61-687: Eeragh Lighthouse is an active lighthouse located on Rock Island, one of the Brannock Islands, part of the Aran Islands archipelago in County Galway , Ireland. It marks the north-western entrance to Galway Bay and the port of Galway known as the North Sound. Due to its location it is also known as the Aran North Lighthouse . The lighthouse on Inisheer at the south-eastern end of the islands
122-493: A backup diesel generator. The TMG proved to be very useful in maintaining the battery charge, but its maintenance overheads meant that it was eventually replaced with a wind generator in 1983. In 2006 the light was switched to one powered by solar panels and its range reduced to 18 nautical miles. The tower made of tough limestone was originally painted white with two red bands, but in 1932 the bands were painted black. The lighthouse tower and associated houses are all listed within
183-455: A burial site called Cnoc Raithní was discovered which dates back to 1500 BC. This is the earliest evidence of human settlement of the island. Saint Caomhán , the patron saint of Inisheer, according to some traditions, was the elder brother of Kevin of Glendalough . The ruins of Teampall Chaomháin in Inisheer cemetery have to be uncovered annually as the floor of it is well below the level of
244-573: A connecting bus from Galway city. The airline announced that it would cease all flights in December 2018, but an agreement was reached to continue the service until 30 September 2019. Ferries are also available to the Aran Islands from Doolin in County Clare (seasonal 1 April – 31 October). A road network exists on each of the islands, and a speed limit of 50 km/h (31 mph) applies. Cars on
305-403: A group of three islands at the mouth of Galway Bay , off the west coast of Ireland , with a total area around 46 km (18 sq mi). They constitute the historic barony of Aran in County Galway . From west to east, the islands are: Inishmore ( Árainn / Inis Mór ), which is the largest; Inishmaan ( Inis Meáin ), the second-largest; and Inisheer ( Inis Oírr ),
366-476: A more personal nature, being concerned with understanding the author's self as much as the culture around him. This third mode of being in Aran died out in the late 1970s due in part to the increased tourist traffic and in part to technological improvements made to the island, that relegated the above aspects to history. A literary product of this third kind of visitor is An Aran Keening , by Andrew McNeillie, who spent
427-420: A new optic was installed which used vaporized paraffin. In 1958 the characteristic was changed to a 1.2 second flash every 15 seconds. Following automation of the lighthouse in 1978, when the optics were replaced again, a number of different power sources were used to power the light. These included a Thermomechanical generator (TMG) which provided electricity to power the batteries for the revolving lamps, with
488-407: A technique used to grow potatoes and other vegetables. The same seaweed method also provided grazing grass within stone-wall enclosures for cattle and sheep, which in turn provided leather, wool, and yarn to make hide shoes, handwoven trousers, skirts and jackets, hand-knitted sweaters , shawls , and caps. The islanders also constructed unique boats for fishing, building their thatched cottages from
549-497: A year on Aran in 1968. Another, Pádraig Ó Síocháin , a Dublin author and lawyer, learning to speak Gaelic to the fluency of an islander, became inextricably linked to the Aran handknitters and their Aran sweaters , extensively promoting their popularity and sale around the world for nearly forty years. A fourth kind of visitor to the islands, still evident today, comes for spiritual reasons often connected to an appreciation for Celtic Christianity or more modern New Age beliefs,
610-433: Is designed to withstand the very rough seas that are typical of islands that face the open Atlantic . Indeed, the Aran fishermen are said to not learn to swim, since they would certainly not survive any sea that swamped a currach , so it would be better to drown quickly. Despite the undoubted strength of these boats, they are very vulnerable to puncture. The islanders were always totally self-sufficient. In calmer weather,
671-434: Is now a director for Brown Bag Films. The islands have historically attracted a number of artists. For example, starting in 1908, Harry Clarke spent a number of weeks each summer for six years on Inisheer, accompanied by friends and his future wife, Margaret Clarke (artist) . Sketches by and of Clarke exist from these trips, regarded as formative in his upbringing, as they marked the first occasions in which convalescing off
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#1732869324305732-500: Is the smallest and most easterly of the three Aran Islands in Galway Bay , Ireland . With 343 residents as of the 2022 census , it is second-most populous of the Arans. Caomhán of Inis Oírr is the island's patron saint . There are five small settlements: Baile Thiar, Chapeltown (Baile an tSéipéil), Castle Village (Baile an Chaisleáin), Baile an Fhormna and Baile an Lorgain. The island
