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86-424: Hammons established the company to make instructional films for schools, but making comedies for theatrical release proved more lucrative. Educational did issue many educational, travelogue , and novelty shorts, but its main enterprise became comedy. Educational's heyday was the 1920s, when the popular silent comedies of Al St. John , Lupino Lane , Lige Conley , Lloyd Hamilton , and Monty Collins complemented many

172-435: A farm team (also referred to as farm system , developmental system , feeder team , or nursery club ) is generally a team or club whose role is to provide experience and training for young players, with an agreement that any successful players can move on to a higher level at a given point, usually in an association with a major-level parent team. This system can be implemented in many ways, both formally and informally. It

258-466: A Star , 1945), Bing Crosby ( The Road to Hollywood , 1947), and Bob Hope and Milton Berle ( It Pays to Be Funny , 1948). Earle Hammons retained the title to Educational's corporate name, Educational Films Corporation of America. Ten years after the demise of Educational Pictures, Hammons tried to gain a foothold in the new field of commercial television, using the Educational brand name and "The Spice of

344-481: A bid for Keaton to relocate. Keaton agreed to three New York productions, but returned to California where he finished out his Educational series. Buster Keaton was Educational's most expensive talent and Hammons, forced to economize, could no longer afford the comedian's services. Hammons discontinued west coast operations after the last Keaton short was completed. During its last year of production (1937-1938), Educational confined filming to New York. The technical staff

430-600: A connection with the South African team Ajax Cape Town , Manchester United have a connection with the Australian team Wollongong Wolves and the Belgian team Royal Antwerp , and Lithuanian side FBK Kaunas have loaned many of their younger players out to their Scottish parent team Heart of Midlothian in the hope of securing them a deal at a bigger club in the future. Having a feeder club in wealthy countries, where football

516-449: A consortium of film archivists, secured exclusive rights to the Educational sound comedies, with plans to restore and re-release them to media outlets. Educational Pictures's logo consists of a genie's lamp, above which the words "Educational Pictures" appear formed by the smoke from the lamp. Below the lamp, enclosed in quotation marks are the words The Spice of the Program . The use of

602-580: A different night, and later re-launched the series and brand to return to a development-oriented positioning. Formula One teams often use the most promising drivers from divisions such as the current Formula Two championship, the former GP2 and Formula Two championships, with the majority of the current Formula Two's champions graduating to F1. Ten drivers on the grid for 2011 had previously raced in GP2. RB Formula One Team (also VCARB; formerly Scuderia Toro Rosso , then Scuderia AlphaTauri ) also serves as

688-660: A farm system. In the 1930s, the Chicago Bears and New York Giants owned teams in the American Association , which became the first true minor league in professional football, and later attempted to organize development or farm system with the formation of the Association of Professional Football Leagues , but the agreement lasted less than two years, and was terminated in 1947. In the 1960s and 1970s, several NFL teams had independent agreements with other leagues such as

774-567: A few talkies for the studio: Lupino Lane left the company in December 1929, followed by Lloyd Hamilton and Al St. John in 1931. Most of the earliest Educational talkies feature silent-comedy veterans with stage experience: Vernon Dent , Harry Gribbon , Raymond McKee , Edward Everett Horton , Daphne Pollard , and Ford Sterling . Educational's most prolific comedian in the 1930s was the Sennett star Andy Clyde , who made 54 comedies. Educational replaced

860-408: A global/national audience. These are generally called "farm leagues" or "developmental territories". Some of the more notable ones for WWE include World Wrestling Alliance (1998); Power Pro Wrestling (1998–2000); International Wrestling Association (1999–2001); Memphis Championship Wrestling (2000–2001); Deep South Wrestling (2005–2007); Heartland Wrestling Association (2001–2003), which

946-456: A low-level minor-league affiliate actually based elsewhere within New York City ), and players who are contracted to them, as opposed to major league players sent down to this level for rehabilitation or other professional-development assignments, are typically paid significantly less than their Major League counterparts. Most major league players start off their careers by working their way up

