103-547: Edward Sagarin (September 18, 1913 – June 10, 1986), also known by his pen name Donald Webster Cory , was an American professor of sociology and criminology at the City University of New York , and a writer . His book The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach , published in 1951, was considered "one of the most influential works in the history of the gay rights movement ", and inspired compassion in others by highlighting
206-737: A 2011 television series on NBC , includes a lesbian Playboy Bunny in a lavender marriage with a gay man. The two are members of the Chicago Mattachine chapter. The Mattachine Steps , also known as the Cove Avenue stairway, is an outdoor staircase in Silver Lake , Los Angeles , dedicated to the Mattachine Society in 2012 in memory of its founder Harry Hay . In 2015, a gay bar called Bar Mattachine opened in downtown Los Angeles. The podcast " Making Gay History " (season 1, episode 7)
309-420: A Theme , an anthology of short stories dealing with homosexuality to which included pieces by Sherwood Anderson , Paul Bowles , Christopher Isherwood , Denton Welch , Charles Jackson , and Stefan Zweig . In 1958, Sagarin joined Brooklyn College , completing his BA in an accelerated program, and in 1961 he entered an MA program in sociology, where he wrote a thesis on The Anatomy of Dirty Words . Throughout
412-449: A bias on minority groups, without knowing for sure if they had committed a crime or not. British sub-cultural theorists focused more heavily on the issue of class , where some criminal activities were seen as "imaginary solutions" to the problem of belonging to a subordinate class. A further study by the Chicago school looked at gangs and the influence of the interaction of gang leaders under
515-491: A big yacht but does not have the means to buy one. If the person cannot exert self-control, he or she might try to get the yacht (or the means for it) in an illegal way, whereas someone with high self-control will (more likely) either wait, deny themselves of what want or seek an intelligent intermediate solution, such as joining a yacht club to use a yacht by group consolidation of resources without violating social norms. Social bonds, through peers , parents, and others can have
618-772: A breakdown in the social structure and institutions , such as family and schools. This results in social disorganization , which reduces the ability of these institutions to control behavior and creates an environment ripe for deviant behavior . Other researchers suggested an added social-psychological link. Edwin Sutherland suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older, more experienced criminals with whom they may associate. Theoretical perspectives used in criminology include psychoanalysis , functionalism , interactionism , Marxism , econometrics , systems theory , postmodernism , behavioural genetics , personality psychology , evolutionary psychology , etc. This theory
721-563: A chapter, however, and so instead named itself the Janus Society of Delaware Valley. In 1964 they renamed themselves the Janus Society of America due to their increasing national visibility. In January 1962 East Coast Homophile Organizations (ECHO) was established, with its formative membership including the Mattachine Society chapters in New York and Washington D.C., the Janus Society , and
824-470: A countering effect on one's low self-control. For families of low socio-economic status, a factor that distinguishes families with delinquent children, from those who are not delinquent, is the control exerted by parents or chaperonage . In addition, theorists such as David Matza and Gresham Sykes argued that criminals are able to temporarily neutralize internal moral and social-behavioral constraints through techniques of neutralization . Psychoanalysis
927-849: A dedicated member of the CPUSA for 15 years, stepped down as the Society's leader. Others were similarly ousted, and the leadership structure became influenced less by communism, replaced by a moderate ideology similar to that espoused by the liberal reformist civil rights organizations that existed for African Americans . The Mattachine Society existed as a single national organization headquartered first in Los Angeles and then, beginning around 1956, in San Francisco. Outside of Los Angeles and San Francisco, chapters were established in New York; Washington, D.C.; Chicago; and other locales. Due to internal disagreements,
1030-722: A demonstration that they would not tolerate interference, and any infringements on their rights would be addressed through legal means. On the eve of January 1, 1965, several homophile organizations in San Francisco, California - including Mattachine, the Daughters of Bilitis , the Council on Religion and the Homosexual , and the Society for Individual Rights - held a fund-raising ball for their mutual benefit at California Hall on Polk Street. San Francisco police had agreed not to interfere; however, on
1133-575: A differential opportunity for lower class youth. Such youths may be tempted to take up criminal activities, choosing an illegitimate path that provides them more lucrative economic benefits than conventional, over legal options such as minimum wage -paying jobs available to them. Delinquency tends to occur among the lower-working-class males who have a lack of resources available to them and live in impoverished areas, as mentioned extensively by Albert Cohen (Cohen, 1965). Bias has been known to occur among law enforcement agencies, where officers tend to place
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#17330928519921236-466: A document he referred to as "The Call". However, the men who had been interested at the party were less than enthusiastic the following morning. Over the next two years, Hay refined his idea, finally conceiving of an "international... fraternal order" to serve as "a service and welfare organization devoted to the protection and improvement of Society's Androgynous Minority". He planned to call this organization "Bachelors Anonymous" and envisioned it serving