793-666: The Census of Ireland. Census data in Ireland before 1841 are not considered complete and/or reliable. The island is reached by ferry from Rossaveal in Connemara and Doolin in County Clare as well as from the other Aran Islands. There is also a regional airport on each island which is served from Connemara Regional Airport by AerArann. A pier was opened in Doolin in June 2015 for commercial ferries serving
854-649: The Inisheer Rocket Crew , rescued the entire crew from the stricken vessel using a breeches buoy ; an event captured in a pictorial display at the National Maritime Museum in Dún Laoghaire . The following sites on the island are designated as National Monuments : The table below reports data on Inis Oírr's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and
915-578: The Namurian phase facilitated greater denudation. The result is that Inisheer is one of the finest examples of a Glacio- Karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the island overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier Karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by the last glacial period, so any Karstification now seen dates from approximately 10,000 years ago and
976-641: The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage , where it is noted “This lighthouse, with its typically flared walls and roof lantern, performed the critical function of safeguarding mariners along the coast around the west end of Aran. The accompanying lighthouse keepers' houses complete an interesting ensemble of maritime heritage interest.” Aran Islands The Aran Islands ( / ˈ ær ə n / ARR -ən ; Irish : Oileáin Árann , pronounced [əˈlʲaːnʲ ˈaːɾˠən̪ˠ] ) or The Arans ( na hÁrainneacha [n̪ˠə ˈhaːɾˠən̠ʲəxə] ) are
1037-541: The currachs would go out and spend the night fishing under the Cliffs of Moher , returning after dawn full with fish. Nowadays, they are only used inshore, tending lobster pots. More modern versions are still built for racing at the many local regattas , or cruinnithe up and down the west coast of Ireland during the summer. Conventional shoes cannot be worn, so the fishermen wear soft calf-skin moccasins called pampooties , made of goatskin, calfskin, or cowhide. Some of
1098-458: The 14th-century ' O'Brien's Castle ' are sited near the island's highest point. In 1582 the O'Flahertys of Connemara captured it. Today O'Flahertys still live on the island. In 1652 it was given to the Cromwellian invasion force and the O'Flahertys were defeated. They saw no use for it and the castle was partially dismantled, it has been unoccupied since. The cargo vessel MV Plassy , which
1159-432: The Aran Islands were "decoupled" from cultural developments that were at the same time radically changing other parts of Ireland and Western Europe. Though visitors of this third kind understood that the culture they encountered was intimately connected to that of Ireland, they were not particularly inclined to interpret their experiences as those of "Irishness". Instead, they looked directly towards ways in which their time on
1220-482: The Aran Islands, and find a life that has never been expressed in literature." In the second half of the 20th century, until perhaps the early 1970s, a third kind of visitor came to the islands. They came not necessarily because of the uniquely "Irish" nature of the island community, but simply because the accidents of geography and history conspired to produce a society that some found intriguing or even beguiling, and they wished to participate in it directly. At no time
1281-633: The Aran Islands. The islands were first populated in larger numbers probably at the time of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in the mid-17th century, when the Catholic population of Ireland had the choice of going "to hell or to Connacht ". Many fled to the numerous islands off the west coast of Ireland, where they adapted themselves to the raw climatic conditions, developing a survival system of total self-sufficiency. Their methods included mixing layers of sand and seaweed on top of rocks to create fertile soil,
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#17328693243051342-498: The Aran Islands. His 1904 play, Riders to the Sea , is set on Inishmaan. He published The Aran Islands in 1907, based on his journals. All six of his plays are either set in or heavily influenced by his time in Aran. The islands' geology is mainly karst limestone, related to the Burren in County Clare (to the east), not the granites of Connemara to the north. This is most obvious in
1403-883: The Burren, the Aran islands are renowned for their remarkable assemblage of plants and animals. The grikes (crevices) provide moist shelter, thus supporting a wide range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or alpine plants can be found, but when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants such as gentian and orchids. Notable insects present include butterflies— pearl-bordered fritillary Boloria euphrosyne , brown hairstreak Thecla betulae , marsh fritillary Euphydryas aurinia , and wood white Leptidea sinapis ; moths—the burren green Calamia tridens , Irish annulet Odontognophos dumetata , and transparent burnet Zygaena purpuralis ; and
1464-686: The Killeany monastery in Inishmore, AD 490. It became a centre of learning, piety, and asceticism. Also on Inishmore is Tempull Breccain , the fifth-century Church of Saint Brecan . A ringfort on Inisheer, called Dún Formna, became the site of a castle built by the O'Briens around the 14th century. Cromwell's soldiers destroyed the castle and all but two of the seven churches established by Brecan. The islands were briefly captured and held by Jacobite privateer Thomas Vaughan in 1693, whose crew plundered Protestant settlements there. The typical settlement
