Misplaced Pages

#243756

107-582: Prince Hassan bin Talal ( Arabic : الحسن بن طلال , born 20 March 1947) is a member of the Jordanian royal family who was previously Crown Prince from 1965 to 1999, being removed just three weeks before King Hussein 's death. He is now 20th in line to succeed his nephew King Abdullah II . Prince El Hassan is a Prince of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . He is the third son of King Talal and Queen Zein . He

214-606: A ceasefire was signed. The following day, an estimated 180,000 protestors gathered in Hyde Park , England, in what may have been the largest pro-Palestine demonstration in British history. Speeches were made by anti-war campaigners and trade union members including demands that the UK government disinvest and sanction Israel. Messages such as "free Palestine" and "stop the war" were displayed on banners and placards and chanted by protesters. Despite

321-814: A diplomat there. His brother (Princess Sarvath's uncle), Mohammad Hidayatullah , choosing to remain in India, rose to become the 11th Chief Justice of India and then, after retirement from the judiciary, became the 6th Vice President of India . Princess Sarvath's mother, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah , came from the prominent Suhrawardy family of Undivided Bengal . She was the daughter of Hassan Suhrawardy and first cousin of former Prime Minister of undivided Pakistan , Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy . Prince El Hassan and Begum Sarvath Ikramullah first met in London in 1958, when they were both mere children. Their families knew each other very well and they played together as children. In

428-532: A generation of poets and writers influenced by their experiences in the war. The work of poets, including Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon , exposed the contrast between the realities of life in the trenches and how the war was seen by the British public at the time and the earlier patriotic verse penned by Rupert Brooke . The German writer Erich Maria Remarque penned All Quiet on the Western Front , which has been adapted for several mediums and has become of

535-692: A government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict or to prevent one from arising. Substantial opposition to British war intervention in America led the British House of Commons on 27 February 1783 to vote against further war in America , paving the way for the Second Rockingham ministry and the Peace of Paris . Substantial antiwar sentiment developed in the United States roughly between

642-494: A native title into the Latin prīnceps (as for the hereditary ruler of Wales ) or when the lord's territory was allodial . The lord of an allodium owned his lands and exercised prerogatives over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage or duty as a vassal to a liege lord , nor being subject to any higher jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities during feudal eras were allodial, e.g.

749-428: A possible future military attack against Iran by the United States is known to have started during 2005–2006. Beginning in early 2005, journalists , activists and academics such as Seymour Hersh , Scott Ritter , Joseph Cirincione and Jorge E. Hirsch began publishing claims that United States' concerns over the alleged threat posed by the possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program might lead

856-603: A reigning monarch), Ukrainian and Russian : князь , romanized :  knyaz , etc., are usually translated as "prince" in English. Some princely titles are derived from those of national rulers, such as tsarevich from tsar . Other examples are (e) mirza (da), khanzada , nawabzada , sahibzada , shahzada , sultanzada (all using the Persian patronymic suffix -zada , meaning "son, descendant"). However, some princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of

963-509: A result of weariness with the length of the conflict and partly as a result of a conflating of the conflict with the unpopular war in Iraq. The anti-war position gained renewed support and attention in the buildup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and its allies. Millions of people staged mass protests across the world in the immediate prelude to the invasion, and demonstrations and other forms of anti-war activism have continued throughout

1070-454: A slash. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there

1177-605: A specific style other than prince has become customary for dynasts, such as fils de France in the House of Capet , and Infante . Infante was borne by children of the monarch other than the heir apparent in all of the Iberian monarchies. Some monarchies used a specific princely title for their heirs, such as Prince of Asturias in Spain and Prince of Brazil in Portugal. Sometimes

SECTION 10

#1733093799244

1284-782: A specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a region, e.g. Mian in various of the Punjabi princely Hill States (lower Himalayan region in British India). European dynasties usually awarded appanages to princes of the blood, typically attached to a feudal noble title, such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Britain's royal dukes , the Dauphin in France, the Count of Flanders in Belgium, and

1391-474: A spirit of nonconformism, peace, and anti-establishmentarianism. This anti-war sentiment developed during a time of unprecedented student activism and right on the heels of the Civil Rights Movement , and was reinforced in numbers by the demographically significant baby boomers . It quickly grew to include a wide and varied cross-section of Americans from all walks of life. The anti-Vietnam war movement