1339-554: A gay-themed literary work each month. The Cory Book Service played a fundamental role in sparking the gay-rights movement in the US and helped other organizations such as the Mattachine Society and ONE magazine grow. It would change ownership multiple times and would send out recommendations of queer literature for 17 years. Sagarin continued using his pseudonym, and released a second publication in 1953 called Twenty-One Variations on
1442-472: A motivated offender, suitable target or victim, and lack of a capable guardian. A guardian at a place, such as a street, could include security guards or even ordinary pedestrians who would witness the criminal act and possibly intervene or report it to law enforcement. Routine activity theory was expanded by John Eck, who added a fourth element of "place manager" such as rental property managers who can take nuisance abatement measures. Biosocial criminology
1545-583: A new generation of activists, many of whom felt that the gay rights movement needed to endorse a larger and more radical agenda to address other forms of oppression, the Vietnam War , and the sexual revolution . Several unaffiliated entities that went under the name Mattachine eventually lost support or fell prey to internal division. In 1973 Hal Call opened the Cinemattachine, a venue showing both Mattachine newsreels and pornographic movies. The Cinemattachine
1648-404: A pattern to form a larger diamond. Harry Hay conceived the idea of a gay activist group in 1948. After signing a petition for Progressive Party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace , Hay spoke with other gay men at a party about forming a gay support organization for him called "Bachelors for Wallace". Encouraged by the response he received, Hay wrote the organizing principles that night,
1751-483: A person features those characteristics, the less likely he or she is to become deviant (or criminal). On the other hand, if these factors are not present, a person is more likely to become a criminal. Hirschi expanded on this theory with the idea that a person with low self-control is more likely to become criminal. As opposed to most criminology theories, these do not look at why people commit crime but rather why they do not commit crime. A simple example: Someone wants
1854-440: A person's creativity, leading to self-destructive behavior. Phillida Rosnick, in the article Mental Pain and Social Trauma, posits a difference in the thoughts of individuals suffering traumatic unconscious pain which corresponds to them having thoughts and feelings which are not reflections of their true selves. There is enough correlation between this altered state of mind and criminality to suggest causation. Sander Gilman , in
1957-556: A similar function and purpose as Alcoholics Anonymous . Hay met Rudi Gernreich in July 1950. The two became partners, and Hay showed Gernreich The Call. Gernreich, declaring the document "the most dangerous thing [he had] ever read", became an enthusiastic financial supporter of the venture, although he did not lend his name to it (going instead by the initial "R"). Finally on November 11, 1950, Hay, along with Gernreich and friends Dale Jennings and partners Bob Hull and Chuck Rowland, held
2060-453: A typical discussion group. Membership diversified, with more women and people from a broader political spectrum becoming involved. With that growth came concern about the radical left slant of the organization. In particular, Hal Call and others out of San Francisco along with Ken Burns from Los Angeles wanted Mattachine to amend its constitution to clarify its opposition to so-called "subversive elements" and to affirm that members were loyal to
2163-408: A woman who shared his left-wing political interests. They married in 1936 and soon after, Gertrude gave birth to a boy. Sagarin established himself in the perfume and cosmetics industry, becoming knowledgeable about the chemistry of perfumes, and publishing The Science and Art of Perfumery in 1945. Sagarin began a dual life, publishing The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach in 1951, which
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#17330928519922266-448: A workers' education project. In a 1976 interview with Jonathan Ned Katz, Hay was asked the origin of the name Mattachine. He mentioned the medieval-Renaissance French Sociétés Joyeuses : One masque group was known as the "Société Mattachine." These societies, lifelong secret fraternities of unmarried townsmen who never performed in public unmasked, were dedicated to going out into the countryside and conducting dances and rituals during
2369-531: Is a major cause of delinquency. Reinforcing criminal behavior makes it chronic. Where there are criminal subcultures , many individuals learn crime, and crime rates swell in those areas. The Chicago school arose in the early twentieth century, through the work of Robert E. Park , Ernest Burgess , and other urban sociologists at the University of Chicago . In the 1920s, Park and Burgess identified five concentric zones that often exist as cities grow, including
2472-479: Is a psychological theory (and therapy) which regards the unconscious mind, repressed memories and trauma , as the key drivers of behavior, especially deviant behavior. Sigmund Freud talks about how the unconscious desire for pain relates to psychoanalysis in his essay, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, . Freud suggested that unconscious impulses such as 'repetition compulsion' and a 'death drive' can dominate
2575-407: Is a reaction against the social norms of the middle class. Some youth, especially from poorer areas where opportunities are scarce, might adopt social norms specific to those places that may include "toughness" and disrespect for authority. Criminal acts may result when youths conform to norms of the deviant subculture. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin suggested that delinquency can result from
