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46-584: Pennsylvania Western University, Edinboro (abbreviated as PennWest Edinboro ) in Edinboro, Pennsylvania , United States, is a campus of Pennsylvania Western University . Edinboro University was founded as the Edinboro Academy , a private training school for Pennsylvania teachers in 1857, by the region's original Scottish settlers. It is the oldest training institution west of the Allegheny Mountains and

92-507: A gristmill near Conneauttee Lake. From 1801 to 1825, the roots of the town were formed when congregations of Presbyterian and Methodist churches began moving to the area and building houses and churches, some of which are still standing today. The first settler, William Culbertson, built the first school around 1825. The first post office was built around 1837 when it was included in the Erie and Crawford counties' postal routes. The farms helped

138-499: A family was $ 48,516. Males had a median income of $ 33,750 versus $ 24,821 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 12,209. About 11.0% of families and 34.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over. With an enrollment over 8,700, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania , a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ,

184-413: A husk. This foundation isolated the building from vibrations coming from the stones and main gearing and also allowed for the easy re-leveling of the foundation to keep the millstones perfectly horizontal. The lower bedstone was placed in an inset in the husk with the upper runner stone above the level of the husk. American inventor Oliver Evans revolutionized the labor-intensive process of early mills at

230-412: A mechanical sieve to refine the flour, or turning a wooden drum to wind up a chain used to hoist sacks of grain to the top of the mill house. The distance between the stones can be varied to produce the grade of flour required; moving the stones closer together produces finer flour. This process, which may be automatic or controlled by the miller, is called tentering . The grain is lifted in sacks onto

276-581: A percentage called the "miller's toll". Early mills in England were almost always built by the local lord of the manor and had the exclusive right (the right of mulcture ) to a proportion on all grain processed in the community. Later, mills were supported by farming communities and the miller received the "miller's toll" in lieu of wages. Most towns and villages had their own mill so that local farmers could easily transport their grain there to be milled. These communities were dependent on their local mill as bread

322-434: A system that allows the sequential milling of these grists, noting that "a mill, thus constructed, might grind grists in the day time, and do merchant-work at night." Over time, any small, older style flour mill became generally known as a gristmill (as a distinction from large factory flour mills). Modern mills typically use electricity or fossil fuels to spin heavy steel, or cast iron, serrated and flat rollers to separate

368-440: Is 18:1. In 2007, the university announced a plan to build dormitories for $ 115 million. The Highland Complex had eight halls, with the first four beginning operations in 2008 and 2009 and the remainder doing so in 2010 and 2011. They opened at a time when enrollment peaked. By 2022 enrollment had sharply declined and Edinboro University was merging with other universities. That year the university announced that Buildings 7 and 8 of

414-647: Is a major contributor to the local economy. Edinboro University was founded in 1857. On April 24, 1998, James Parker Middle School experienced a school shooting at a banquet facility. Andrew Jerome Wurst, 14, fatally shot 48-year-old John Gillette and wounded another teacher and two students at Nick's Place, a nearby banquet hall during an 8th-grade dinner dance. [REDACTED] Media related to Edinboro, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons Gristmill A gristmill (also: grist mill , corn mill , flour mill , feed mill or feedmill ) grinds cereal grain into flour and middlings . The term can refer to either

460-500: Is located in southern Erie County at 41°52′36″N 80°7′54″W  /  41.87667°N 80.13167°W  / 41.87667; -80.13167 (41.876558, -80.131661). It is surrounded by Washington Township . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.2 km ), of which 2.3 square miles (5.9 km ) is land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km ), or 4.95%,

506-596: Is probably the Barbegal aqueduct and mill where water with a 19-metre fall drove sixteen water wheels , giving a grinding capacity estimated at 28 tons per day. Water mills seem to have remained in use during the post-Roman period. Manually operated mills utilizing a crank-and-connecting rod were used in the Western Han dynasty . There was an expansion of grist-milling in the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia from

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552-543: Is water. The center of the borough is at the south end of Edinboro Lake and around its outlet, Conneauttee Creek , a south-flowing tributary of French Creek and part of the Allegheny River / Ohio River / Mississippi River watershed. Darrows Creek , a tributary of Conneauttee Creek, rises east of town and flows south through the campus of the Edinboro University of Pennsylvania. U.S. Route 6N passes through