1498-778: A style for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition (e.g., " grand duke " in Romanov Russia or " archduke " in Habsburg Austria), claims dynastic succession to a lost monarchy (e.g. Prince de Tarente for the La Trémoïlle heirs to the Neapolitan throne ), or descends from a ruler whose princely title or sovereign status was not de jure hereditary, but attributed to descendants as an international courtesy, (e.g., Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan , Poniatowski , Ypsilanti ). In some dynasties,

1605-404: A title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating a seigneurie to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by the princes du sang and by the princes étrangers were generally tolerated by the king and used at the royal court, outside

1712-446: A title named for a specific and historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the "princedoms" of France's ancien régime , so resented for their pretentiousness in the memoirs of Saint-Simon . These included the princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and

1819-822: A treaty or a victory. Examples include: Eastern Europe In the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the titles of prince dated either to the times before the Union of Lublin or were granted to Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing nobility by granting them hereditary titles : see The Princely Houses of Poland . In Ukraine, landlords and rulers of Kievan Rus' were called князь ( knjazʹ ), translated as "prince". Similarly, foreign titles of "prince" were translated as knyaz in Ukrainian (e. g. Ivan Mazepa , "knyaz of Holy Roman Empire"). Princes of Rurik Dynasty obeyed their oldest brother, who

1926-665: A would-be attack on Iran. Anti-war/Putin demonstrations took place in Moscow "opposing the War in Donbass ", i.e., in Eastern Ukraine . In May 2021, protests broke out following a flare-up of the Israel–Palestine conflict . In the U.S., thousands gathered in at least seven major cities across the country in solidarity with Palestinians. The 2021 conflict lasted from 6 May until 21 May when

2033-468: Is a social movement , usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict . The term anti-war can also refer to pacifism , which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts, or to anti-war books, paintings, and other works of art. Some activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements . Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure

2140-504: Is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted) Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles): In Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Ukraine, Japan, Lithuania, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Belarus and Hungary

2247-495: Is accorded the masculine equivalent of her title (e.g., emperor, king), at least after he fathered her heir. In previous epochs, husbands of queens regnant were often deemed entitled to the crown matrimonial , sharing their consorts' regnal title and rank jure uxoris . However, in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives (e.g., four in Islam ) or official concubines (e.g., Imperial China , Ottoman Empire , Thailand ,

SECTION 20

#1733093799244

2354-1040: Is also a patron of the Post-War Reconstruction and Development Unit at the University of York , the Swiss Rights and Humanity non-profit organization, the British Institute in Amman , and the Woolf Institute , in addition to being a member of the Global Leadership Foundation , the Chairman the United Nations Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, the Advisory Board of British think tank Gold Mercury International ,

2461-502: Is also used in this sense in the United States Declaration of Independence . As a title, by the end of the medieval era, prince was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than those of or exercised fewer of the rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. A lord of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as a prince before the 13th century, either from translations of

2568-578: Is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy. It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization. It's crucial to use the proper title while speaking to members of the royal family because Brunei is an absolute monarchy , and inappropriate use might be uncomfortable. The heir apparent and crown prince , styled as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness),

2675-510: Is fluent in Arabic , English, French and German. He has a working knowledge of Turkish and Spanish, and studied Hebrew at university. In 1965, Hassan was named as Crown Prince of Jordan after the constitution was amended. He was frequently regent during his brother's absences from the country. During Hussein's final illness in January 1999, he was replaced by his nephew Abdullah three weeks before

2782-473: Is officially known as Pengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince); A blood prince is officially known as Pengiran Muda (Prince); their names are styled differently: If they do not have additional titles, the Sultan's sons are addressed as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness); The Pengiran Muda Mahkota's sons are addressed as Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness). Before Qin dynasty , prince (in

2889-547: Is often considered to have been a major factor affecting America's involvement in the war itself. Many Vietnam veterans , including future Secretary of State and U.S. Senator John Kerry and disabled veteran Ron Kovic , spoke out against the Vietnam War on their return to the United States. Mrs. Ngo Ba Thanh , a Vietnamese peace activist, aligned her Vietnamese Women's Movement for the Right to Live with international activists of

2996-512: Is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower. In the Joseon Dynasty , the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendants. The title was divided into two: the king's legitimate son used the title daegun (대군, 大君, literally "grand prince"), but any other male royals used the title gun (군, 君, lit. "prince"). These included the descendants of