2678-515: Is an interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring both biological factors and environmental factors. While contemporary criminology has been dominated by sociological theories, biosocial criminology also recognizes the potential contributions of fields such as behavioral genetics , personality psychology , and evolutionary psychology . Various theoretical frameworks such as evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory have sought to explain trends in criminality through
2781-681: Is applied to a variety of approaches within the bases of criminology in particular and in sociology more generally as a conflict theory or structural conflict perspective in sociology and sociology of crime. As this perspective is itself broad enough, embracing as it does a diversity of positions. Social disorganization theory is based on the work of Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw of the Chicago School. Social disorganization theory postulates that neighborhoods plagued with poverty and economic deprivation tend to experience high rates of population turnover . This theory suggests that crime and deviance
2884-442: Is based on the utilitarian , classical school philosophies of Cesare Beccaria , which were popularized by Jeremy Bentham . They argued that punishment, if certain, swift, and proportionate to the crime, was a deterrent for crime, with risks outweighing possible benefits to the offender. In Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments, 1763–1764), Beccaria advocated a rational penology . Beccaria conceived of punishment as
2987-539: Is evidence of correlation, but not causation, between these personality traits and criminal actions. Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), an Italian sociologist working in the late 19th century, is often called "the father of criminology ". He was one of the key contributors to biological positivism and founded the Italian school of criminology . Lombroso took a scientific approach, insisting on empirical evidence for studying crime. He suggested physiological traits such as
3090-439: Is innate and within a person. Philosophers within this school applied the scientific method to study human behavior. Positivism comprises three segments: biological , psychological and social positivism . Psychological Positivism is the concept that criminal acts or the people doing said crimes do them because of internal factors driving them. Social Positivism, which is often referred to as Sociological Positivism, discusses
3193-508: Is its lack of recognition, its lack of respectability in the eyes of the public, and even in the most advanced circles. A research report by Alfred Kinsey et al. , Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948), had a beneficial effect on the reception of Sagarin's publication. In 1952, due to the success of The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach , Sagarin established a subscription book service called " Cory Book Service ", which chose
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3296-502: Is known as general strain theory . Following the Chicago school and strain theory, and also drawing on Edwin Sutherland 's idea of differential association , sub-cultural theorists focused on small cultural groups fragmenting away from the mainstream to form their own values and meanings about life. Albert K. Cohen tied anomie theory with Sigmund Freud 's reaction formation idea, suggesting that delinquency among lower-class youths
3399-529: Is saturated with dreams of opportunity, freedom, and prosperity—as Merton put it, the American Dream . Most people buy into this dream, and it becomes a powerful cultural and psychological motivator. Merton also used the term anomie , but it meant something slightly different for him than it did for Durkheim . Merton saw the term as meaning a dichotomy between what society expected of its citizens and what those citizens could actually achieve. Therefore, if
3502-434: Is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour . Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences , which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists , political scientists , economists , legal sociologists , psychologists , philosophers , psychiatrists , social workers , biologists , social anthropologists , scholars of law and jurisprudence , as well as
3605-669: Is valued within groups in society, 'subcultures' or 'gangs'. These groups have different values to the social norm . These neighborhoods also tend to have high population heterogeneity . With high turnover, informal social structure often fails to develop, which in turn makes it difficult to maintain social order in a community. Since the 1950s, social ecology studies have built on the social disorganization theories. Many studies have found that crime rates are associated with poverty, disorder, high numbers of abandoned buildings, and other signs of community deterioration. As working and middle-class people leave deteriorating neighborhoods,
3708-678: The Annual Reminder picket in Philadelphia. However, the film sets the Reminder earlier in the summer than it really was, predating the June 28 Stonewall riots . In 2002 Mattachine Midwest was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame . In 2009 the Mattachine Society and its founders became the subjects of the play The Temperamentals by Jon Marans . After workshop performances in 2009,
3811-458: The Daughters of Bilitis chapter in New York. ECHO was meant to facilitate cooperation between homophile organizations and outside administrations. In 1964, ECHO secured a $ 500 settlement from the Manger Hamilton hotel, following the abrupt cancellation of ECHO's conference at the hotel. This out-of-court resolution was presented by Frank Kameny as a clear message to the homophile community –
3914-433: The Daughters of Bilitis in the launching of that group's magazine, The Ladder , in 1956. The Daughters of Bilitis were an independent lesbian organization who occasionally worked with the predominantly male Mattachine Society. The Janus Society grew out of lesbian and gay activists meeting regularly, beginning in 1961, in hopes of forming a Mattachine Society chapter. The group was not officially recognized as such
