( Micrurus tener ) and the terciopelo ( Bothrops asper ). Amphibians: Although salamander diversity in Mexico is among the highest in the world, they mostly occur in mountainous areas. The broadfoot mushroomtongue salamander ( Bolitoglossa platydactyla ), a lungless salamander of the Plethodontidae family, occupies

3936-519: The cloud forest. Noted ornithologist George Miksch Sutton began fieldwork in Mexico in the late 1930s, and by 1941 Sutton and Olin Sewall Pettingill Jr. embarked on a series of extended stays in the Gómez Farias region and found their way to Harrison's small ranch followed by a succession of ornithological publications. Sutton's protégé, Paul S. Martin also conducted extensive fieldwork in

4018-494: The coastal lowlands from sea level up to about 1000 meters from southern Tamaulipas to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . The distribution of the southern subspecies of the black-spotted newt ( Notophthalmus meridionalis kallerti ) nearly matches that of the Veracruz moist forests region. There are also enigmatic reports of an isolated population of the lesser siren ( Siren intermedia ) from central Veracruz. Anuran , or frog diversity in

4100-715: The commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride ). The same year, UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries. In 1993, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare

4182-525: The date of its adoption, 3 May, as World Press Freedom Day . Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May. UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011. Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and WHO membership in April 1989 mean that the United States cannot contribute financially to any UN organization that accepts Palestine as

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4264-481: The diffusion of national science bureaucracies. In the field of communication, the "free flow of ideas by word and image" has been in UNESCO's constitution since it was established, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression. In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on

4346-553: The early work of UNESCO in the education field was a pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, which was launched in 1947. Following this project one of expert missions to other countries, included a 1949 mission to Afghanistan. UNESCO recommended in 1948 that Member countries should make free primary education compulsory and universal. The World Conference on Education for All , in Jomtien , Thailand, started

4428-508: The eastern, northern, and southern boundaries. The reserve is characterized by steep, north-south trending mountain ranges, eastern extensions of the Sierra Madre Oriental , made up of limestone . Typical of karst topography, caves, sinkholes, and rock outcrops are common. Several distinct vegetation types are found in the reserve. Vegetation in the drier northern and western portions of the reserve up to an elevation of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) consists of desert and semi-desert shrublands,

4510-519: The ecoregion. To the north, the forests transition to the dry lowland Tamaulipan mezquital and the upland Tamaulipan matorral . To the west, the Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests occupy the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The Moctezuma River and its tributaries have carved deep canyons through the Sierra Madre, which allow moist air from the Gulf of Mexico to flow further west into

4592-406: The ecosystem, Harrison transferred his land to a non-profit corporation in cooperation with Texas Southmost College and the Gorgas Science Foundation . In 1966, Harrison was murdered in a land dispute with local farmers. Harrison's farm is now the El Cielo Biological Research Center (or Rancho del Cielo). In 1983, the Gorgas Science Foundation established Rancho El Cielito by purchasing land along

4674-487: The endemic lantern minnow ( Dionda ipni ). Conservation threats of fishes include, damming of waterways, water diversion for agriculture, runoff associated with agriculture and livestock, oil and industrial contamination, invasive species, and irresponsible recreational activities. The forests have been heavily altered by human activity, so that only a few enclaves of mature forest remain. Forests have been cleared for timber harvesting, agriculture, and grazing, and much of

4756-557: The flathead knob-scaled lizard ( Xenosaurus platyceps ). The Tamaulipan montane gartersnake ( Thamnophis mendax ) is endemic to El Cielo. Other snake snakes include the boa constrictor ( Boa [constrictor] imperator ), speckled racer ( Drymobius margaritiferus ), mountain earth snake ( Geophis latifrontalis ), blunthead tree snake ( Imantodes cenchoa ), Mexican parrot snake ( Leptophis mexicanus ), brown vine snake ( Oxybelis aeneus ), Gaige’s pine forest snake ( Rhadinaea gaigeae ), tropical tree snake ( Spilotes pullatus ), and

4838-411: The identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s. In response to calls for a " New World Information and Communication Order " in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems, which produced the 1980 MacBride report (named after the chair of

4920-529: The influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992. UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948. UNESCO has official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Most of these are what UNESCO calls "operational"; a select few are "formal". The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is "formal associate", and the 22 NGOs with formal associate (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are: The institutes are specialized departments of

5002-402: The jaguar are the lowland paca , Central American red brocket deer, white-tail deer , Virginia opossum , collared peccary , racoon , and great curassow . In addition the jaguar sometimes preys on domestic animals. Birds: At least 255 species of birds are resident in the reserve and more than 175 migratory species have been recorded. The area is very rich in bird diversity, just a few of