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1032-468: A more traditional format, and the brand also hosting various live events, and also spawning a UK branch . During this period, NXT received critical acclaim for the quality of its matches and storylines, to the point that WWE began to promote it as a de facto third flagship brand, and moved its television series from the streaming WWE Network to USA Network to counterprogram the upstart All Elite Wrestling . However, in 2021, WWE moved NXT back to

1118-465: A moviehouse bill as "the spice of the program." During the 1920s, most of the comedies were produced by Jack White . In 1924 Educational quietly hired two leading figures in the comedy community who had been disgraced in a scandal: comedian Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle (who became a director at Educational under the pseudonym William Goodrich) and director Fred Fishback (under the pseudonym Fred Hibbard). Educational also released silent cartoons, including

1204-547: A new slate of 26 one-reel films and 18 two-reel comedies for 1939-40 under the Educational banner, but the drain on his finances forced both Grand National and Educational into bankruptcy. The film library was sold at auction in 1940. Most of the Educational sound shorts were obtained by Robert M. Savini of Astor Pictures , who shrewdly timed his re-releases to cash in on certain performers' popularity. Savini compiled four feature-length comedies showcasing, in turn, Shirley Temple ( Our Girl Shirley , 1942), Danny Kaye ( The Birth of

1290-636: A popular source of fundraising for local, non-profit community-service organizations, such as Kiwanis , Lions Clubs , and Rotary Clubs , among others, with many such clubs hosting travelogue series for decades. Travelogues stem from the work of American writer and lecturer, John Lawson Stoddard who began traveling around the world in 1874. He went on to publish books about his adventures and gave lectures across North America. The original lectures were accompanied by black and white lantern slides printed from his photographs. In 1892, John Lawson Stoddard recruited Burton Holmes as his junior associate. When Stoddard

1376-572: A protagonist which took the whole story along. Travelogues are defined as nonfiction films that use a place as their primary subject. They often display the cinematic apparatus and have an open narration. The ideal travel film carries the appealing landscapes that brought the audience toward an emotional attachment with the help of storytelling and characters. Travelogues were usually about eighty minutes in length, consisting of two 1000-foot reels of 16mm film, with an intermission in-between to change reels. The travelogue film speaker, often but not always

1462-502: A reasonable prospect of adapting and being successful in the CFL, while retaining significant enough differences so as to ensure that the league is largely not in competition with the NFL for exactly the same type of players. In addition, to maintain the league's distinct Canadian identity, the league enforces a strict quota of Canadian players that must be on the rosters of all CFL teams. Traditionally,

1548-467: A ride in a hot air balloon and Mareorama , which simulates voyages of the sea, became major attractions at world fairs and expositions. Today's travelogues may be shown with either live or recorded voice-over narration, often with an in-sync audio soundtrack featuring music and location sound. The shows are often performed in school gymnasiums, civic auditoriums, senior center multi-purpose rooms, private clubs, and theatrical venues. Travelogues have been

1634-578: A screen comeback with Educational in a series of two-reel comedies. Most of these are simple visual comedies, with many of the gags supplied by Keaton himself, often recycling ideas from his family vaudeville act and his earlier films. The high point in this series is Grand Slam Opera (1936), featuring Buster in his own screenplay as an amateur-hour contestant. By 1936, for economic reasons, Educational had been concentrating its production in New York. Earle Hammons invited Keaton to make comedies there, perhaps in

1720-518: A short travel documentary shot in the Indian city Kolkata , was India's first 3D short travel documentary. Travel documentary is a kind of documentary. Travel documentaries generally tell stories about travel or introduce travel destinations. In general, there will be a leading figure in the documentary. This figure will introduce the audience to local landmarks, the cultural landscape, food and customs. From these documentaries, viewers can better understand

1806-461: A sort of farm team for Red Bull Racing . Both are owned by Austrian beverage company Red Bull , with VCARB helping to develop cars and drivers for Red Bull Racing. Four-time world champion Sebastian Vettel drove for Toro Rosso from 2007 to 2008 before moving to Red Bull in 2009, replacing the retiring David Coulthard . Since the 2014 season , every Red Bull driver had previously been on the RB team, with

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1892-497: A standard end title card with the mini-logo for Educational Pictures appearing somewhere in the end title. Travelogue (films) A travel documentary is a documentary film , television program , or online series that describes travel in general or tourist attractions without recommending particular package deals or tour operators. A travelogue film is an early type of travel documentary, serving as an exploratory ethnographic film . Ethnographic films have been made for