4017-605: The Feast of Fools , at the Vernal Equinox . Sometimes these dance rituals, or masques, were peasant protests against oppression—with the maskers, in the people's name, receiving the brunt of a given lord's vicious retaliation. So we took the name Mattachine because we felt that we 1950s Gays were also a masked people, unknown and anonymous, who might become engaged in morale building and helping ourselves and others, through struggle, to move toward total redress and change. This French group
4120-559: The French Revolution , and the development of the legal system in the United States . The Positivist school argues criminal behaviour comes from internal and external factors out of the individual's control. Its key method of thought is that criminals are born as criminals and not made into them; this school of thought also supports theory of nature in the debate between nature versus nurture. They also argue that criminal behavior
4223-585: The Market Reduction Approach to theft by Mike Sutton , which is a systematic toolkit for those seeking to focus attention on "crime facilitators" by tackling the markets for stolen goods that provide motivation for thieves to supply them by theft. Routine activity theory, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen, draws upon control theories and explains crime in terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life. A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in time and place including
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4326-544: The Mods and Rockers in the UK in 1964, AIDS epidemic and football hooliganism ). Labeling theory refers to an individual who is labeled by others in a particular way. The theory was studied in great detail by Becker. It was originally derived from sociology, but is regularly used in criminological studies. When someone is given the label of a criminal they may reject or accept it and continue to commit crime. Even those who initially reject
4429-675: The Statistical Society of London on their studies of crime and its distribution. Henry Mayhew used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address social questions and poverty, and gave his studies in London Labour and the London Poor . Émile Durkheim viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of a society with uneven distribution of wealth and other differences among people. Differential association (sub-cultural) posits that people learn crime through association . This theory
4532-436: The " zone of transition ", which was identified as the most volatile and subject to disorder. In the 1940s, Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw focused on juvenile delinquents , finding that they were concentrated in the zone of transition. The Chicago School was a school of thought developed that blames social structures for human behaviors. This thought can be associated or used within criminology, because it essentially takes
4635-414: The 1960s, Cory remained one of the most conservative members of the Mattachine Society , and opposed the rejection of the "sickness theory" of homosexuality by some homophile leaders. His belief was that homosexuality was "a disturbance" that probably arose as a result of a pathological family situation. Around this time, Sagarin met Barry Sheer, a student at Fairleigh Dickinson University and author for
4738-402: The 1970s with the writings of James Q. Wilson , Gary Becker 's 1965 article Crime and Punishment and George Stigler 's 1970 article The Optimum Enforcement of Laws . Rational choice theory argues that criminals, like other people, weigh costs or risks and benefits when deciding whether to commit crime and think in economic terms. They will also try to minimize risks of crime by considering
4841-404: The 19th-century Italian School of "criminal anthropology", which according to the historian Mary Gibson "caused a radical refocusing of criminological discussion throughout Europe and the United States from law to the criminal. While this 'Italian School' was in turn attacked and partially supplanted in countries such as France by 'sociological' theories of delinquency, they retained the new focus on
4944-523: The Communist Party, which was anti-homosexual, calling it a ‘fascistic tendency’, and did not allow gay people to be members. Hay himself approached party leaders and recommended his own expulsion. The party decided to expel him as a "security risk", but declared him a "Lifelong Friend of the People" in recognition of his previous work for the party. Mattachine was originally organized in similar structure to
5047-426: The Communist Party, with cells, oaths of secrecy and five different levels of membership, each of which required greater levels of involvement and commitment. As the organization grew, the levels were expected to subdivide into new cells, creating both the potential for horizontal and vertical growth. The founding members constituted the so-called "Fifth Order" and from the outset remained anonymous. The primary goals of
5150-523: The Mattachine Society in San Francisco and MSNY, were among the foremost gay rights groups in the United States, but beginning in the middle 1960s and, especially, following the Stonewall riots of 1969, they began increasingly to be seen as too traditional, and not willing enough to be confrontational. Like the divide that occurred within the Civil Rights Movement , the late 1960s and the 1970s brought
5253-447: The Mattachine Society. The loss of the presidency, and his difference in beliefs from other members of the Society, resulted in a disparity that directly influenced his education. Sagarin entered New York University 's PhD program in sociology, graduating in 1966, submitting a dissertation titled "Structure and Ideology in an Association of Deviants", which was a study of the Mattachine Society. He did not, however, reveal his involvement in