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5084-582: The montane Tamaulipan matorral and the lowland Tamaulipan mezquital . Shrubs and small trees generally do not exceed 5 metres (16 ft) in height except in riparian locations. Annual precipitation in the shrublands is less than 1,000 millimetres (39 in). In the eastern part of the reserve, sub-tropical semi-deciduous forests ( Veracruz moist forests ) are found at elevations of from 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) above sea level. The closed canopy forests averages about 20 metres (66 ft) in height. Annual precipitation of this zone

5166-654: The mountain slopes of El Cielo, however, the Mexican box turtle ( Terrapene mexicana ) has been recorded at lower elevation in the area. Paul Martin recorded 24 species of lizards and 44 snakes. Lizards include lower elevation species like the casque-headed lizard ( Laemanctus serratus ), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana ( Ctenosaura acanthura ), and rainbow ameiva ( Holcosus amphigrammus ). Higher elevations support populations of banded arboreal alligator lizard ( Abronia taeniata ), minor spiny lizard ( Sceloporus minor ), Dice’s short-nosed skink ( Plestiodon dicei ), Madrean tropical night lizard ( Lepidophyma sylvaticum ), and

5248-436: The necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China , the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), held in San Francisco from April to June 1945,

5330-582: The organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices. UNESCO awards 26 prizes in education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information as well as peace: International Days observed at UNESCO are provided in the table below: As of July 2023 , UNESCO has 194 member states and 12 associate members. Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories . UNESCO state parties are

5412-445: The organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War , the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential statements on race starting with

5494-401: The organization: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1). To date, there has been no elected Director-General from the remaining ten regions within UNESCO: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America. The list of

5576-492: The people living in the reserve. Mountain lions are more often seen in the cloud forests and the higher elevations of the reserve, while jaguars are more common in the lower-elevation tropical forests. Camera traps set out in tropical forests photographed eight male, female, and juvenile jaguars in a survey area of 135 square kilometres (52 sq mi). The investigators estimated a density of six jaguars per 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). The principal prey animals of

5658-444: The plateaus and mountains, including the Sierra Gorda , and the moist forests extend westwards along the river valleys. South of the gap where the Moctezuma River cuts through the Sierra Madre, the Veracruz montane forests and Oaxacan montane forests occupy middle slopes of the Sierra. The Veracruz dry forests separate the Veracruz moist forests from the Petén–Veracruz moist forests further south. The northernmost extension of

5740-409: The region from 1948 to 1953, publishing herpetological studies that culminated with his Biogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Gómez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico , considered by some to be one of the finer examples of a biogeography in any region or discipline, "a classic treatise in historical biogeography". Extensive logging and roads penetrated the area in the 1950s. In 1965, to protect

5822-452: The region is higher and among the species found in this area are the Gulf Coast toad ( Incilius nebulifer ), cane toad ( Rhinella horribilis ), white-lipped frog ( Leptodactylus fragilis ), sabinal frog ( Leptodactylus melanonotus ), elegant narrow-mouthed toad ( Gastrophryne elegans ), sheep frog ( Hypopachus variolosus ), and the burrowing toad ( Rhinophrynus dorsalis ). Godman's treefrog ( Tlalocohyla godmani ), can be found in

5904-608: The remote areas of the rivers and lagoons in this region with turtles like the Mesoamerican slider ( Trachemys venusta ) and scorpion mud turtles ( Kinosternon scorpioides ). Herrera's mud turtle ( Kinosternon herrerai ) and the Mexican box turtle ( Terrapene mexicana ) are endemic to this region. Endemic lizards include the rare plain-necked glass lizard ( Ophisaurus incomptus ) and the Cave Tropical Night Lizard ( Lepidophyma micropholis ) known only from caves and

5986-416: The same species living in surface streams have eyes, while still other populations are intermediate. The region is rich in platyfish and swordtail ( Xiphophorus ) diversity including sheepshead swordtail ( Xiphophorus birchmanni ), delicate swordtail ( Xiphophorus cortezi ), mountain swordtail ( Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl ), and the endemic variable platyfish ( Xiphophorus variatus ). Cichlid diversity

6068-596: The terrestrial snail sucker ( Tropidodipsas sartorii ). Venomous snakes like the Tamaulipas rock rattlesnake ( Crotalus morulus ) and Totonacan rattlesnake ( Crotalus totonacus ) occur in the cloud forest, and the terciopelo ( Bothrops asper ) can be found on the lower slopes. Amphibians: Two endemic salamanders are known from, the El Cielo salamander ( Chiropterotriton cieloensis ) and graceful flat-footed salamander ( Chiropterotriton cracens ). Other species include