598-725: The Ebro River in Spain is associated with the Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda , built by the Cistercian monks in 1202. The Cistercians were known for their use of this technology in Western Europe in the period 1100 to 1350. Although the terms "gristmill" or "corn mill" can refer to any mill that grinds grain, the terms were used historically for a local mill where farmers brought their own grain and received ground meal or flour, minus

644-539: The NWBA Intercollegiate Division. Edinboro, Pennsylvania The town is located in the snowbelt region south of Lake Erie . Members of the Eriez, Iroquois, and Cornplanter Native tribes were the first known inhabitants of the area that is now known as Edinboro. These nations called the region Conneauttee , meaning "land of the living snowflake". William Culbertson moved to the area in 1801, building

690-806: The Northwest State Normal School . In 1914, the state purchased the school from the original stockholders and renamed it the Edinboro State Normal School . By 1927, the advancement of academic programs to include liberal arts study required the school to rename itself Edinboro State Teachers College . Further development of the liberal arts to include degree programs outside the field of education resulted in Edinboro becoming Edinboro State College in 1960. Continued development of undergraduate liberal arts programs and advanced graduate degrees earned Edinboro university status in 1983, and

736-477: The Roman Empire by the end of the first century BC, and these were described by Vitruvius . The rotating mill is considered "one of the greatest discoveries of the human race". It was a very physically demanding job for workers, where the slave workers were considered little different from animals, the miseries of which were depicted in iconography and Apuleius ' The Golden Ass . The peak of Roman technology

782-438: The bran and germ from the endosperm . The endosperm is ground to create white flour, which may be recombined with the bran and germ to create whole grain or graham flour . The different milling techniques produce visibly different results, but can be made to produce nutritionally and functionally equivalent output. Stone-ground flour is preferred by many bakers and natural food advocates because of its texture, nutty flavour, and

828-530: The census of 2000, there were 6,950 people, 2,087 households, and 830 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,000.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,158.5/km ). There were 2,242 housing units at an average density of 968.0 per square mile (373.7/km ). The racial makeup of the borough was 92.29% White , 4.45% African American , 0.16% Native American , 1.61% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.52% from other races , and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.99% of

874-413: The sack floor at the top of the mill on the hoist . The sacks are then emptied into bins, where the grain falls down through a hopper to the millstones on the stone floor below. The flow of grain is regulated by shaking it in a gently sloping trough (the slipper ) from which it falls into a hole in the center of the runner stone. The milled grain (flour) is collected as it emerges through the grooves in

920-622: The wrestling and wheelchair basketball are NCAA Division II programs and members of the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference . Wrestling competes on the NCAA Division I level, and as of the 2019 season will no longer actively compete against Division II level PSAC wrestling programs as a result of their new affiliation with the Mid-American Conference in wrestling. Its wheelchair basketball team competes in

966-482: The " Norse wheel ", as many were found in Scandinavia. The paddle wheel was attached to a shaft which was, in turn, attached to the centre of the millstone called the "runner stone". The turning force produced by the water on the paddles was transferred directly to the runner stone, causing it to grind against a stationary " bed ", a stone of a similar size and shape. This simple arrangement required no gears , but had

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1012-583: The 1950s, as Edinboro promoted itself, mainly to the surrounding populations in Pittsburgh and Erie as a resort area by the lake. This promotion boosted tourism, while the college gained enrollment and drew more residents to the town. The 1960s was a significant growth period for the town, as around 400 building permits were issued for both housing and business. A post office was built in 1960, and evolved to first class status by 1966. The demand for water consumption had tripled throughout this period, and prompted

1058-533: The 3rd century AD onwards, and then the widespread expansion of large-scale factory milling installations across the Islamic world from the 8th century onwards. Geared gristmills were built in the medieval Near East and North Africa , which were used for grinding grain and other seeds to produce meals . Gristmills in the Islamic world were powered by both water and wind. The first wind-powered gristmills were built in