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#17330928519925356-480: The Niagara Frontier , 1970). In 1963 Congressman John Dowdy introduced a bill which resulted in congressional hearings to revoke the license for solicitation of funds of the Mattachine Society of Washington; the license was not revoked. A largely amicable split within the national Society in 1952 resulted in a new organization called ONE, Inc. ONE admitted women and, together with Mattachine, provided help to
5459-545: The United States and its laws (which declared homosexuality illegal). In an effort to preserve their vision of the organization, the Fifth Order members revealed their identities and resigned their leadership positions at Mattachine's May 1953 convention. With the founders gone, Call, Burns and other like-minded individuals stepped into the leadership void, and Mattachine officially adopted non-confrontation as an organizational policy. Some historians argue that these changes reduced
5562-482: The United States: (1) Golden Age of Research (1900–1930) which has been described as a multiple-factor approach, (2) Golden Age of Theory (1930–1960) which endeavored to show the limits of systematically connecting criminological research to theory, and (3) a 1960–2000 period, which was seen as a significant turning point for criminology. There were three main schools of thought in early criminological theory, spanning
5665-525: The article Freud and the Making of Psychoanalysis , looks for evidence in the physical mechanisms of the human brain and the nervous system and suggests there is a direct link between an unconscious desire for pain or punishment and the impulse to commit crime or deviant acts. Symbolic interactionism draws on the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and George Herbert Mead , as well as subcultural theory and conflict theory . This school of thought focused on
5768-521: The beginning of gay rights protest, news on Cuban prison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine Society to organize protests at the United Nations and the White House in 1965. The Mattachine Society was named by Harry Hay at the suggestion of James Gruber, inspired by a French medieval and renaissance masque group he had studied while preparing a course on the history of popular music for
5871-484: The biological "positivism" perspective represented by Lombroso, Hans Eysenck and Gordon Trasler. According to the Marxist perspective on crime, "defiance is normal – the sense that men are now consciously involved ... in assuring their human diversity." Thus Marxists criminologists argued in support of society in which the facts of human diversity, be it social or personal, would not be criminalized. They further attributed
5974-414: The book was considered a "radical step", as it was the first publication in the United States that discussed homosexual politics and sympathetically presented the plight of homosexuals. Sagarin described how homosexuals were discriminated against in almost all aspects of their lives and called for a repeal of anti-homosexuality laws; One great gap separates the homosexual minority from all others, and that
6077-584: The case (under the name "Citizens Committee to Outlaw Entrapment") and the publicity it generated brought in financial support and volunteers. Jennings admitted during his trial to being a homosexual but insisted he was not guilty of the specific charge. The jury deadlocked and Mattachine declared victory. Most of the Mattachine founders were communists . As the Red Scare progressed, the association with communism concerned some members as well as supporters and Hay,
6180-576: The cost of increasing the fine is marginal to that of the cost of increasing surveillance , one can conclude that the best policy is to maximize the fine and minimize surveillance. With this perspective, crime prevention or reduction measures can be devised to increase the effort required to commit the crime, such as target hardening . Rational choice theories also suggest that increasing risk and likelihood of being caught, through added surveillance, law enforcement presence, added street lighting, and other measures, are effective in reducing crime. One of
6283-458: The criminal." According to Gibson, the term criminology was most likely coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as Criminologia . In the late 19th century, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term Criminologie . Criminology grew substantially as a discipline in the first quarter of the twentieth century. From 1900 through to 2000 this field of research underwent three significant phases in
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#17330928519926386-684: The defense had even had a chance to begin their argumentation when the case came to court. This event has been called "San Francisco's Stonewall " by some historians; the participation of such prominent litigators in the defense of Smith, Donaldson and the other two lawyers marked a turning point in gay rights on the West Coast of the United States. Following the Jennings trial, the group expanded rapidly, with founders estimating membership in California by May 1953 at over 2,000 with as many as 100 people joining
6489-442: The difficulties faced by homosexuals. He was titled "father of the homophile movement" for asserting that gay men and lesbians deserved civil rights as members of a large, unrecognised minority . However, Vern L. Bullough believes the title is undeserved as Sagarin did not actively participate in resistance and did not join any homophile organisations until 1962, a time when he was seeking a topic to analyse in his thesis. Sagarin
6592-445: The effectiveness of this newly organized Mattachine and led to a precipitous drop in membership and participation. Other historians contend that the Mattachine Society between 1953 and 1966 was enormously effective as it published a magazine, developed relationships with allies in the fight for homosexual equality, and influenced public opinion on the topic too. During the 1960s, the various unaffiliated Mattachine Societies, especially
