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70-484: Thomson Reuters launched Eikon in 2010 as a replacement for Reuters 3000 Xtra , Reuters’ earlier platform. At the end of 2013, an Eikon subscription was reported to cost from $ 300 to $ 1,800 per month, the average setup being around $ 800 per month. In October 2018 Eikon was transferred to Refinitiv as a result of a larger deal between Blackstone and the Financial & Risk business of Thomson Reuters. Under pressure from

140-580: A board of directors drawn from the Exchange's executive, customer, and user base; and the trading name became "The London Stock Exchange". The FTSE 100 Index (pronounced "Footsie 100") was launched by a partnership of the Financial Times and the Stock Exchange on 3 January 1984. This turned out to be one of the most useful indices of all, and tracked the movements of the 100 leading companies listed on

210-578: A dual-listed company ("DLC") structure and had two parent companies, both of which were publicly listed — Thomson Reuters Corporation and Thomson Reuters plc. In 2009, it unified its dual listed company structure and stopped its listing on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . As of October 2022, it is listed only as Thomson Reuters Corporation on the New York Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange (symbol: TRI). Thomson Reuters

280-603: A 2020 Financial Conduct Authority report, approximately 15% of British adults reported having investments in stocks and shares. The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham and Sir Richard Clough on the model of the Antwerp Bourse . It was opened by Elizabeth I of England in 1571. During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their perceived rude manners. They had to operate from other establishments in

350-551: A club and opened a new and more formal "Stock Exchange" in Sweeting's Alley. This now had a set entrance fee, by which traders could enter the stock room and trade securities. It was, however, not an exclusive location for trading, as trading also occurred in the Rotunda of the Bank of England. Fraud was also rife during these times and in order to deter such dealings, it was suggested that users of

420-674: A contract with the London Stock Exchange to provide stock prices from the continental exchanges in return for access to London prices, which he then supplied to stockbrokers in Paris. In 1865, Reuters in London was the first organization to report the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . The company was involved in developing the use of radio in 1923. It was acquired by the British National & Provincial Press in 1941, and it first listed on

490-479: A hack-for-hire company based in India, forcefully took a photograph of Kumar, a small scale Indian herbal businessman for an alleged hacker Sumit Gupta of Belltrox . Kumar had showed his identity proof that he is not the alleged hacker but one of the three journalists took his photograph and used in their story. The businessman was questioned by the police, suffered reputation damage and business loss, and later relocated to

560-412: A licence. It also set a fixed number of brokers (at 100), but this was later increased as the size of the trade grew. This limit led to several problems, one of which was that traders began leaving the Royal Exchange, either by their own decision or through expulsion, and started dealing in the streets of London. The street in which they were now dealing was known as ' Exchange Alley ', or 'Change Alley'; it

630-553: A new and bigger building was planned, at Capel Court. William Hammond laid the first foundation stone for the new building on 18 May. It was finished on 30 December when "The Stock Exchange" was incised on the entrance. In the Exchange's first operating years, on several occasions there was no clear set of regulations or fundamental laws for the Capel Court trading. In February 1812, the General Purpose Committee confirmed

700-468: A new licence ("ERL") allowing customers, for a monthly fee, to use Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) in applications for data sourced from Thomson Reuters' real time consolidated datafeed competitors to which they have moved. Historically, no single individual has been permitted to own more than 15% of Reuters, under the first of the Reuters Principles, which states, "Reuters shall at no time pass into

770-432: A new war. The main concerns included air raids and the subsequent bombing of the Exchange's perimeters, and one suggestion was a move to Denham , Buckinghamshire. This however never took place. On the first day of September 1939, the Exchange closed its doors "until further notice" and two days later World War II was declared. Unlike in the prior war, the Exchange opened its doors again six days later, on 7 September. As

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840-452: A set of recommendations, which later became the foundation of the first codified rule book of the Exchange. Even though the document was not a complex one, topics such as settlement and default were, in fact, quite comprehensive. With its new governmental commandments and increasing trading volume, the Exchange was progressively becoming an accepted part of the financial life in the city. In spite of continuous criticism from newspapers and