3103-402: Is thus a younger brother of late King Hussein and uncle of the present King Abdullah II . Prince El Hassan is a descendant of Mohammed . His family is descended in patrilineage from Hassan, the elder of the two sons of Fatima Zahra and Ali , the daughter and son-in-law of Mohammed. {cite} More recent male-line ancestors served as Sharifs of Mecca. In the early 1900s, the kingdom of Hejaz

3210-676: Is usually translated as Huang Zi ( 皇子 , lit. Son of the Emperor) or Wang Zi ( 王子 lit., Son of the King), e.g. 查爾斯王子 (Prince Charles). As a title of nobility, prince can be translated as Qin Wang according to tradition, Da Gong (大公, lit., Grand Duke) if one want to emphasize that it is a very high rank but below the King ( Wang ), or just Zhu Hou ( 诸侯 , lit. princes) which refers to princes of all ranks in general. For example, 摩納哥親王 (Prince of Monaco). In Japan,

3317-1008: The Al al-Bayt University in Mafraq , the Hashemite Aid and Relief Agency , the Islamic Scientific Academy , the Triannual Conferences on the History and Archaeology of Jordan, the Amman Baccalaureate School , and the Al-Hassan Youth Award . He founded and chairs the Independent Bureau for Humanitarian Issues , Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues , the Higher Council for Science and Technology ,

Prince Hassan bin Talal - Misplaced Pages Continue

3424-785: The Club of Rome from 1999 to 2007, the board of directors for the Center for Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution at the University of Oklahoma , the Parliament of Cultures , the Royal Jordanian Polo Club , and the International Tolerance Foundation for Humanities and Social Studies , and is honorary president of the Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development since 2012. Prince El Hassan

3531-602: The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), it is surprising how great the resistance to Milošević's propaganda was among Serbs, given that and the lack of access to alternative news. The most famous associations and NGOs who marked the anti-war ideas and movements in Serbia were the Center for Antiwar Action , Women in Black , Humanitarian Law Center and Belgrade Circle . The Rimtutituki

3638-602: The Parlement of Paris . These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below ducal peerages , since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs: This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such as Fürst in German. An example of this is: Spain, France and Netherlands In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as

3745-566: The Princedom of Dombes . Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as princes in the general sense, especially if they held the rank of count or higher. This is attested in some surviving styles for e.g., British earls, marquesses , and dukes are still addressed by the Crown on ceremonial occasions as high and noble princes (cf. Royal and noble styles ). In parts of

3852-548: The Roman senate some centuries before the transition to empire , the princeps senatus . Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on the basis of principate , not dominion . He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them the title of princeps. The title has generic and substantive meanings: The original but now less common use of

3959-857: The Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies , the Foundation for Intercultural and Interfaith Research and Dialogue , the Arab Thought Forum since 1981, the Kawakibi Democracy Transition Center , and the West Asia – North Africa Forum (WANA Forum), and was chair of the Policy Advisory Commission for the World Intellectual Property Organization from 1999 to 2002. He has served as the president of

4066-556: The Russian Empire , were also accorded the title of knyazʹ —sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title of tsarevich (e.g. the Princes Gruzinsky and Sibirsky ). In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territory associated with it, each separated by

4173-638: The Vietnam War . The war in Iraq has also generated significant artistic anti-war works, including the American filmmaker Michael Moore 's Fahrenheit 9/11 , which holds the box-office record for documentary films, and the Canadian musician Neil Young 's 2006 album Living with War . Various people have discussed the philosophical question of whether war is inevitable, and how it can be avoided; in other words, what are

4280-492: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and Women Strike for Peace . Her imprisonment and publications about the war brought international attention to the social and economic issues created by the war and fostered international opposition to it. Her arrest and lack of a trial sparked Bella Abzug and WILPF members to write to the United States Congress and petition President Richard Nixon to appeal to South Vietnamese officials for her release, which

4387-424: The Zulu monarchy ), these women, sometimes collectively referred to as a harem , often have specific rules determining their relative hierarchy and a variety of titles, which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to the throne. To complicate matters, the style His/Her (Imperial/Royal) Highness , a prefix often accompanying

Prince Hassan bin Talal - Misplaced Pages Continue

4494-406: The bombing of Dresden in World War II , which Vonnegut witnessed. The second half of the 20th century also witnessed a strong anti-war presence in other art forms, including anti-war music such as " Eve of Destruction ", " And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda " and " One Tin Soldier ", and films such as M*A*S*H and Die Brücke , opposing the Cold War in general or specific conflicts such as