1978-634: A studio, found it cheaper and easier to send his crews to suburban locations where scenes could be photographed outdoors, or to rental studios that offered both space and equipment to independent producers. Outdoor shooting continued until the very last Educational comedy, released in 1939. For a time Educational filmed its comedies on both coasts. The Hollywood productions, in addition to those of Clyde, Langdon, and Keaton, hosted comedy stars Moran and Mack , Edgar Kennedy , Billy Gilbert and Vince Barnett , and Ernest Truex . Educational's east coast productions were filmed at Eastern Service Studios, now known as

2064-547: A supporting player and soon received starring roles. Twentieth Century-Fox had been distributing Educational product to theaters. It has long been thought that Fox dropped its line of short comedies in 1938 and withdrew its financial support from Educational, but in fact it was the other way around: it was Earle Hammons who discontinued Educational's short-subject production, allowed his agreement with Fox to expire, and declined to renew it. Other studios approached Hammons with similar distribution deals for short subjects, but Hammons

2150-583: A system, the New York Yankees , used it to sustain their dynasty from the mid-1930s through the middle of the 1960s. When Rickey moved to the Brooklyn Dodgers as president and general manager in 1943 , he built a hugely successful farm system there as well after the end of World War II . The teams that ignored the farm system in the 1930s and early 1940s (such as the Philadelphia A's and Phillies and

2236-434: Is also becoming more common for football clubs to arrange formal deals with other clubs with which they originally had no connection. The feeder/parent club connection could have many functions, and be very beneficial both for the feeder and the parent club. For bigger clubs, it is common to arrange agreements with the minor clubs in the area. The smaller teams can provide the bigger team (the parent club) with young talents, and

2322-588: Is gaining a gradually better reputation, has also proved to be very beneficial. Countries such as the United States , Canada , Japan , China and South Korea are good examples. Alternatively, some clubs within the European Union have used feeder teams to sign non-EU players and then naturalize them in an EU country, to overcome visa regulations, for example English team Liverpool F.C. has an agreement with Belgian side KRC Genk . The National Football League

2408-452: Is not to be confused with a practice squad , which fulfills a similar developmental purpose but the players on the practice squad are members of the parent team. In the United States and Canada , Minor League Baseball teams operate under strict franchise contracts with their major league counterparts. Although the vast majority of such teams are privately owned and are therefore able to switch affiliation, those players under contract with

2494-592: Is the only one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America that does not currently have a farm system, although the 2024 incarnation of the United Football League is making strides to fill the niche of a minor league. Many players from the UFL have made the jump from UFL to the NFL, including A.J. McCarron , Ben DiNucci and Hakeem Butler have made the leap from the UFL's predecessors XFL and

2580-451: The 2020 incarnation of the XFL , the league established a hybrid between a practice squad and a farm team, what it dubbed " Team 9 " operated with the same autonomy as the other eight teams, with its own roster and coaching staff, Team 9 will not play any on-the-record games and will serve as a pool of potential players for the other eight teams to call up in the event of injury. A similar system

2666-789: The American Hockey League (AHL). For example, the Cleveland Monsters are the farm team for the Columbus Blue Jackets . Additionally, NHL teams have affiliates in the ECHL , although the terms of the most recent CBA (expired in 2012) prohibited ECHL players from being recalled to the NHL or being sent down to that league without being assigned to the AHL first; thus, ECHL teams are de facto affiliated to their respective NHL-partner's farm team in

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2752-675: The Astoria Studios , and starred New York-based talent from Broadway, vaudeville, and radio: Charlotte Greenwood , Joe Cook , Willie Howard , Lillian Roth , Will Mahoney , Tim and Irene Ryan , actor-singers Sylvia Froos and Warren Hull , Tom Howard and George Shelton, the Sisters of the Skillet ( Ralph Dumke and Ed East), and Stoopnagle and Budd . Educational had been releasing its own product until 1933, when Fox Film took over distribution. Fox's successor Twentieth Century-Fox continued