910-656: A small town. Reuters later admitted to an error of mistaken identity caused by the businessman's sharing of same address with the alleged hacker. London Stock Exchange The London Stock Exchange ( LSE ) is a stock exchange based in London , England. As of August 2023, the total market value of all companies trading on the LSE stood at $ 3.18 trillion. Its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Paul's Cathedral . Since 2007, it has been part of

980-635: Is a Canadian multinational information conglomerate . The company was founded in Toronto , Ontario, Canada and maintains its headquarters at 19 Duncan Street there. Thomson Reuters was created by the Thomson Corporation 's purchase of the British company Reuters Group on 17 April 2008. It is majority-owned by The Woodbridge Company , a holding company for the Thomson family of Canada. The forerunner of

1050-544: Is classified as a Multilateral Trading Facility (MTF) under the 2004 MiFID directive, and as such it is a flexible market with a simpler admission process for companies wanting to be publicly listed. The securities available for trading on LSE: Through the Exchange's Italian arm, Borsa Italiana , the London Stock Exchange Group as a whole offers clearing and settlement services for trades through CC&G (Cassa di Compensazione e Garanzia) and Monte Titoli.

1120-538: Is customizable by the user. The main desktop client runs on Microsoft Windows and lets users compose customized views on multiple screens. Refinitiv also provides data retrieval add-ons for Microsoft Office . Eikon provides access to real-time Tradeweb data for 20 fixed income and derivatives asset classes, including government bond markets , alongside market-related news from Reuters and other sources. Thomson Reuters Thomson Reuters Corporation ( / ˈ r ɔɪ t ər z / ROY -tərz )

1190-665: Is the Groups Central Counterparty and covers multiple asset classes throughout the Italian equity, derivatives and bond markets. CC&G also clears Turquoise derivatives. Monte Titoli is the pre-settlement, settlement, custody and asset services provider of the Group. Monte Titoli operates both on-exchange and OTC trades with over 400 banks and brokers. The LSE's trading platform is its own Linux -based edition named Millennium Exchange . Their previous trading platform TradElect

1260-811: The Sunday Times . He separately acquired the Times in 1967. He moved into the airline business in 1965, when he acquired Britannia Airways , and into oil and gas exploration in 1971, when he participated in a consortium to exploit reserves in the North Sea . Following the death of Thomson, the company withdrew from national newspapers and broadcast media, selling the Times and the Sunday Times to Rupert Murdoch 's News International in 1981, and instead moved into publishing, buying Sweet & Maxwell in 1988. The company at this time

1330-646: The Clinton Foundation . Thomson Reuters owns and operates the Consolidated Lead Evaluation and Reporting ( CLEAR ) database, which scrapes personal and identifying data for use in law enforcement, corporate security, and fraud investigations. Per the company's marketing, CLEAR compiles public records, phone records, utility records, social media information, credit history , motor vehicle registration data, and automatic license plate reader scans to create files on its subjects. CLEAR has been

1400-671: The European Commission . On 19 February 2008, both the Department of Justice and the Commission cleared the transaction subject to minor divestments. The Department of Justice required the parties to sell copies of the data contained in the following products: Thomson's WorldScope, a global fundamentals product; Reuters Estimates, an earnings estimates product; and Reuters Aftermarket (Embargoed) Research Database, an analyst research distribution product. The proposed settlement further requires

1470-606: The Government of China , Refinitiv censored over 200 stories by Reuters covering the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , removing them from its Eikon platform for consumers in Mainland China. The company developed a "Strategic China filter" to block politically-sensitive stories from readers in Mainland China . Eikon includes a desktop client, mobile app and a Web interface, as well as APIs for programmatic access. The Eikon interface

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1540-533: The London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG, which the exchange also lists (ticker symbol LSEG)). Despite a post- Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange, the LSE was the most valued stock exchange in Europe as of 2023. According to the 2020 Office for National Statistics report, approximately 12% of UK-resident individuals reported having investments in stocks and shares. According to

1610-513: The Manchester and Liverpool stock exchanges were opened. Some stock prices sometimes rose by 10%, 20% or even 30% in a week. These were times when stockbroking was considered a real business profession, and such attracted many entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, with booms came busts, and in 1835 the "Spanish panic" hit the markets, followed by a second one two years later. By June 1853, both participating members and brokers were taking up so much space that