1104-580: The 9th and 10th centuries in what are now Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. The Egyptian town of Bilbays had a grain-processing factory that produced an estimated 300 tons of flour and grain per day. From the late 10th century onwards, there was an expansion of grist-milling in Northern Europe. In England, the Domesday survey of 1086 gives a precise count of England's water-powered flour mills: there were 5,624, or about one for every 300 inhabitants, and this

1150-459: The Highland Complex were to be sold; at the time the two buildings had no students. Edinboro University offers 17 varsity sports: women's basketball, cross country, lacrosse, volleyball, swimming, soccer, softball, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track and field, and men's football, wrestling, cross country, basketball, swimming, tennis, wheelchair basketball, and outdoor track and field. All but

1196-493: The area grow during this time, and the area was incorporated in 1840 with a population of 232 at about 500 acres (200 ha). A turnpike between Erie and Meadville was constructed in the 1840s; it was made of wooden planks, and completed in 1852. In 1857, an academy was started, which was renamed the State Normal School in 1861, and which would eventually become Edinboro University of Pennsylvania . A trolley station

1242-401: The average family size was 2.93. In the borough the population was spread out, with 10.8% under the age of 18, 56.6% from 18 to 24, 15.0% from 25 to 44, 10.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $ 26,652, and the median income for

1288-901: The belief that it is nutritionally superior and has a better baking quality than steel-roller-milled flour. It is claimed that, as the stones grind relatively slowly, the wheat germ is not exposed to the sort of excessive temperatures that could cause the fat from the germ portion to oxidize and become rancid, which would destroy some of the vitamin content. Stone-milled flour has been found to be relatively high in thiamin, compared to roller-milled flour, especially when milled from hard wheat. Gristmills only grind "clean" grains from which stalks and chaff have previously been removed, but historically some mills also housed equipment for threshing , sorting, and cleaning prior to grinding. Modern mills are usually "merchant mills" that are either privately owned and accept money or trade for milling grains or are owned by corporations that buy unmilled grain and then own

1334-408: The center of Edinboro, leading east 7 miles (11 km) to U.S. Routes 6 and 19 near Mill Village , and west 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Interstate 79 . Pennsylvania Route 99 crosses US 6N in the center of Edinboro, leading north 8 miles (13 km) to McKean and southeast 7 miles (11 km) to Cambridge Springs . The city of Erie is 23 miles (37 km) north via US 6N and I-79. As of

1380-480: The construction of a new sewage plant in 1970. The borough's home rule charter was adopted in 1974, with a new municipal building being constructed in 1975. In 1980, the census placed Edinboro first in population growth in Erie County , with a population increase of 30% from 1970 to 1980 to a total of 6,324. The businesses in the borough continued to grow, and in 1983, Edinboro State College received accreditation by

1426-436: The disadvantage that the speed of rotation of the stone was dependent on the volume and flow of water available and was, therefore, only suitable for use in mountainous regions with fast-flowing streams. This dependence on the volume and speed of flow of the water also meant that the speed of rotation of the stone was highly variable and the optimum grinding speed could not always be maintained. Vertical wheels were in use in

Pennsylvania Western University, Edinboro - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-525: The educational and population centers of McKean , Waterford , and Albion . The main campus has 42 buildings on a 585-acre (2.37 km) campus which includes a 5-acre (20,000 m) lake, open fields and woods, 11 on-campus residence halls (Highlands 1~8, Rose Hall and Earp Hall (used for summer sports camps) and Towers (only one being used currently)) for approximately 2,500 students, and the seven-story Baron-Forness Library. Edinboro University offers 150 degree programs and 57 minors. The student-faculty ratio

1518-634: The end of the eighteenth century when he automated the process of making flour. His inventions included the Elevator, wood or tin buckets on a vertical endless leather belt, used to move grain and flour vertically upward; the Conveyor, a wooden auger to move material horizontally; the Hopper Boy, a device for stirring and cooling the newly ground flour; the Drill, a horizontal elevator with flaps instead of buckets (similar to

1564-426: The grinding mechanism or the building that holds it. Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff in preparation for grinding . The Greek geographer Strabo reports in his Geography a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king Mithradates VI Eupator at Cabira , Asia Minor , before 71 BC. The early mills had horizontal paddle wheels, an arrangement which later became known as