4601-436: The crown prince before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of consortium imperii . Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can formally abdicate in favour of his heir and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. Maha Upayuvaraja ( Sanskrit for Great Joint King in Cambodia ), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers. In several countries of

4708-545: The motivations for entering World War I, but many were willing to fight later in the Spanish Civil War , indicating that pacifism was not always the motivation. These trends were depicted in novels such as All Quiet on the Western Front , For Whom the Bell Tolls and Johnny Got His Gun . Opposition to World War II was most vocal during its early period, and stronger still before it started while appeasement and isolationism were considered viable diplomatic options. Communist-led organizations, including veterans of

4815-402: The post-war realignment , and the opposition resumed. The grim realities of modern combat, and the nature of mechanized society ensured that the anti-war viewpoint found presentation in Catch-22 , Slaughterhouse-Five and The Tin Drum . This sentiment grew in strength as the Cold War seemed to present the situation of an unending series of conflicts, which were fought at terrible cost to

4922-399: The "kingship" of Yvetot, among others. A prince or princess who is the head of state of a territory that has a monarchy as a form of government is a reigning prince. The current princely monarchies include: In the same tradition, some self-proclaimed monarchs of so-called micronations style themselves as princes: Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of

5029-441: The 18th century (although Liechtenstein long remained an exception, with cadets and females using Fürst/Fürstin into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by a Fürst in Germany. The custom spread through the Continent to such an extent that a renowned imperial general who belonged to a cadet branch of a reigning ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic title, " Prince Eugene of Savoy ". Note that

5136-509: The Count of Syracuse in Sicily . Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g. Prince of Achaia (Courtenay), Prince de Condé (Bourbon), Prince of Carignan (Savoy), but it was the fact that their owners were of princely rank rather than that they held a princely title which was the source of their pre-eminence. For the often specific terminology concerning an heir apparent, see Crown prince . Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of

5243-452: The Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency , Mohamed ElBaradei , a former United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq , Scott Ritter , Nobel Prize winners including Shirin Ebadi , Mairead Corrigan-Maguire and Betty Williams , Harold Pinter and Jody Williams , Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament , Code Pink , the Non-Aligned Movement of 118 states, and the Arab League , have publicly stated their opposition to

5350-422: The European continent, such as France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of nobility or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual territory and without any necessary link to the royal family , which makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal princes. France and the Holy Roman Empire The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as

5457-492: The First World War to the best of his abilities. With the increasing mechanization of war, opposition to its horrors grew, particularly in the wake of the First World War. European avant-garde cultural movements such as Dada were explicitly anti-war. The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 gave the American authorities the right to close newspapers and jailed individuals for having anti-war views. On 16 June 1918, Eugene V. Debs made an anti-war speech and

SECTION 50

#1733093799244

5564-408: The Holy Roman Empire in which primogeniture did not prevail (e.g., Germany), all legitimate agnates had an equal right to the family's hereditary titles. While titles such as emperor , king , and elector could only be legally occupied by one dynast at a time, holders of such other titles as duke , margrave , landgrave , count palatine , and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding

5671-454: The Independent Eminent Experts group of the World Conference against Racism , Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia , and Related Intolerance. Prince El Hassan supports ecocide becoming a crime at the International Criminal Court stating Ecocide would need to be a true ICC crime inline with the Rome Statute and in harnessing the power of international criminal law for the protection of our shared global government.' In 2002, Prince El Hassan

5778-410: The Informal Advisory Group to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor , the International Board of the Council on Foreign Relations , the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute , the Trilateral Commission , the Advisory Council for Research of the Center for Democracy and Community Development (since 2010), and

5885-404: The Islamic and Western Worlds are crucial at a time when we seem to be drifting apart, with perceived differences appearing to overwhelm the many things we have in common, both culturally and religiously." Prince The Latin word prīnceps (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, lit.   ' the one who takes the first [place/position] ' ), became the usual title of the informal leader of

5992-465: The King assigned Crown Prince El Hassan a range of powers and authority to act as regent. With his newly gained powers, Hassan exercised a number of steps to consolidate his position as heir and future king, which included: (1) "orchestrating the removal of the [unpopular] government" of Abdelsalam Majali and appointing former Royal Court chief Fayez al-Tarawneh in his place, (2) organizing dialogue and reconciliation with opposition groups, most prominently