1680-439: The consumer price index ). In 2012, Thomson Reuters sold its Healthcare division to Veritas Capital , who renamed the business Truven Health Analytics . IBM Corporation acquired Truven Health Analytics on February 18, 2016, and merged it with IBM's Watson Health unit. On June 30, 2022, Francisco Partners announced the completion of acquiring Watson Health and launched a healthcare data company named Merative . Clarivate

1750-456: The American government and police in active criminal investigations and against threats to national security or public safety. In February 2020, a group of Thomson Reuters shareholders criticized the company's involvement with ICE for immigrant tracking. In 2020, three Reuters investigative journalists, Raphael Satter, Christopher Bing and Jack Stubbs, who were conducting an investigation about

1820-677: The Electronic Trading Service (SETS) was launched, bringing greater speed and efficiency to the market. Next, the CREST settlement service was launched. In 2000, the LSE's shareholders voted to become a public limited company, London Stock Exchange plc. The LSE also transferred its role as the United Kingdom's listing authority to the Financial Services Authority . EDX London , an international equity derivatives business,

1890-582: The Exchange for improved breathing space and to extend the August Bank Holiday to prohibit a run on banks, was hurried through by the committee and Parliament , respectively. The Stock Exchange ended up being closed from the end of July until the New Year, causing street business to be introduced again, as well as the "challenge system". The Exchange was set to open again on 4 January 1915 under tedious restrictions: transactions were to be in cash only. Due to

1960-538: The Exchange was now uncomfortably crowded, and continual expansion plans were taking place. Having already been extended west, east, and northwards, it was then decided the Exchange needed an entire new establishment. Thomas Allason was appointed as the main architect, and in March 1854, the new brick building inspired from the Great Exhibition stood ready. This was a huge improvement in both surroundings and space, with twice

2030-575: The Exchange. On 20 July 1990, a bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) exploded in the men's toilets behind the visitors' gallery. The area had already been evacuated and nobody was injured. About 30 minutes before the blast at 8:49 a.m., a man who said he was a member of the IRA told Reuters that a bomb had been placed at the exchange and was about to explode. Police officials said that if there had been no warning,

2100-429: The Financial & Risk division makes for over half of the company's revenue. Thomson Reuters competes with Bloomberg L.P. , in aggregating financial and legal news. Thomson Reuters subscriptions compete with open access alternatives, accessible through open data and open source aggregators such as Unpaywall , which can help counter the increase in subscription costs (+779% in the 1995–2015 period vs. 58% for

2170-448: The LSE merged with Borsa Italiana , creating London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). The Group's headquarters are in Paternoster Square . Paternoster Square was the initial target for the protesters of Occupy London on 15 October 2011. Attempts to occupy the square were thwarted by police. Police sealed off the entrance to the square as it is private property, a High Court injunction having previously been granted against public access to

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2240-679: The LSE: the main market and the alternative investment market. The main market is home to over 1,300 large companies from 60 countries. The FTSE 100 Index ("footsie") is the main share index of the 100 most highly capitalised British companies listed on the Main Market. The Alternative Investment Market is LSE's international market for smaller companies. A wide range of businesses including early-stage, venture capital -backed, as well as more-established companies join AIM seeking access to growth capital. The AIM

2310-606: The London Stock Exchange in 1984. Reuters began to grow rapidly in the 1980s, widening the range of its business products and expanding its global reporting network for media, financial and economic services. Key product launches included Equities 2000 (1987), Dealing 2000-2 (1992), Business Briefing (1994), Reuters Television for the financial markets (1994), 3000 Series (1996) and the Reuters 3000 Xtra service (1999). The Thomson Corporation acquired Reuters Group plc to form Thomson Reuters on 17 April 2008. Thomson Reuters operated under

2380-752: The Reuters Trust. Woodbridge will be allowed an exemption from the First Principle as long as it remains controlled by the Thomson family. The chief executive of the combined company is Steve Hasker, who was the chief executive for the professional division, and the chairman is David Thomson . In 2018, the company was organized around four divisions: Legal, Reuters News Agency, Tax & Accounting, and Government. Former divisions: Intellectual Property & Science, Financial & Risk, Thomson Healthcare, and Scholarly & Scientific Research. As of 2018,