6695-408: The evening of the ball, the police surrounded the building and focused numerous Klieg lights on its entrance. As each of the 600 plus persons entering the ball approached the entrance, the police took their photographs. Police vans were parked in plain view near the entrance to the ball. Evander Smith , a (gay) lawyer for the groups organizing the ball, and gay lawyer Herb Donaldson tried to stop
6798-666: The first meeting of the Mattachine Society in Los Angeles, under the name Society of Fools . James Gruber and Konrad Stevens joined the Society in April 1951 and they are generally considered to be original members. Also that month the group changed its name to Mattachine Society , a name suggested by Gruber and chosen by Hay, after Medieval French secret societies of masked men who, through their anonymity, were empowered to criticize ruling monarchs with impunity. As Hay became more involved in his Mattachine work, he correspondingly became more concerned that his orientation would negatively affect
6901-474: The gay press under the pseudonym John LeRoy. The two began a sexual relationship which Sheer would later compare to the book Death in Venice ; Sheer admired Sagarin's writing, and Sagarin gave Sheer monetary gifts. In 1963, Sagarin and Sheer co-authored The Homosexual and His Society , which claimed that there was no such thing as a "well adjusted homosexual". In 1965 as Cory, he failed in his bid for presidency of
7004-602: The idea that homosexuality was a natural sexual variant, and criticised the new psychological and sociological studies of Evelyn Hooker and John Gagnon . However, he argued that homosexuality should be decriminalized. The real identity of Sagarin's persona, Donald Webster Cory, remained unknown until a 1974 convention of the American Sociological Association in Montreal. On a panel entitled "Theoretical Perspectives on Homosexuality", Sagarin levelled criticism at
7107-400: The label can eventually accept it as the label becomes more well known, particularly among their peers. This stigma can become even more profound when the labels are about deviancy, and it is thought that this stigmatization can lead to deviancy amplification . Malcolm Klein conducted a test which showed that labeling theory affected some youth offenders but not others. At the other side of
7210-467: The label on board, indulge in crime more readily, and become actors in the " self-fulfilling prophecy " of the powerful groups. Later developments in this set of theories were by Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert , in the mid-20th century. Stanley Cohen developed the concept of " moral panic " describing the societal reaction to spectacular, alarming social phenomena (e.g. post-World War 2 youth cultures like
7313-625: The lens of evolutionary biology. Specifically, they seek to explain why criminality is so much higher in men than in women and why young men are most likely to exhibit criminal behavior. See also: genetics of aggression . Aggressive behavior has been associated with abnormalities in three principal regulatory systems in the body: serotonin systems, catecholamine systems, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis . Abnormalities in these systems also are known to be induced by stress , either severe, acute stress or chronic low-grade stress. Biosocial approaches remain very controversial within
7416-817: The liberationist scholarship, and in response, Laud Humphreys exposed Sagarin by calling him "Mr. Cory". After the convention, Sagarin withdrew from issues concerning homosexuality. On June 10, 1986, he died of a heart attack. At the time, he was serving as Dean Of The Graduate School Of The John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. Criminology 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias Criminology (from Latin crimen , 'accusation', and Ancient Greek -λογία , -logia , from λόγος logos , 'word, reason')
7519-549: The main differences between this theory and Bentham's rational choice theory, which had been abandoned in criminology, is that if Bentham considered it possible to completely annihilate crime (through the panopticon ), Becker's theory acknowledged that a society could not eradicate crime beneath a certain level. For example, if 25% of a supermarket's products were stolen, it would be very easy to reduce this rate to 15%, quite easy to reduce it until 5%, difficult to reduce it under 3% and nearly impossible to reduce it to zero (a feat which
7622-811: The measurements of cheekbones or hairline, or a cleft palate could indicate " atavistic " criminal tendencies. This approach, whose influence came via the theory of phrenology and by Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution , has been superseded. Enrico Ferri , a student of Lombroso, believed social as well as biological factors played a role, and believed criminals should not be held responsible when factors causing their criminality were beyond their control. Criminologists have since rejected Lombroso's biological theories since control groups were not used in his studies. Sociological positivism suggests societal factors such as poverty , membership of subcultures, or low levels of education can predispose people to crime. Adolphe Quetelet used data and statistical analysis to study
7725-402: The measures required would cost the supermarket so much that it would outweigh the benefits). This reveals that the goals of utilitarianism and classical liberalism have to be tempered and reduced to more modest proposals to be practically applicable. Such rational choice theories, linked to neoliberalism , have been at the basics of crime prevention through environmental design and underpin
7828-438: The mid-18th century and reflects ideas from utilitarian philosophy. Cesare Beccaria , author of On Crimes and Punishments (1763–64), Jeremy Bentham (inventor of the panopticon ), and other early criminological philosophers proposed ideas including: This school developed during a major reform in penology when society began designing prisons for the sake of extreme punishment. This period also saw many legal reforms,