6099-677: The Muslim Brotherhood, and (3) attempting to effect changes at the top of the military. Hassan's attempted changes to the top hierarchy of the military angered King Hussein and led him to resume full duties as king. It is also a commonly cited reason for Hassan's removal as crown prince on 24 January 1999. Hassan's removal took shape through a 14-page typed letter, described by American historian W. Andrew Terrill as "extremely harsh", in which King Hussein expressed "unmistakable disappointment in Crown Prince El Hassan" and ordered his replacement with Hussein's son Abdullah. Terrill describes King Hussein as perhaps having felt that Hassan had "interest in shifting

6206-400: The Spanish Civil War, opposed the war during the period starting with the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact but then turned into hawks after Germany invaded the Soviet Union . The war seemed, for a time, to set anti-war movements at a distinct social disadvantage; very few, mostly ardent pacifists , continued to argue against the war and its results at the time. However, the Cold War followed with

6313-502: The US government to take military action against that country in the future. These reports, and the concurrent escalation of tensions between Iran and some Western governments, prompted the formation of grassroots organisations, including Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran in the US and the United Kingdom , to oppose potential military strikes on Iran. Additionally, several individuals, grassroots organisations and international governmental organisations, including

6420-449: The West Bank in Palestine, and "uniting" both banks of the Jordan River, it was constitutionally renamed the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", commonly referred to nowadays as Kingdom of Jordan . In 1968, Prince El Hassan married Sarvath Ikramullah , whose family belongs to the feudal aristocracy of Bhopal state in central India. Her father, Mohammed Ikramullah , was an Indian politician who chose to move to Pakistan at Partition and became

6527-403: The board of directors of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (since 2002), the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue (FIIRD) at University of Geneva , Switzerland, the Executive Committee of the International Crisis Group , the International Advisory Board of Forum 2000 , the Committee of Personalities of Institut Catala De La Mediterrania ,

SECTION 60

#1733093799244

6634-403: The book as "photography as shock therapy" that was designed to "horrify and demoralize". It was in the 1930s that the Western anti-war movement took shape, to which the political and organizational roots of most of the existing movement can be traced. Characteristics of the anti-war movement included opposition to the corporate interests perceived as benefiting from war, to the status quo which

6741-688: The ceasefire, protests continued into June, with, for example, protestors in Oakland , California, attempting to block an Israeli cargo ship from entering the Port of Oakland on 4 June. Beginning in 2022, the anti-war movement was renewed following tensions between Russia and Ukraine . Protests escalated on 24 February 2022, after Russia invaded Ukraine. Russian President Vladimir Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations. As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people, including Russian opposition politicians and journalists, had been prosecuted under Russia's "fake news" laws for criticizing

6848-416: The changing style of combat: away from the set engagement, and towards two armies engaging in continuous battle over a wide area. William Thomas Stead formed an organization against the Second Boer War , the Stop the War Committee . In Britain, in 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Camp , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army Lord Kitchener

6955-466: The dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and/or office of the monarch, e.g. as regent or viceroy . Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g. " prince-president " for Napoleon III as French head of state but not yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" in Luxembourg , repeatedly filled by

7062-493: The end of the War of 1812 and the commencement of the Civil War in what is called the Antebellum era . A similar movement developed in England during the same period. The movement reflected both strict pacifist and more moderate non-interventionist positions. Many prominent intellectuals of the time, including Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David Thoreau ( see Civil Disobedience ) and William Ellery Channing contributed literary works against war. Other names associated with

7169-409: The end of the 17th century, the heir apparent to the House of La Tour d'Auvergne 's sovereign duchy bears the title Prince de Bouillon , but he would record in 1728 that the heir's La Tour cousin, the Count of Oliergues, is " known as the Prince Frederick" (" dit le prince Frédéric"). The post-medieval rank of gefürsteter Graf (princely count) embraced but elevated the German equivalent of

7276-409: The former highest title which was then replaced by Huang Di ( 皇帝 , lit. Emperor). Since Western Jin , the Wang rank was divided into two ranks, Qin Wang ( 親王 , lit. King of the Blood) and Jun Wang ( 郡王 , lit. King of the Commandery). Only family of the Emperor can be entitled Qin Wang , so prince is usually translated as Qin Wang , e.g. 菲利普親王 (Prince Philip). For the son of the ruler, prince

7383-414: The habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a Fürst would become known as Prinzen . The husband of a queen regnant is usually titled " prince consort " or simply "prince", whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent (e.g., empress, queen) of their husband's title. In Brazil, Portugal and Spain, however, the husband of a female monarch