2450-476: The Royal Exchange hosted all transactions where foreign parties were involved. The constant increase in overseas business eventually meant that dealing in foreign securities had to be allowed within all of the Exchange's premises. Just as London enjoyed growth through international trade, the rest of Great Britain also benefited from the economic boom. Two other cities in particular showed great business development: Liverpool and Manchester. Consequently, in 1836 both

2520-614: The Thomson company was founded in 1934 by Roy Thomson in Ontario as the publisher of The Timmins Daily Press . In 1953, Thomson acquired the Scotsman newspaper and moved to Scotland the following year. He consolidated his media position in Scotland in 1957, when he won the franchise for Scottish Television . In 1959, he bought the Kemsley Group, a purchase that eventually gave him control of

2590-478: The area of real-time market datafeeds, and particularly, whether customers or competitors were prevented from translating Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) to alternative identification codes of other datafeed suppliers (so-called 'mapping') to the detriment of competition. In December 2012, the European Commission adopted a decision that renders legally binding the commitments offered by Thomson Reuters to create

2660-637: The company also sold the Physician's Desk Reference to Lee Equity Partners . The company has been highly acquisitive, completing over 200 acquisitions between 2008 and 2018. This includes: Thomson Reuters has sponsored Canadian golf champion Mike Weir and the Williams Grand Prix Engineering Formula One team. It also sponsors Marketplace , a radio show from American Public Media . Thomson Reuters, among other media corporations, also donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to

2730-471: The databases and assets to quickly establish themselves as a credible competitive force in the marketplace in competition with the merged entity, re-establishing the pre-merger rivalry in the respective fields." These remedies were viewed as very minor given the scope of the transaction. According to the Financial Times , "the remedy proposed by the competition authorities will affect no more than $ 25m of

2800-483: The duration that a length of tallow candle could burn; these were known as "by inch of candle" auctions. As stocks grew, with new companies joining to raise capital, the royal court also raised some monies. These are the earliest evidence of organised trading in marketable securities in London. After Gresham's Royal Exchange building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London , it was rebuilt and re-established in 1669. This

2870-541: The financial data provision business of the combined company, and because of the threat to Reuters's reputation for unbiased journalism by the appearance of one majority shareholder. Pehr Gyllenhammar , Chairman of the Reuters Founders Share Company, explained that the Reuters Trust's First Principle had been waived for the Thomson family because of the poor financial circumstances that Reuters had been in, stating, "The future of Reuters takes precedence over

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2940-508: The financial industry "and the corrosive impacts of the ... sector on the world we live in" and activists also blocked entrances to HM Treasury and the Goldman Sachs office on Fleet Street . On 3 March 2022 the LSE declared it would suspend trading in GDR securities for Russian firms, subsequent to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . There are two main markets on which companies trade on

3010-598: The financial markets in the UK in 1986. The phrase "Big Bang" was coined to describe measures, including abolition of fixed commission charges and of the distinction between stockjobbers and stockbrokers on the London Stock Exchange, as well as the change from an open outcry to electronic, screen-based trading . In 1995, the Exchange launched the Alternative Investment Market , the AIM, to allow growing companies to expand into international markets. Two years later,

3080-534: The floor space available. By the late 1800s, the telephone, ticker tape , and the telegraph had been invented. Those new technologies led to a revolution in the work of the Exchange. As the financial centre of the world, both the City and the Stock Exchange were hit hard by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Due to fears that borrowed money was to be called in and that foreign banks would demand their loans or raise interest, prices surged at first. The decision to close

3150-478: The floor. Second, in March the London Stock Exchange formally merged with the eleven British and Irish regional exchanges, including the Scottish Stock Exchange . This expansion led to the creation of a new position of chief executive officer ; after an extensive search this post was given to Robert Fell. There were more governance changes in 1991, when the governing Council of the Exchange was replaced by

3220-461: The hands of any one interest, group or faction." However, that restriction was waived for the purchase by Thomson, whose family holding company, the Woodbridge Company currently owns 53% of the enlarged business. Robert Peston, business editor at BBC News , stated that this has worried Reuters journalists, both because they are concerned that Reuters' journalism business will be marginalized by

3290-481: The human toll would have been very high. The explosion ripped a hole in the 23-storey building in Threadneedle Street and sent a shower of glass and concrete onto the street. The long-term trend towards electronic trading platforms reduced the Exchange's attraction to visitors, and although the gallery reopened, it was closed permanently in 1992. The biggest event of the 1980s was the sudden de-regulation of