7931-402: The most disadvantaged portions of the population may remain. William Julius Wilson suggested a poverty "concentration effect", which may cause neighborhoods to be isolated from the mainstream of society and become prone to violence. Strain theory, also known as Mertonian Anomie, advanced by American sociologist Robert Merton , suggests that mainstream culture, especially in the United States,
8034-549: The national organization disbanded in 1961. The San Francisco national chapter retained the name "Mattachine Society", while the New York chapter became " Mattachine Society of New York, Inc " and was commonly known by its acronym MSNY. Other independent groups using the name Mattachine were formed in Washington, D.C. ( Mattachine Society of Washington , 1961), in Chicago ( Mattachine Midwest , 1965), and in Buffalo ( Mattachine Society of
8137-508: The nature of criminal law and its administration and conditions under which it develops; second, it analyzes the causation of crime and the personality of criminals; and third, it studies the control of crime and the rehabilitation of offenders. Thus, criminology includes within its scope the activities of legislative bodies, law-enforcement agencies, judicial institutions, correctional institutions and educational, private and public social agencies. Modern academic criminology has direct roots in
8240-408: The necessary application of the law for a crime; thus, the judge was simply to confirm his or her sentence to the law. Beccaria also distinguished between crime and sin , and advocated against the death penalty , as well as torture and inhumane treatments, as he did not consider them as rational deterrents. This philosophy was replaced by the positivist and Chicago schools and was not revived until
8343-560: The observation of adults. Sociologists such as Raymond D. Gastil have explored the impact of a Southern culture of honor on violent crime rates. Another approach is made by the social bond or social control theory . Instead of looking for factors that make people become criminal, these theories try to explain why people do not become criminal. Travis Hirschi identified four main characteristics: "attachment to others", "belief in moral validity of rules", "commitment to achievement", and "involvement in conventional activities". The more
8446-431: The period from the mid-18th century to the mid-twentieth century: Classical , Positivist , and Chicago . These schools of thought were superseded by several contemporary paradigms of criminology, such as the sub-culture, control, strain, labelling, critical criminology , cultural criminology , postmodern criminology , feminist criminology , Queer criminology, and others discussed below. The Classical school arose in
8549-432: The play opened Off-Broadway at New World Stages in early 2010. The Temperamentals received a Drama Desk Award for Best Ensemble Cast. Michael Urie , who originated the role of Rudi Gernreich, received a Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Lead Actor. A new Mattachine Society of Washington , D.C. was formed in 2011 and is dedicated to original archival research of LGBT political history. The Playboy Club ,
8652-408: The police from conducting the fourth "inspection" of the evening; both were arrested, along with two heterosexual lawyers - Elliott Leighton and Nancy May - who were supporting the rights of the participants to gather at the ball. But twenty-five of the most prominent lawyers in San Francisco joined the defense team for the four lawyers, and the judge directed the jury to find the four not-guilty before
8755-768: The processes of crime creation not to genetic or psychological facts, but rather to the material basis of a given society. State crime is a distinct field of crimes that is studied by Marxist criminology , which considers these crimes to be some of the most costly to society in terms of overall harm/injury. In a Marxist framework, genocides , environmental degradation , and war are not crimes that occur out of contempt for one's fellow man, but are crimes of power. They continue systems of control and hegemony which allow state crime and state-corporate crime , along with state-corporate non-profit criminals, to continue governing people. Mattachine Society The Mattachine Society ( / ˈ m æ t ə ʃ iː n / ), founded in 1950,
8858-426: The processes that define administration of justice and the criminal justice system. The interests of criminologists include the study of nature of crime and criminals, origins of criminal law, etiology of crime, social reaction to crime, and the functioning of law enforcement agencies and the penal institutions. It can be broadly said that criminology directs its inquiries along three lines: first, it investigates
8961-461: The relationship between crime and sociological factors. He found age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors to crime. Lance Lochner performed three different research experiments, each one proving education reduces crime. Rawson W. Rawson used crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime rates , with crowded cities producing more crime. Joseph Fletcher and John Glyde read papers to
9064-414: The relationship between state, media, and conservative-ruling elite and other less powerful groups. The powerful groups had the ability to become the "significant other" in the less powerful groups' processes of generating meaning . The former could to some extent impose their meanings on the latter; therefore they were able to "label" minor delinquent youngsters as criminal. These youngsters would often take
9167-535: The scientific field. In 1968, young British sociologists formed the National Deviance Conference (NDC) group. The group was restricted to academics and consisted of 300 members. Ian Taylor , Paul Walton and Jock Young – members of the NDC – rejected previous explanations of crime and deviance. Thus, they decided to pursue a new Marxist criminological approach. In The New Criminology , they argued against