1525-526: The construction of the walls around the fields. The limestones date from the Viséan age of the Lower Carboniferous , formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals , crinoids , sea urchins , and ammonites . Glaciation following the Namurian facilitated greater denudation. The result is that the Aran Islands are one of
1586-411: The cost for Eeragh was £15,126.1s.7d. (equivalent to £1,822,660 as of 2023) with Inisheer being £14,252.2s.4d (equivalent to £1,717,345 as of 2023) Eeragh inherited the light characteristic from the Inishmore light of a 30s flash in a period of 3 minutes, using a flashing optic system from Wilkins of London, whereas Inisheer originally displayed a fixed white light using a Chance Brothers optic. In 1904
1647-459: The early-Christian period). Enda of Aran founded the first true Irish monastery near Killeany (Cill Éinne or Church of Enda). In time, a dozen monasteries were on Inishmore alone. Many Irish saints had some connection with Aran: St. Brendan was blessed for his voyage there; Jarlath of Tuam, Finnian of Clonard , and St. Columba called it the "Sun of the West". In total, 38 national monuments are on
1708-449: The finest examples of a Glacio- Karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the islands overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by the last glacial period. Any karstification now seen dates from around 11,000 years ago, so the island karst is recent. Solutional processes have widened and deepened
1769-487: The former of which finds sites and landscapes of importance on the islands. Finally, many thousands of visitors come for broadly touristic reasons , to see the ruins, hear Irish spoken (and Irish music played) in the few pubs on the island, and to experience the geology of cliffs. Some of these visitors create "travelogues" of note. Examples include Tim Robinson's Stones of Aran: Pilgrimage (1986) and Stones of Aran: Labyrinth (1995), and his accompanying detailed map of
1830-432: The gentian and orchids. Notable insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary ( Boloria euphrosyne ), brown hairstreak ( Thecla betulae ), marsh fritillary ( Euphydryas aurinia ) and wood white ( Leptidea sinapis ); the moths, the burren green ( Calamia tridens ), Irish annulet ( Gnophos dumetata ) and transparent burnet ( Zygaena purpuralis ); and the hoverfly Doros profuges . In 1885
1891-594: The grykes of the limestone pavement . Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat, pavement-like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of subterranean drainage. Huge boulders up to 50 m (160 ft) above the sea at parts of the west-facing cliffs are an extreme form of storm beach , cast there by waves. Previously considered as possible tsunami deposits, these coastal boulder deposits have recently been shown (by Rónadh Cox and collaborators) to be definitively
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1952-695: The highest point of the island also meant it could be obscured in poor weather conditions. Requests from the Revenue Commissioners to the Ballast Board, the predecessor of the Commissioners of Irish Lights to relocate the light went unheeded. But in 1850 the Galway Harbour Commissioners asked the Board to construct a new lighthouse at the north-west end of the islands. To meet this request, it
2013-451: The hoverfly Doros profuges . On the cliff tops, ancient forts such as Dún Aonghasa (Dún Aengus) on Inishmore and Dún Chonchúir (Fort of Conchobar ) on Inishmaan are some of the oldest archaeological remains in Ireland. A lacework of ancient stone walls across all three islands (1,600 km or 1,000 mi in all) encloses networks of small fields to contain local livestock. Also found are early clocháns (dry-stone beehive huts from
2074-487: The intellect appealed to Germany's Nazi party, who noticed it during the Berlin Festival in 1935. John Millington Synge 's The Aran Islands is a work that straddles these first two modes, being both a personal account and also an attempt at preserving information about the pre- (or il-) literate Aran culture in literary form. The motivations of these visitors are exemplified by W. B. Yeats ' advice to Synge: "Go to
2135-420: The island (like the neighbouring Burren ) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports diverse and rich plant growth. Late May is the sunniest time and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking (but orchid species blooming later). The islands support arctic , Mediterranean and alpine plants side-by-side, due to the unusual environment. Like
2196-682: The island Karst is thus recent. Solutional processes have widened and deepened the limestone pavement. Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat pavement-like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of subterranean drainage. The island has a temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C (59 °F) in July to 6 °C (43 °F) in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C (43 °F). Since grass will grow once