3360-552: The licensing of related intellectual property, access to personnel, and transitional support to ensure that the buyer of each set of data can continue to update its database so as to continue to offer users a viable and competitive product. The European Commission imposed similar divestments: according to the commission's press release, "the parties committed to divest the databases containing the content sets of such financial information products, together with relevant assets, personnel and customer base as appropriate to allow purchasers of

3430-492: The limitations and challenges on trading brought by the war, almost a thousand members quit the Exchange between 1914 and 1918. When peace returned in November 1918, the mood on the trading floor was generally cowed. In 1923, the Exchange received its own coat of arms , with the motto Dictum Meum Pactum , My Word is My Bond. In 1937, officials at the Exchange used their experiences from World War I to draw up plans for how to handle

3500-420: The long-term strategies of the joint company is to expand Borsa Italiana's efficient clearing services to other European markets. In 2007, after Borsa Italiana announced that it was exercising its call option to acquire full control of MBE Holdings; thus the combined Group would now control Mercato dei Titoli di Stato, or MTS. This merger of Borsa Italiana and MTS with LSE's existing bond-listing business enhanced

3570-468: The merger of Thomson Financial and Reuters. (The Lipper Fiduciary Services and Lipper FMI was purchased by Broadridge Financial Solutions in May 2015.) In 2009, Thomas Reuters acquired numerous companies, including data mining provider Streamlogics, tick data company Vhayu Technologies, European PR distribution group Hugin Group, Breaking Views , and Deloitte 's Abacus corporate taxation software. That year,

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3640-529: The new Thomson Reuters group's $ 13bn-plus combined revenues." The transaction was cleared by the Canadian Competition Bureau. In November 2009, the European Commission opened formal antitrust proceedings against Thomson Reuters concerning a potential infringement of the EC Treaty's rules on abuse of a dominant market position (Article 82). The Commission investigated Thomson Reuters' practices in

3710-404: The principles. If Reuters were not strong enough to continue on its own, the principles would have no meaning." He stated, not having met David Thomson but having discussed the matter with Geoff Beattie, the president of Woodbridge, that the Thomson family had agreed to vote as directed by the Reuters Founders Share Company on any matter that the trustees might deem to threaten the five principles of

3780-482: The public, the government used the Exchange's organised market (and would most likely not have managed without it) to raise the enormous amount of money required for the wars against Napoleon. After the war and facing a booming world economy, foreign lending to countries such as Brazil, Peru and Chile was a growing market. Notably, the Foreign Market at the Exchange allowed for merchants and traders to participate, and

3850-523: The square. The protesters moved nearby to occupy the space in front of St Paul's Cathedral . The protests were part of the global Occupy movement . On 25 April 2019, the final day of the Extinction Rebellion disruption in London, 13 activists glued themselves together in a chain, blocking the entrances of the LSE. The protesters were all later arrested on suspicion of aggravated trespass. Extinction Rebellion had said its protesters would target

3920-412: The stock room pay an increased fee. This was not met well and ultimately, the solution came in the form of annual fees and turning the Exchange into a Subscription room. The Subscription room created in 1801 was the first regulated exchange in London, but the transformation was not welcomed by all parties. On the first day of trading, non-members had to be expelled by a constable. In spite of the disorder,

3990-464: The subject of numerous lawsuits alleging invasions of privacy and other violations of civil liberties. In November 2019, two groups of legal scholars and human rights activists called on Thomson Reuters to cease providing U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Palantir Technologies access to information through CLEAR, which has enabled the deportation of illegal immigrants . A company representative replied that Thomson Reuters will help

4060-489: The top, and middle floors let out to affiliate companies. Queen Elizabeth II opened the building on 8 November 1972; it was a new City landmark, with its 23,000 sq ft (2,100 m ) trading floor. 1973 marked a year of changes for the Stock Exchange. First, two trading prohibitions were abolished. A report from the Monopolies and Mergers Commission recommended the admittance of both women and foreign-born members on

4130-415: The vicinity, notably Jonathan's Coffee-House . At that coffee house, a broker named John Castaing started listing the prices of a few commodities including salt, coal, paper, and exchange rates in 1698. Originally, this was not a daily list and was only published a few days of the week. This list and activity was later moved to Garraway's coffee house. Public auctions during this period were conducted for