9270-428: The social structure of opportunities is unequal and prevents the majority from realizing the dream, some of those dejected will turn to illegitimate means (crime) in order to realize it. Others will retreat or drop out into deviant subcultures (such as gang members , or what he calls " hobos "). Robert Agnew developed this theory further to include types of strain which were not derived from financial constraints. This
9373-475: The society as Cory. His acceptance of the position of assistant professor at Baruch College , a campus of City University of New York, led some to characterise it as the beginning of his rise to "giant in the field of sociological deviance" and the recession of his part in the homophile movement. In the 1970s, Sagarin pursued an active homosexual life, though he continued to characterise homosexuals as disturbed, and frequently urged them to seek therapy. He rejected
9476-524: The society were to Mattachine's membership grew slowly at first but received a major boost in February 1952 when founder Jennings was arrested in a Los Angeles park and charged with lewd behavior. Often, men in Jennings' situation would simply plead guilty to the charge and hope to quietly rebuild their lives. Jennings and the rest of the Fifth Order saw the charges as a means to address the issue of police ‘entrapment’ of homosexual men. The group began publicizing
9579-415: The spectrum, criminologist Lonnie Athens developed a theory about how a process of brutalization by parents or peers that usually occurs in childhood results in violent crimes in adulthood. Richard Rhodes ' Why They Kill describes Athens' observations about domestic and societal violence in the criminals' backgrounds. Both Athens and Rhodes reject the genetic inheritance theories. Rational choice theory
9682-467: The stance of defending criminals and criminal behaviors. The defense and argument lies in the thoughts that these people and their acts are not their faults but they are actually the result of society (i.e. unemployment, poverty, etc.), and these people are actually, in fact, behaving properly. Chicago school sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities and postulated that urban neighborhoods with high levels of poverty often experience
9785-531: The thought process that criminals are produced by society. This school claims that low income levels, high poverty/unemployment rates, and poor educational systems create and motivate criminals. The notion of having a criminal personality is achieved from the school of thought of psychological positivism. It essentially means that parts of an individual's personality have traits that align with many of those possessed by criminals, such as neuroticism, anti-social tendencies, aggressive behaviors, and other factors. There
9888-417: The time, place, and other situational factors. Becker, for example, acknowledged that many people operate under a high moral and ethical constraint but considered that criminals rationally see that the benefits of their crime outweigh the cost, such as the probability of apprehension and conviction, severity of punishment, as well as their current set of opportunities. From the public policy perspective, since
9991-415: Was advocated by Edwin Sutherland , who focused on how "a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law." Associating with people who may condone criminal conduct, or justify crime under specific circumstances makes one more likely to take that view, under his theory. Interacting with this type of " antisocial " peer
10094-536: Was an early national gay rights organization in the United States , preceded by several covert and open organizations, such as Chicago 's Society for Human Rights . Communist and labor activist Harry Hay formed the group with a collection of male friends in Los Angeles to protect and improve the rights of gay men . Branches formed in other cities, and by 1961 the Society had splintered into regional groups. At
10197-483: Was an extension of the Mattachine Society's Sex Education Film Series and branded as being presented by both The Mattachine Society and The Seven Committee. In 1976 a venue with the name Cinemattachine Los Angeles at the ONE opened. The same screenings as the San Francisco establishment were shown there. Mattachine co-founder Chuck Rowland indicated that he did not feel that Call associating this venue with The Mattachine Society
10300-476: Was appropriate. In the Quantum Leap comic book titled Up Against a Stonewall (1992), the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis are mentioned as two groups campaigning for LGBT rights prior to the Stonewall riots . The 1995 film Stonewall included members of the Mattachine Society of New York among its characters. Mattachine members are seen leafleting, attending meetings and participating in
10403-577: Was born in Schenectady, New York , to Russian Jewish parents. Sagarin was born with scoliosis , which produced a hump on his back. He attended high school and, after graduating, spent a year in France where he met André Gide . Upon his return to New York, he enrolled at City College of New York , but was forced to drop out of college due to the Great Depression . In 1934, Sagarin met Gertrude Liphshitz,
10506-483: Was deemed an "act of heroism", under the pseudonym of Donald Webster Cory. The use of the pen name , and the attitudes that differed when Sagarin used either of his identities, led to the comparison of Sagarin/Cory to the Dr. Jekyll/Mr Hyde character. Mr. Cory, who presented homosexuals as a despised minority, was seen as a "mythic hero", where Dr. Sagarin (as he would later be known) was a "hunchback deviant". The publication of
10609-629: Was named in turn after Mattaccino (or the Anglicized Mattachino), a character in Italian theater. Mattaccino was a kind of court jester , who would speak the truth to the king when nobody else would. The "mattachin" (from Arabic متوجهين mutawajjihin , "mask-wearers") were originally Moorish (Hispano-Arab) sword-dancers who wore elaborate, colorful costumes and masks. The Mattachine Society used so-called harlequin diamonds as their emblem . The design consisted of four diamonds arranged in
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