2838-542: The Atlantic Coast Football League , Midwest Football League , North Pacific Football League , Professional Football League of America and Midwest Professional Football League , to use their teams as farm teams, though they were not owned by the NFL owners, but all of those arrangements ended after the 1972 season. The most recent official minor league, NFL Europe , was different from most other farm teams in that all prospects were pooled and dispersed among

2924-644: The Felix the Cat series. In 1930, cartoonist Paul Terry signed with Educational to distribute his Terrytoons animated cartoons in America and British countries. Educational made a smooth transition to sound movies by handling the early talking comedies of pioneer producer Mack Sennett . Sennett also introduced singing star Bing Crosby to movie audiences. But Sennett soon became plagued by financial problems, and he left Educational in 1932. Most of Educational's silent stars made only

3010-658: The NBA did not have a formal farm league, though unofficially, the Continental Basketball Association served as an NBA feeder league on and off through its existence. It mainly relies on the elite NCAA to produce NBA players, and thus the latter was often known as the "feeders". Since 2001, the NBA directly owns an entire farm league: the NBA G League (formerly the NBA D-League). The NBA G League started with eight teams in

3096-589: The National Hockey League has historically overlooked intercollegiate sport in favour of other player development models. Nevertheless, the Canadian Football League has established itself as a niche league despite collecting only a fraction of the revenues commanded by the NFL. To recruit talented players, the league to a large extent relies on maintaining rules that are similar enough to American football so as to allow talented NCAA-trained players

3182-1248: The Sons of the Pioneers in Hollywood. Like other short-subject producers, Educational Pictures marketed its assorted offerings in individual series. Among these were [Robert] Bruce Scenics (travelogues, 1918–1920), Lyman Howe's Hodge Podge (miscellaneous human-interest shorts; the series outlived its creator); Treasure Chest (miscellaneous subjects); Coronet Comedies (one-reel subjects, 1929–1931 and 1934–1936); Lloyd Hamilton Talking Comedies (two-reel, 1929–1931); Cameo Comedies (one-reel, 1931–1932); Tuxedo Comedies (two-reel, 1924–1931 and 1935–1936); Ideal Comedies (1930–1932); Vanity Comedies (1931–1932); Baby Burlesks (Shirley Temple; one-reel, 1932–1933), Frolics of Youth ( Frank Coghlan, Jr. and Shirley Temple, two-reel, 1932–1934), Star Personality Comedies (Buster Keaton, Joe Cook, Willie Howard; two-reel, 1934–1938); Young Romance Comedies (Sylvia Froos; two-reel, 1934–1935); Song and Comedy Hits (one-reel musical comedies, 1935–1938); and Col. Stoopnagle's Cavalcade of Stuff (Educational's last and briefest series – only two one-reel comedies issued just before

3268-460: The St. Louis Cardinals dynasty during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. When Rickey joined the team in 1917 , players were commonly purchased by major league teams from independent, high-level minor league clubs. Rickey, a keen judge of talent, became frustrated when players at the A and AA levels he had agreed to purchase were instead offered for bid and sold by those independent clubs to wealthier rivals. With

3354-547: The UCI ProTour . Most pro-cycling teams use this format. Such agreements may be less formal; in English football , for example, the operation of an external feeder team is prohibited. However, casual relationships may exist between teams to allow a sharing of larger clubs' resources with smaller clubs, in return for the smaller teams taking young players on loan . This allows both clubs to maintain separate identities, and to exit from

3440-869: The USFL . Save for a few UFL players, nearly all of the NFL's players are drafted from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which operates on a scholarship system which prohibits the payment of cash, but since 2021 also with the Name, Image, & Likeness (NIL) system following the Supreme Court 's decision in NCAA v. Alston , students are now allowed to profit off of their own name, image, and likeness. The scholarship system provides student-athletes with free college education, room and board for up to five years. The relation between college football and

3526-474: The Washington Senators ) found themselves falling on hard times. The existence of the minor league system is due in part to MLB's ability to include a reserve clause in its contracts with minor league players, which gives the major league team exclusive rights to a player even after the contract has expired. In a landmark 1922 Supreme Court decision, Federal Baseball Club v. National League , baseball