4200-425: The war escalated into its second year, the concerns for air raids were greater than ever. Eventually, on the night of 29 December 1940, one of the greatest fires in London's history took place. The Exchange's floor was hit by a clutch of incendiary bombs , which were extinguished quickly. Trading on the floor was now drastically low and most was done over the phone to reduce the possibility of injuries. The Exchange

4270-429: Was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of stock exchange. The Royal Exchange housed not only brokers but also merchants and merchandise. This was the birth of a regulated stock market, which had teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. In order to regulate these, Parliament passed an Act in 1697 that levied heavy penalties, both financial and physical, on those brokering without

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4340-568: Was announced that the LSE would merge with the Deutsche Börse ; however this fell through. On 23 June 2007, the LSE announced that it had agreed on the terms of a recommended offer to the shareholders of the Borsa Italiana S.p.A. The merger of the two companies created a leading diversified exchange group in Europe. The combined group was named the London Stock Exchange Group, but still remained two separate legal and regulatory entities. One of

4410-479: Was based on Microsoft's .NET Framework , and was developed by Microsoft and Accenture. Despite TradElect only being in use for about two years, after suffering multiple periods of extended downtime and unreliability the LSE announced in 2009 that it was planning to switch to Linux in 2010. The main market migration to MillenniumIT technology was successfully completed in February 2011. The previous system, SETS,

4480-474: Was created in 2003 in partnership with OM Group. The Exchange also acquired Proquote Limited, a new generation supplier of real-time market data and trading systems. The old Stock Exchange Tower became largely redundant with Big Bang, which deregulated many of the LSE's activities: computerised systems and dealing rooms replaced face-to-face trading. In 2004, the LSE moved to a brand-new headquarters in Paternoster Square , close to St Paul's Cathedral . In 2007,

4550-590: Was formerly the Intellectual Property and Science division of Thomson Reuters. Before 2008, it was known as Thomson Scientific. In 2016, Thomson Reuters struck a $ 3.55 billion deal in which they spun it off as an independent company, and sold it to private-equity firms Onex Corporation and Baring Private Equity Asia . In 1998, Reuters Group plc acquired Lipper Analytical as a wholly owned subsidiary. Lipper became part of Thomson Reuters in April 2008, following

4620-612: Was introduced in October 1997 and used until 2007. The London Market Information Link, a COBOL application running on a HP Tandem server was used to disseminate market data to terminals before being replaced by Infolect. The LSE facilitates stock listings in a currency other than its "home currency". Most stocks are quoted in GBP but some are quoted in EUR while others are quoted in USD. On 3 May 2000, it

4690-615: Was known as the International Thomson Organization Ltd (ITOL). In 1989, ITOL merged with Thomson Newspapers, forming the Thomson Corporation. In 1996, the Thomson Corporation acquired West Publishing , a purveyor of legal research and services (including Westlaw ). The company was founded in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in London as a business transmitting stock market quotations. Reuter set up his "Submarine Telegraph" office in October 1851 and negotiated

4760-484: Was only closed for one more day during wartime, in 1945 due to damage from a V-2 rocket . Nonetheless, trading continued in the house's basement. After decades of uncertain if not turbulent times, stock market business boomed in the late 1950s. This spurred multiple officials to find new, more suitable accommodation. The work on the new Stock Exchange Tower began in 1967. The Exchange's new 321 feet (98 metres) high building had 26 storeys with council and administration at

4830-416: Was ranked first in Interbrand's 2010 ranking of Canadian corporate brands. In February 2013, Thomson Reuters announced it would cut 2,500 jobs to cut costs in its legal, financial and risk divisions. In October 2013, Thomson Reuters announced it would cut another 3,000 jobs, mostly in those same three divisions. The Thomson-Reuters merger transaction was reviewed by the U.S. Department of Justice and by

4900-460: Was suitably placed close to the Bank of England . Parliament tried to regulate this and ban the unofficial traders from the Change streets. Traders became weary of "bubbles" when companies rose quickly and fell, so they persuaded Parliament to pass a clause preventing "unchartered" companies from forming. After the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), trade at Jonathan's Coffee House boomed again. In 1773, Jonathan, together with 150 other brokers, formed

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