7490-406: The historical boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire . In medieval and early modern Europe , there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, and Gaelic Ireland . In this sense, "prince" is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or precise rank. This is the Renaissance use of the term found in Niccolò Machiavelli 's famous work, Il Principe . It

7597-425: The intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown ( de jure after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the minting of money; the muster of military troops and the right to wage war and contract treaties ; local judicial authority and constabulary enforcement; and

7704-487: The king died. Abdullah subsequently inherited the throne of Jordan. In 2009, he joined the project "Soldiers of Peace", a film against all wars and for global peace . On 10 June 2013, he was appointed as the chairman of the advisory board on water and sanitation (UNSGAB) by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . As King Hussein was undergoing cancer treatment in mid-1998,

7811-514: The king up to the grandsons of illegitimate sons of the king and the crown prince, and up to the great grandsons of daegun s, with other royals being able to be named gun if they reached the second rank. But the title of gun wasn't limited to the royal family. It was also granted as an honorary title to the king's father-in-law and to gongsin (공신, 功臣, lit. "servant of merit") and was only conditionally hereditary for gongsin s. Anti-war movement An anti-war movement (also antiwar )

7918-740: The king would allow him to be enthroned by royal fiat, unlike Hamzah whose enthronement would require confirmation from the Jordanian Parliament. Prince El Hassan has been a very active participant in Jordanian and International civil society. He founded the Royal Scientific Society in 1970, the Annual Bilad Al-Sham Conference in 1978, and the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in 1980. He has also established

8025-452: The line of succession to his own family", which led to his dismissal as Crown Prince three weeks before Hussein's death. Crown Prince El Hassan's attempted consolidation of power led the sickly King Hussein to break off "intensive" treatments for lymphoma and fly back home to Jordan in order to address the issue. At first, the King attempted to negotiate with Hassan, placing the King's younger son Hamzah as Hassan's crown prince to ensure that

8132-422: The line of succession would not switch to Hassan's line. However, Hassan's Pakistani wife Sarvath vetoed the proposal, particularly because of her reported distaste for Hamzah's American-born mother Queen Noor and her desire to have her son Prince Rashid in the line of succession. King Hussein instead replaced Hassan with his own son Abdullah, who had backing within the military and whose position as eldest son of

8239-581: The loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments, but during the next four years, those of us who survived the holocaust-probably not more than one-quarter of us – learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it." Having voiced these sentiments did not hinder Smith-Dorrien's career, or prevent him from carrying out his duty in

8346-609: The mid-1960s, they married with the full consent of their families. They have four children together: Prince El Hassan was educated first in Amman. He then attended Sandroyd School in Wiltshire before going on to Summer Fields School , Oxford, followed by Harrow School in England, then Christ Church , a college of the University of Oxford , where he graduated BA with Honours in Oriental Studies and later proceeded to MA . Hassan

8453-455: The monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual substitution of the title of Prinz for the monarch's title of Fürst occurred, and became customary for cadets in all German dynasties except in the grand duchies of Mecklenburg and Oldenburg . Both Prinz and Fürst are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect not only different but mutually exclusive concepts. This distinction had evolved before

8560-523: The most massive protest called " The Black Ribbon March " in solidarity with people in Sarajevo . It is estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 people deserted from the Yugoslav People's Army , while between 100,000 and 150,000 people emigrated from Serbia refusing to participate in the war. According to professor Renaud De la Brosse, senior lecturer at the University of Reims and a witness called by

8667-545: The most often cited pieces of anti-war media. Pablo Picasso 's 1937 painting Guernica on the other hand, used abstraction, rather than realism, to generate an emotional response to the loss of life from the Condor Legion and Aviazione Legionaria 's bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War . The American author Kurt Vonnegut used science fiction themes in his 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five , depicting

8774-453: The most remarkable works of antiwar literature ever produced. A recurring theme in this movement was the call for the establishment of an international court to adjudicate disputes between nations. Another distinct feature of antebellum antiwar literature was the emphasis on how war contributed to a moral decline and brutalization of society in general. A key event in the early history of the modern anti-war stance in literature and society

8881-547: The movement include William Ladd , Noah Worcester , Thomas Cogswell Upham , and Asa Mahan . Many peace societies were formed throughout the United States, the most prominent of which being the American Peace Society . Numerous periodicals (such as The Advocate of Peace ) and books were also produced. The Book of Peace , an anthology produced by the American Peace Society in 1845, must surely rank as one of