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3612-472: The 1930s, with as many as 40 owned or affiliated farm teams, the Cardinals controlled the destinies of hundreds of players each year. (The reserve clause then bound players to their teams in perpetuity.) The Cardinals won nine National League pennants and six World Series championships between 1926 and 1946 , proving the effectiveness of the farm system concept. Indeed, the second club to fully embrace such

3698-515: The 1970s and 1980s, the popularity of traditional travelogues declined. But the advent of cable television channels, such as the Discovery Channel and the Travel Channel and the availability of small, high quality, digital video equipment has renewed the popularity of travel films. Amateur films of an individual's travels can be considered travelogues as well. The Flavor of Kolkata (2015),

3784-473: The AHL. Although some NHL franchises own their AHL and/or ECHL affiliates, many AHL and ECHL franchises are independently owned, with ties to NHL franchises made through affiliation contracts. Unlike baseball, not all the players on the rosters of the minor league teams are owned by an NHL team. The AHL system recognizes two types of contracts: the two-way contract (generally the most common among NHL prospects), in which players can be sent back and forth between

3870-586: The NBA D-League. By the end of the 2016–17 season, 44% of players in the 2017 NBA playoffs had some experience in the D-League. The league signed a branding agreement with Gatorade in 2017 to become the NBA G League. Some sports allow the operation of independent feeder teams. In professional cycling , for example, feeder teams such as Vendée U and Trek Livestrong , act as feeders for Bouygues Télécom and Team RadioShack respectively, and compete at levels below

3956-401: The NFL is a result of the development of the game of American football, which (unlike other sports, which were primarily independent club activities) was cultivated at colleges and universities. As a result, players entering the professional football system are generally several years older and more physically mature than first-time professional athletes in other sports, thus reducing the need for

4042-716: The NHL and AHL at will, and the standard contract, which binds the player to the AHL. The NHL teams have negotiating rights to AHL players on their farm clubs' rosters and can upgrade a player to a two-way contract if they so desire. Players can also be sent down to the AHL via the waivers system; if a player is not claimed by any team when placed on waivers, he is by default assigned to his previous team's AHL club. In many clubs, there will be internal feeder teams. These may be age-restricted teams, such as an "Under-18s" team, or an "A team". For example, in international association football , national teams also operate youth sides—see England national under-21 football team , for example. In

4128-446: The Program" slogan: "This corporation employs men who have the experience, integrity, and the know-how of producing films and live shows for the television industry." In 1952 Hammons and Astor's Bob Savini partnered to form Lion Television Corporation. Much of Educational's silent film library was lost in a 1937 fire at the 20th Century-Fox film storage facility, but the sound comedies survive today. On October 21, 2017 CineMuseum LLC,

4214-453: The Sennett films with star-name comedians. Andy Clyde and Harry Langdon led Educational's release schedule for a few years, and then Buster Keaton headlined a series that yielded 16 popular two-reel comedies. Educational's short comedies sometimes show their low budgets, with noticeably limited sets and facilities. This is because Educational didn't have its own physical plant. Earle Hammons, rather than purchasing, equipping, and maintaining

4300-529: The Seven Seas , which showcased travelogues produced by third parties, and by occasional itinerant presentations of travelogues in theaters and other venues. The British comedian and actor Michael Palin has made several series in this genre beginning with Around the World in 80 Days (1989). PBS has several travel shows including those hosted by Rick Steves and Burt Wolf . Travelogues were used to provide

4386-533: The U.S. During the 1950s and 1960s, more independent film producers created travelogues, which were shown in towns and schools across the U.S. and Canada. In the 1970s and 1980s, the popularity of traditional travelogues declined but the advent of cable television channels and the availability of small, high quality, digital video equipment has renewed the popularity of travel films. Though travelogues have enjoyed much popularity historically, these films have been criticized for culturally insensitive representations since

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4472-497: The USL system after the 2022 season to join Next Pro. In many sports, these feeder teams will compete in their own leagues, though in some cases they compete with other "full teams" at a lower level. In some countries, such as New Zealand , major teams are organised as regional franchises, and local club sides within these regions become automatic feeder clubs for these regional teams. It