2257-437: The island. Islanders travel by foot or car around the island. Tourists can avail of tours/taxi trips by horse and trap. Irish is still today the daily language of the approximately 260 permanent residents. In addition, many school pupils from the mainland come to the island to learn Irish in an environment where it is a living language in the local college, Coláiste Laichtín during the months of June, July and August. Some of
2318-460: The islands are exempt from road-worthiness testing. Most visitors to the island hire bikes and an increasing number hire ebikes, as they are the most convenient way to see the islands. Visitors come in large numbers, particularly in the summer. Several Bronze Age and Iron Age forts and attractions are on the islands: One of the major figures of the Irish Renaissance , Liam O'Flaherty ,
2379-407: The islands put them in touch with more general truths about life and human relations, and they often took pains to live "as an islander", eschewing help from friends and family at home. Indeed, because of the difficult conditions they found—dangerous weather, scarce food—they sometimes had little time to investigate the culture in the more detached manner of earlier visitors. Their writings are often of
2440-424: The islands, but they likely came across in search of a safe haven from attack. The islands are made up of Carboniferous limestone and do not have naturally occurring topsoil. Early settlers augmented the soil with seaweed and sand from the shore. Drystone walls were built to protect the soil. Seven prehistoric stone forts are on the islands. Dún Aonghasa , on Inishmore, dates back to 1100 BC. Enda of Aran founded
2501-402: The islands. The islands are the home of the Aran sweater, which gained worldwide appeal during the 20th century. Many of the sweaters sold in the islands are made elsewhere in Ireland. The (modern) Aran version of the lightweight boat called the currach ( Aran Islands Dialect : kørəx, korəx ) is made from canvas stretched over a sparse skeleton of thin laths, then covered in tar . It
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2562-443: The limestone sea cliffs have attracted interest from rock-climbers , though the bigger islands of Inis Mór and Inis Meáin are more popular. Diving is possible. The island, including shots of the wrecked MV Plassy , is used to represent the fictional Craggy Island in the opening credits of the 1990s sitcom Father Ted . Inisheer is also the name of a well-known slow air written by Thomas Walsh from Dublin, after
2623-443: The limestone sea cliffs have attracted interest from rock-climbers . GAA sports such as Gaelic football , hurling , and Irish handball are the islands' main sports. The annual Red Bull cliff-diving world championships are held on Inishmore every year. Inisheer Inisheer ( Irish : Inis Oírr [ˈɪnʲɪʃ iːɾˠ] , Inis Thiar [ˈɪnʲɪʃ hiəɾˠ] or Inis Oirthir [ˈɪnʲɪʃ ˈɛɾʲhəɾʲ] )
2684-467: The mainland of Ireland was necessary for the artist. The cultural and physical history of the islands has made them the object of visits by a variety of writers. For example, Lady Gregory came to Aran in the late 19th century to learn Irish. At the start of the 20th century and throughout his life, Seán Keating spent time painting on the islands every year. Elizabeth Rivers also moved from London and lived in Aran, where she created two books of art and
2745-470: The mainland when they come of age. Year-round ferry passenger services exist. Aran Island Ferries operate a year-round service from Rossaveal in County Galway, connected by a bus service from Galway city . A heavy-cargo service operates several times a week from Galway Harbour , and is operated by Lasta Mara. Aer Arann Islands operates an air service from Inverin to Inishmore Airport , which has
2806-415: The materials available, or trading with the mainland. The Aran Islands are an official Gaeltacht , which gives full official status to Irish as the medium of all official services, including education. An unusually high rate of Irish-language monolingualism was found among senior natives until the end of the 20th century, in large part because of the isolating nature of the traditional trades practised and
2867-423: The natural isolation of the islands in general from mainland Ireland over the course of the islands' history. Young islanders can take their leaving examination at 18 on the islands, and then most leave for third-level education. Many blame the decline of Irish -speaking among young members of the island community on English-language television, available since the 1960s; furthermore, many younger islanders leave for
2928-643: The sand. In the Middle Ages, the island was ruled by the O'Brien dynasty who provided most of the Kings of Thomond . This rule was exercised before the Anglo-Irish settled in Connacht in the 1230s. The Tribes of Galway paid the O'Briens an annual tribute of twelve tuns of wine "in consideration of their protection and expenses in guarding the bay and harbour of Galway against pirates and coast plunderers." The remains of
2989-518: The smallest. There are also several islets . The population of 1,347 (as of 2022) primarily speak Irish , making the islands a part of the Gaeltacht . Most islanders are also fluent or proficient in English . The population has steadily declined from around 3,500 in 1841. The approaches to the bay between the Aran Islands and the mainland are: Little is known about the first inhabitants to cross over to