8988-431: The name of their appanage to the family's original title. This tended to proliferate unwieldy titles (e.g. Princess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst ; Karl, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg ; or Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg ) and, as agnatic primogeniture gradually became the norm in the Holy Roman Empire by the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing

9095-456: The occupation. The primary opposition within the U.S. to the continued occupation of Iraq has come from the grassroots . Opposition to the conflict , how it had been fought, and complications during the aftermath period divided public sentiment in the U.S., resulting in majority public opinion turning against the war for the first time in the spring of 2004, a turn which has held since. The American country music band Dixie Chicks opposition to

9202-655: The outbreaks of the Yugoslav Wars , numerous anti-war movements developed in Serbia . The anti-war protests in Belgrade were held mostly because of opposition the Battle of Vukovar , Siege of Dubrovnik and Siege of Sarajevo , while protesters demanded the referendum on a declaration of war and disruption of military conscription . More than 50,000 people participated in many protests, and more than 150,000 people took part in

9309-542: The princely title was used as a prefix to his Christian name, which also became customary. Cadets of France's other princes étrangers affected similar usage under the Bourbon kings. Always facing the scepticism of Saint-Simon and like-minded courtiers, these quasi-royal aristocrats' assumption of the princely title as a personal, rather than territorial, designation encountered some resistance. In writing Histoire Genealogique et Chonologique , Père Anselme accepts that, by

9416-491: The profit of particular interests. During the war, the New York Draft Riots were started as violent protests against Lincoln's Enrollment Act of Conscription to draft men to fight in the war. The outrage over conscription was augmented by the ability to "buy" one's way out, which could be afforded only by the wealthy. After the war, The Red Badge of Courage described the chaos and sense of death which resulted from

9523-599: The sense of royal family member) had no special title. Princes of the Zhou dynasty were specifically referred to as Wangzi (王子) and Wangsun (王孫), which mean "son of the king" and "grandson of the king," while princes of the vassal states were referred to as Gongzi (公子) and Gongsun (公孫), which mean "son of the lord" and "grandson of the lord," respectively. Sons of the vassals may receive nobility titles like Jun (君), Qing (卿), Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕). Since Han dynasty , royal family members were entitled Wang ( 王 , lit. King),

9630-731: The title Kōshaku ( 公爵 ) was used as the highest title of Kazoku ( 華族 Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution. Kōshaku , however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household: Shinnō ( 親王 literally, Prince of the Blood); Naishinnō ( 内親王 lit., Princess of the Blood in her own right); and Shinnōhi 親王妃 lit., Princess Consort); or Ō ( 王 lit., Prince); Jyo-Ō ( 女王 lit., Princess (in her own right)); and Ōhi ( 王妃 lit., Princess Consort). The former

9737-676: The title of prince has also been used as the highest title of nobility (without membership in a ruling dynasty), above the title of duke , while the same usage (then as Fürst ) has occurred in Germany and Austria but then one rank below the title of duke and above count . The above is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti). Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so,

9844-572: The title of a dynastic prince, may be awarded/withheld separately (as a compromise or consolation prize, in some sense, e.g., Duke of Cádiz , Duchess of Windsor , Princesse de Réthy , Prince d'Orléans-Braganza ). Although the arrangement set out above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems. Depending on country, epoch, and translation, other usages of "prince" are possible. Foreign-language titles such as Italian : principe , French : prince , German : Fürst , German: Prinz (non-reigning descendant of

9951-695: The war caused many radio stations to stop playing their records, but who were supported in their anti-war stance by the equally anti-war country music legend Merle Haggard , who in the summer of 2003 released a song critical of US media coverage of the Iraq War. Anti-war groups protested during both the Democratic National Convention and 2008 Republican National Convention protests held in Saint Paul, Minnesota , in September 2008. Organised opposition to

10058-515: The war in Ukraine. Multiple protests against the war took place around the world since the start of the Israel–Hamas war , in support of Palestine mostly. English poet Robert Southey 's 1796 poem After Blenheim is an early modern example of anti-war literature that was written generations after the Battle of Blenheim but while Britain was again at war against France. World War I produced

10165-474: The word was the application of the Latin word prīnceps , from late Roman law and the classical system of government that eventually gave way to the European feudal society. In this sense, a prince is a ruler of a territory that is sovereign or quasi-sovereign, i.e., exercising substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of independent nations, such as the immediate states within