4558-692: The United States, some Major League Soccer teams previously had reserve teams in the MLS Reserve League . Later, all teams were nominally required to field a reserve team or an affiliate in a professional league operated by the United Soccer League —either the USL Championship , which occupies the second tier of the United States soccer league system , or USL League One , one of two leagues that then shared third-tier status. This requirement

4644-515: The affiliated Major League Baseball team are under their exclusive control, and would move to the MLB club's new affiliate. Not all players on a minor league team are under contract with the MLB club; however, the parent club has the exclusive right to "purchase" the contract of a non-contract player at its affiliate. Minor league teams are usually based in smaller cities (although the New York Mets have

4730-439: The arrangement if necessary. Such an agreement exists between Preston North End and Holker Old Boys , for example [1] . Alternatively, clubs may use teams playing abroad, particularly if they want to follow the progress of players who they cannot sign due to work permit regulations. Please see List of feeder teams in football for a comprehensive list. In North American baseball, several independent leagues exist outside of

4816-467: The arrangement. This resulted in Educational becoming Fox's " farm team ", introducing new talent that Fox would take over for feature films. Shirley Temple, The Ritz Brothers , Joan Davis , and Leah Ray all won Fox contracts after starring for Educational. Many stars made debuts in Educational shorts: Bob Hope , Milton Berle , Warren Hull, June Allyson , Imogene Coca , Danny Kaye , Barry Sullivan , and Robert Shayne in New York; and Roy Rogers and

4902-488: The camera." Earle Hammons replaced Buster Keaton with Broadway comic Willie Howard, who appeared as the Hebrew Frenchman "Pierre Ginsbairge." Hammons also signed Bert Lahr for two-reelers, and continued the studio's musical-comedy series with dancers Buster West and Tom Patricola . Illustrator Jefferson Machamer starred in a series inspired by his "Gags 'n' Gals" newspaper cartoons. Character comedian George Shelton

4988-403: The control of Minor League Baseball or Major League Baseball and without any formal developmental agreements, but may still exist as informal places for talent to develop. Professional wrestling utilizes a farm system that allows inexperienced wrestlers to develop their skills and gain in ring experience in smaller, often regional promotions before they are called up to compete in front of

5074-446: The exception of Sergio Pérez . NASCAR , the principal body for stock car racing in North America, has an extensive system of developmental series, with the ultimate goal for drivers being a ride in the top-level NASCAR Cup Series . Most Cup Series teams are involved in at least one of NASCAR's two other national series, either running vehicles in the junior series or affiliating with teams that run exclusively in those series: Below

5160-430: The fall of 2001. In March 2005, NBA commissioner David Stern announced a plan to expand the league to fifteen teams and develop it into a true minor league farm system, with each team affiliated with one or more NBA teams. Although the system has been run for a few years, most of the rookies in the NBA are still drafted out from NCAA. At the conclusion of the 2008–09 NBA season , 20 percent of NBA players had spent time in

5246-401: The filmmaker, would usually introduce each reel, ask for the lights to be dimmed, and then narrate the film live from an onstage lectern . Travelogue series were usually offered during the winter months and were often sold on subscription basis in small and medium-sized towns. Patrons could then meet the speaker in-person after the show. As cinema progress, the standard film program provided by

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5332-598: The films were not made by anthropologists. A famous example is the film about a family in the Canadian Arctic, Nanook of the North , where much of the scenes were staged. Travelogues are credited with helping cultivating the interest in the travel industry at the same time transportation infrastructure was being developed to make it possible. As railways and steamships became more accessible, more people became willing and eager to travel to distant places because of what

5418-417: The general public with a means of observing different countries and cultures since the late 19th century. Travelogues are considered to be a form of virtual tourism or travel documentary and were often presented as lectures narrating accompanying films and photos. A travelogue is based on the personal experience of someone travelling through a new landscape and in contexts of ethnographic films where it exists

5504-468: The grounds that its players would be at risk of unnecessary injury. During the mid-2000s, several NFL owners at least partially owned arena football teams, such as Jerry Jones (Dallas), Arthur Blank (Atlanta), Bud Adams (Tennessee), Tom Benson (New Orleans), and Pat Bowlen (Denver), but very rarely did they ever promote or demote any players between the AFL and NFL, due in part to significant differences in