1610-496: The old wheel mills. In most wheel-driven mills, a large gear-wheel called the pit wheel is mounted on the same axle as the water wheel and this drives a smaller gear-wheel, the wallower , on a main driveshaft running vertically from the bottom to the top of the building. This system of gearing ensures that the main shaft turns faster than the water wheel, which typically rotates at around 10 rpm . The millstones themselves turn at around 120 rpm . They are laid one on top of

1656-414: The other. The bottom stone, called the bed , is fixed to the floor, while the top stone, the runner , is mounted on a separate spindle, driven by the main shaft. A wheel called the stone nut connects the runner's spindle to the main shaft, and this can be moved out of the way to disconnect the stone and stop it turning, leaving the main shaft turning to drive other machinery. This might include driving

1702-407: The population. There were 2,087 households, out of which 19.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.9% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.2% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and

1748-418: The process. Evans himself did not use the term gristmill to describe his automatic flour mill, which was purpose designed as a merchant mill (he used the more general term "water-mill"). In his book his only reference to "grist" (or "grists") is to the small batches of grain a farmer would bring in to have ground for himself (what would be generally called barter or custom milling). In his book, Evans describes

1794-416: The runner stone from the outer rim of the stones and is fed down a chute to be collected in sacks on the ground or meal floor. A similar process is used for grains such as wheat to make flour, and for maize to make corn meal . In order to prevent vibrations from the millstones shaking the building apart, they were usually placed on a separate timber foundation, not attached to the mill walls, known as

1840-627: The second-oldest in Pennsylvania . Edinboro initially consisted of a modest two-story building, including six classrooms. The school began with three instructors, 110 students, and a principal. That original building Academy Hall is currently used as the undergraduate admissions office. In 1861, the Edinboro Academy affiliated with the state government of Pennsylvania to become the second State Normal School in Pennsylvania, occasionally known as

1886-473: The state and was renamed Edinboro University of Pennsylvania . Between the 1980s and 2000s, Edinboro University has grown to be northwestern Pennsylvania's largest university and is a key factor in drawing people to the area. Today, Edinboro is known as a college town in the winter and lake resort during the summer. Academy Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Edinboro

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1932-595: The use of a conveyor but easier to build); and the Descender, an endless strap (leather or flannel) in a trough that is angled downward, the strap helps to move the ground flour in the trough. Most importantly, he integrated these into a single continuous process, the overall design later becoming known as the Automatic (or Automated) mill. In 1790 he received the third Federal patent for his process. In 1795 he published "The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide" which fully described

1978-522: Was a staple part of the diet. Classical mill designs are usually water-powered , though some are powered by the wind or by livestock. In a watermill a sluice gate is opened to allow water to flow onto, or under, a water wheel to make it turn. In most watermills the water wheel was mounted vertically, i.e., edge-on, in the water, but in some cases horizontally (the tub wheel and so-called Norse wheel ). Later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron turbines and these were sometimes refitted into

2024-420: Was built by the railway company (which railway company is apparently unknown). That company built an electric railway in the 1900s which drew more traffic to the area. Fires in 1902, 1905, and 1909, destroyed most of the wood-framed, commercial buildings, many of which were replaced with brick structures that are still standing today. Many more houses, condominiums, and apartments were constructed from 1910 through

2070-470: Was known as Edinboro University of Pennsylvania . In July 2021, the university was officially merged with fellow Western Pennsylvania institutions Clarion University of Pennsylvania and California University of Pennsylvania . On October 14, 2021, the state officially adopted the new name of the combined universities: Pennsylvania Western University . The campus is located 18 miles (29 km) from Erie, Pennsylvania and within 5 miles (8.0 km) of

2116-515: Was probably typical throughout western and southern Europe. From this time onward, water wheels began to be used for purposes other than grist milling. In England, the number of mills in operation followed population growth, and peaked at around 17,000 by 1300. Limited extant examples of gristmills can be found in Europe from the High Middle Ages . An extant well-preserved waterwheel and gristmill on

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