10272-666: The younger generations. Organized opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began slowly and in small numbers in 1964 on various college campuses in the United States and quickly as the war grew deadlier. In 1967 a coalition of antiwar activists formed the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam which organized several large anti-war demonstrations between the late 1960s and 1972. Counter-cultural songs, organizations, plays and other literary works encouraged

10379-958: Was a rock supergroup featuring Ekatarina Velika , Električni Orgazam and Partibrejkers members, which was formed at the petition signing against mobilization in Belgrade. NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War triggered debates over the legitimacy of the intervention . About 2,000 Serbian Americans and anti-war activists protested in New York City against NATO airstrikes, while more than 7,000 people protested in Sydney . The most massive protests were held in Greece , and demonstrations were also held in Italian cities, London, Moscow, Toronto , Berlin , Stuttgart , Salzburg and Skopje . There

10486-514: Was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917. He was convicted, sentenced to serve ten years in prison, but President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence on 25 December 1921. In 1924, Ernst Friedrich published Krieg dem Krieg! ( War Against War! ): an album of photographs drawn from German military and medical archives from the first world war. In Regarding the Pain of Others Sontag describes

10593-538: Was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of York , in recognition of his contribution to the field of post-war reconstruction and development. In 2004 he was awarded an honorary fellowship by York St John University , for his lifelong contribution to peace initiatives in the Middle East, humanitarian projects and inspirational leadership in interfaith dialogue. The 2008 Abraham Geiger Award, named after liberal thinker of Judaism Abraham Geiger (1810–1874),

10700-695: Was conferred upon Prince El Hassan bin Talal. The award ceremony was held in Berlin on 4 March 2008. Past recipients include Cardinal Karl Lehmann , Alfred Grosser , Emil Fackenheim and Susannah Heschel. "Honouring the President Emeritus of the World Conference of Religions for Peace underlines Prince El Hassan's courage in defending pluralism , promoting understanding among different cultures and enhancing dialogue between Jews , Muslims and Christians. The Prince's efforts to promote understanding between

10807-526: Was initially little opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War in the United States and the United Kingdom , which was seen as a response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks and was supported by most of the American public. Most vocal opposition came from pacifist groups and groups promoting a left-wing political agenda. Over time, opposition to the war in Afghanistan has grown more widespread, partly as

10914-562: Was set up in western Arabia by the Western powers in order to torment the Ottoman empire , and Hassan's great-grandfather, already Grand Sharif of Mecca, was made king of this state. That kingdom did not last long, being soon conquered by Al Saud . However, one of the sons of the Grand Sharif, Prince El Hassan's grandfather, King Abdullah I, became king of Transjordan in 1946. In 1949, after annexing

11021-477: Was taking the title of Grand Prince of Kiev . In 14th their ruling role was taken by Lithuanian princes, which used the title of Grand Prince of Lithuania and Ruthenia. With the rise of cossacks, many former Ukrainian princes were incorporated into the new cossack nobility . In the Russian system, knyaz was the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms were eventually annexed to

11128-468: Was the American Civil War , where it culminated in the candidacy of George B. McClellan for US president as a Peace Democrat against incumbent President Abraham Lincoln . The outlines of the antiwar stance are seen: the argument of the costs of maintaining the present conflict not being worth the gains that can be made, the appeal to end the horrors of war, and the argument of war being waged for

11235-414: Was to review the cadets , but the immenence of the war prevented him. General Horace Smith-Dorrien was sent instead. He surprised the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith, a Bermudian cadet who was present) "that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that

11342-762: Was trading the lives of the young for the comforts of those who are older, the concept that those who were drafted were from poor families and would be fighting a war in place of privileged individuals who were able to avoid the draft and military service, and to the lack of input in decision making that those who would die in the conflict would have in deciding to engage in it. In 1933, the Oxford Union resolved in its Oxford Pledge , "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country." Many war veterans , including US General Smedley Butler , spoke out against wars and war profiteering on their return to civilian life. Veterans were still extremely cynical about

11449-667: Was widely covered in the press. Campaigns opposing the war and conscription also took place in Australia. Opposition to the South African Border War spread to a general resistance to the apartheid military. Organizations such as the End Conscription Campaign and Committee on South African War Resisters, were set up. Many opposed the war at this time. Following the rise of nationalism and political tensions after Slobodan Milošević came to power, as well as

#243756