3050-450: The temperature rises above 6 °C (43 °F), this means that the island (like the neighbouring Burren ) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland, and supports diverse and rich plant growth. Late May is the sunniest time, and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking (but orchid species blooming later). The island supports arctic , Mediterranean and alpine plants side-by-side, due to
3111-523: The traditional local name Inis Thiar . The island is geologically an extension of The Burren . The terrain of the island is composed of limestone pavements with crisscrossing cracks known as "grikes", leaving isolated rocks called "clints". The limestones date from the Viséan period (Lower Carboniferous), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals , crinoids , sea urchins and ammonites . Glaciation following
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#17328693243053172-476: The unusual environment. Like the Burren, the Aran islands are known for their remarkable assemblage of plants and animals. The grikes (crevices) provide moist shelter, thus supporting a wide range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or alpine plants can be found. But when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like
3233-430: The work of storms. The islands have an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C (59 °F) in July to 6 °C (43 °F) in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C (43 °F) (the winter of 2010 recorded a prolonged period of snow, the first in living memory). Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C (43 °F), this means that
3294-524: Was a clachan , a scattered cluster of small, single-storey cottages with thatched roofs. Typical clothing for an Aran man was homespun trousers and waistcoats made of grey or light-brown tweed; for women, a calf-length woven skirt along with a knitted sweater. Aran knitters were highly skilled. In the 1820s, harvesting kelp was an important sideline to raise money for the land rents. Salvaging flotsam often produced wood for building and fuel. In 1898, John Millington Synge started spending his summers in
3355-459: Was also constructed at the same time. Eeragh and Inisheer both became operational in 1857. The first lighthouse on the Aran Islands was built in 1818 on Inishmore near Dun Oghil, but it became apparent that it was poorly positioned. Firstly, because it could not be seen at the hazardous ends of the Aran Islands chain, where the North and South Sound approaches were located, and secondly, its location on
3416-583: Was born in Gort na gCapall , Inishmore, on 28 August 1896. Máirtín Ó Díreáin , one of the most eminent poets in the Irish language , was also from Inishmore. Since 2000, Áras Éanna Arts Centre, Inisheer, has been welcoming artists in residence, both local and international, to stay and work on the inspirational Aran Islands for periods of one month. Clíodhna Lyons , born on the islands, is an Irish cartoonist, animator, and printmaker, who has created several comics and 'zines and
3477-579: Was determined that the best approach was to construct two lighthouses, one on Eeragh and the other, the Inisheer Lighthouse, at the south-eastern end of the island chain. The design of both lights was carried out by George Halpin Junior with construction starting in 1853. They were commissioned on 1 December 1857, with the Inishmore light being deactivated that same date. Daniel Crowe & Sons of Dublin constructed both lighthouses and associated buildings,
3538-487: Was herself visited by artists such as Basil Rakoczi . A further, related, kind of visitor was those who attempted to collect and catalogue the stories and folklore of the island, treating it as a kind of societal " time capsule " of an earlier stage of Irish culture. Visits of this kind include that captured in Robert J. Flaherty 's 1934 classic documentary Man of Aran . The film's depiction of man's courage and repudiation of
3599-469: Was originally called Árainn Airthir , and later Inis Oirthir , which are thought to mean "eastern Aran" and "eastern island" respectively. The second element is also found in the names Inishsirrer and Orior . According to Séamas Ó Murchú, the current official name, Inis Oírr , was brought into use by the Ordnance Survey Ireland . He says it may be a compromise between Inis Oirthir and
3660-454: Was shipwrecked off Inis Oírr on 8 March 1960, has since been thrown above the high tide mark at Carraig na Finise on the island by strong Atlantic waves. The wreck features in the opening credits of the TV show Father Ted . On the night of the wrecking, a young boy on the island spotted the grounded ship and ran to the village, where the alarm was raised. Approximately sixty islanders, including
3721-433: Was there a single "Aran" culture; any description is necessarily incomplete and can be said to apply completely only to "parts" of the island at certain points in time. Visitors who came and stayed, though, were mainly attracted to aspects of Aran culture such as its reliance on local oral tradition for entertainment and news, isolation, reliance on subsistence or near-subsistence, farming and fishing. For these reasons,
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