5590-406: The logo in film credits was unique to Educational. The shorts would begin with the opening title card, usually having "E. W. Hammons presents" at the top, followed by the title of the short. The Educational logo would then appear full screen. Normally, studios would have their logos appear before the opening titles, while Educational placed its logo after the opening credits. At the end, there would be

5676-472: The minor league system, from the lowest (rookie) to the highest (AAA) classification, with the rare exceptions usually being those players signed from Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball . Since the elimination of the Bonus Rule , only a very small number of amateur players have gone directly into MLB, including John Olerud , Jim Abbott , and Dave Winfield . The process of a player working his way up through

5762-437: The minor leagues is formally referred by most MLB teams as "player development". However, minor league affiliates are often informally referred to as "farm teams" and a major league player's misfortune of being sent back to the minors is sometimes described as being "farmed out". The farm system as it is recognized today was invented by Branch Rickey , who – as field manager, general manager, and club president – helped to build

5848-422: The most theaters consisted of a feature-length film accompanied by a newsreel and at least one additional short subject, which might take the form of a travelogue, a comedy, a cartoon, or a film about a topical novelty subject matter. Travelogues further developed to incorporate movie rides which were coordinated sounds, motion pictures and mechanical movement to simulate virtual travel. Cinéorama , which simulates

5934-428: The mother club have an opportunity to send their young players away on loan to these teams ("to farm out"). In addition to local connection, it is increasingly commonplace for teams to have feeder clubs in other regions of the country or in other nations, in order to gain further knowledge. Prominent European clubs are often making intercontinental deals with other clubs for the same reason. AFC Ajax have for instance

6020-403: The playing schedules and the style of play between outdoor and indoor football . On February 8, 1999, the NFL also purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest in the AFL. All of the NFL owners backed out of the league when it went bankrupt , was sold off and reorganized . The Arena Football League had its own developmental league known as the af2 from 2000 to 2009. In

6106-402: The region, history, and places worth a visit. Therefore, travel documentaries can also be described as human geography documentaries. They can lead the audience to better understand a place. The following are TV stations that air primarily travel based content: https://www.travelwritingworld.com/what-is-a-travelogue/ http://film.byu.edu/aperture/?p=185 Farm team In sports ,

6192-564: The six European teams, instead of having teams assigned to each other. Many players in the Arena Football League (among other indoor American football leagues) later advance to the NFL - with more than 100 players which played in both leagues, but no farming contracts exist among any teams, in part because the National Football League Players Association opposes the idea of an affiliated farm system on

6278-547: The spectators to see the other half to relate with the world in relative relations. These films are a spectacle to see beyond the cultural differences as explained by the Allison Griffith in her journal. Before the 1930s, it was difficult to see the importance of documentary films in Hollywood cinema but the 1930s brought about a change in the history of these films with the popularity of independent filmmakers. The genre has been represented by television shows such as Across

6364-532: The studio closed its doors, 1939). Perhaps the most controversial series was the Marriage Wows (1934–35), comprising only three two-reel shorts starring husband-and-wife comics: Dumb Luck with the Easy Aces , and Domestic Bliss-ters and How Am I Doing with Chick York and Rose King . How Am I Doing featured a faithful transcription of York & King's successful vaudeville sketch "The Sleigh Ride", but

6450-450: The support of Cardinal owner Sam Breadon , Rickey devised a plan whereby St. Louis would buy and control its own minor league teams from Class D to Class AA (the highest level at the time), thus allowing them to promote or demote players as they developed, and "grow" their own talent. The talent pipeline began at tryout camps that St. Louis scouts conducted throughout the U.S. "From quantity comes quality," Rickey once observed, and, during

6536-610: The team's racy dialogue ran into trouble in small towns. A Maine exhibitor reported, "I didn't dare use it [but] I showed it to some of my friends and the staff and they laughed until they cried. It's a corker, but don't show it in Sunday school." The series was dropped without fanfare. Buster Keaton, despite a successful feature-film career, had experienced personal problems and was fired from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1933. He accepted offers to make two films in Europe, in 1934. That same year, he made