6150-1071: The thicket tinamou ( Crypturellus cinnamomeus ), bare-throated tiger heron ( Tigrisoma mexicanum ), boat-billed heron ( Cochlearius cochlearius ), plumbeous kite ( Ictinia plumbea ), collared forest falcon ( Micrastur semitorquatus ), bat falcon ( Falco rufigularis ), great curassow ( Crax rubra ), green parakeet ( Psittacara holochlorus ), Aztec parakeet ( Eupsittula astec ), yellow-headed amazon ( Amazona oratrix ), squirrel cuckoo ( Piaya cayana ), mottled owl ( Strix virgata ), northern potoo ( Nyctibius jamaicensis ), Lesson's motmot ( Momotus lessonii ), Amazon kingfisher ( Chloroceryle amazona ), lineated woodpecker ( Dryocopus lineatus ), pale-billed woodpecker ( Campephilus guatemalensis ), ivory-billed woodcreeper ( Xiphorhynchus flavigaster ), boat-billed flycatcher ( Megarynchus pitangua ), Tamaulipas crow ( Corvus imparatus ), scrub euphonia ( Euphonia affinis ), and yellow-throated euphonia ( Euphonia hirundinacea ). Reptiles: The Morelet's crocodile ( Crocodylus moreletii ) can be found in

6232-406: The tropical forest and facilities for visitors. The reserve occupies portions of four Mexican municipalities in the state of Tamaulipas: Jaumave , Llera de Canales , Gómez Farías , and Ocampo . Within it are 26 ejidos (hamlets with communal land) and about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres; 31 sq mi) of agricultural land used mostly to cultivate corn, beans, and rice. The principal access

6314-966: The tropical species occurring in the area include the bare-throated tiger-heron ( Tigrisoma mexicanum ), boat-billed heron ( Cochlearius cochlearius ), plumbeous kite ( Ictinia plumbea ), ornate hawk-eagle ( Spizaetus ornatus ), bat falcon ( Falco rufigularis ), great curassow ( Crax rubra ), yellow-headed parrot ( Amazona oratrix ), military macaw ( Ara militaris ), squirrel cuckoo ( Piaya cayana ), northern potoo ( Nyctibius jamaicensis ), green-breasted mango ( Anthracothorax prevostii ), mountain trogon ( Trogon mexicanus ), blue-crowned motmot ( Momotus momota ), pale-billed woodpecker ( Campephilus guatemalensis ), ivory-billed woodcreeper ( Xiphorhynchus flavigaster ), barred antshrike ( Thamnophilus doliatus ), yellow-throated euphonia ( Euphonia hirundinacea ). Reptiles: Although Morelet’s crocodile ( Crocodylus moreletii ) and several species of turtles occur in Tamaulipas, they are largely absent from

6396-517: The vicinity of cave openings in the Sierra Cucharas/Sierra del Abra of southern Tamaulipas adjacent San Luis Potosí. Other lizards found in the region include the silky anole ( Anolis sericeus ), rainbow ameiva ( Holcosus undulatus ), rose-belly lizard ( Sceloporus variabilis ), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana ( Ctenosaura acanthura ), and casque-headed lizard ( Laemanctus serratus ). Snakes such as Iverson's threadsnake ( Rena iversoni ),

6478-576: The western slopes of the mountains. The Sierra Madre Oriental create a rain shadow effect. The town of Jaumave, Tamaulipas at the northwestern entrance to the reserve receives only 17.9 inches (450 mm) of precipitation annually and has a semi-arid, near-desert climate. Freezing temperatures are rare at the lower elevations of El Cielo, but common in winter at elevations of more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ; pronounced / j uː ˈ n ɛ s k oʊ / )

6560-510: The world's living species, such as the komodo dragon of Indonesia, the panda of China, the bald eagle of North American countries, the aye-aye of Madagascar, the Asiatic lion of India, the kākāpō of New Zealand, and the mountain tapir of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines. Created in 1945, The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to "promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain

6642-896: Was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations ' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the events of World War II , is to advance peace , sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations. It pursues this objective through five major programme areas: education, natural sciences , social / human sciences , culture and communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that improve literacy , provide technical training and education, advance science, protect independent media and press freedom , preserve regional and cultural history , and promote cultural diversity . The organization prominently helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance. UNESCO

6724-577: Was readmitted by the UNESCO General Conference that July. UNESCO implements its activities through five programme areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information. UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning. The UNESCO transparency portal has been designed to enable public access to information regarding the Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for

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