6622-536: The three national series are multiple regional series. Cup Series teams generally do not participate at these levels, but extensively scout them for future talent. The entry level of NASCAR-sanctioned racing is the Whelen All-American Series , a championship for drivers who compete in weekly races at small tracks, often dirt tracks, throughout the U.S. and Canada. Regional champions and an overall series champion are crowned. The Premier Arena Soccer League

6708-430: Was a small, close-knit crew: producer-director Al Christie ; writer-director William Watson; assistant directors Robert Hall (promoted to director in 1936), Chris Beute, and Johnny Graham; writers Parke Levy, Arthur Jarrett, Marcy Klauber, and Billy K. Wells; and the New York studio's staff cameraman George Webber. Webber was such a fixture at Astoria that the trade press noted it in print: "with George Webber, naturally, at

6794-440: Was also a developmental territory for World Championship Wrestling ; Ohio Valley Wrestling (2000–2008 for WWE; 2011–2013 and 2019–present for Impact Wrestling ); and Florida Championship Wrestling (2007–2012). In 2012, WWE would relaunch and repurpose NXT — a reality competition series featuring FCW talent being mentored by WWE "pros" —as an in-house developmental brand , with its weekly television program switching to

6880-694: Was anxious to enter the feature-film market. He joined forces with the financially troubled Grand National Pictures , in the hope of producing both full-length films and short subjects for that studio. Hammons had stockpiled enough shorts to keep Educational going through June 1938; these films were distributed by Fox. The last two Educational shorts appeared in January 1939, released through Grand National; these were newsreel satires with radio and screen comic F. Chase Taylor as "Col. Stoopnagle." Hammons spent most of 1938 and 1939 in negotiations to secure financing and reimburse creditors. He remained optimistic, announcing

6966-635: Was displayed in the popular travelogues of the day. Today, travelogues are most often seen in IMAX theaters and play a role in fiction film cinematography. IMAX was invented more than 40 years ago by Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroiter, and Robert Kerr who pioneered the technology and debuted it at the EXPO 67 in Montreal , Canada and later again at EXPO 70 in Osaka , Japan. Since then, IMAX and travelogues have latched onto each other. In

7052-461: Was granted a special immunity from antitrust laws. Despite the advent of free agency in 1976 , which led many to predict the demise of the farm system, it still remains a strong component of a winning baseball strategy. Under the current minor league system (since the last reorganization in 2021), each of the thirty major league teams has four affiliated minor league teams . The teams of the National Hockey League also have their own farm teams in

7138-535: Was never strictly enforced. In 2022, MLS will relaunch its reserve league as MLS Next Pro , which occupies the third level alongside USL League One and the National Independent Soccer Association . The first Next Pro season will feature 21 teams, all but one of which are MLS reserve sides, with most having been withdrawn from the USL system in advance of the establishment of the new league. All remaining MLS reserve sides will be withdrawn from

7224-758: Was now working solo; he and partner Tom Howard reunited on radio's It Pays to Be Ignorant . Most of the later Educational series focused on youth; besides being less expensive talent, the young actors lent a high level of energy to their performances. Educational's freshman class included the comedy/dance team of Herman Timberg, Jr. and Pat Rooney, Jr., singers Niela Goodelle and Lee Sullivan, mild-mannered comic Charles Kemper (reminiscent of Educational's bygone star Lloyd Hamilton), wisecracking comedian Harriet Hutchins, ingenues June Allyson and Sally Starr , juvenile singing group The Cabin Kids, rubber-faced clown Imogene Coca, and up-and-coming dialect comedian Danny Kaye, who began as

7310-404: Was ready to retire in 1897, he arranged for Holmes to take over the rest of his speaking arrangements. Holmes went on to become the premier travel lecturer of his day and coined the term, "travelogues," in 1904 when he introduced film clips to lecture series making them wildly popular. After World War II, Lowell Thomas created popular Movietone News Reel travelogues shown in movie theaters across

7396-555: Was used by NFL Europe. In the 2023 incarnation they signed a player personnel partnership with the Indoor Football League (IFL), with the IFL functioning as the XFL's de facto minor league. In Canada , intercollegiate sport has never attained a similar level of following compared to the United States, mainly due to ice hockey being the most popular sport in the country. In hockey,

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