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110-506: Ebenthal lies southeast of Klagenfurt . The Sattnitz Mountains stretch east and west and are a popular goal for outings. The Glan and the Gurk flow through the municipality and into the nearby Wörther Lake. The Glanfurt flows into the Glan near the middle of the municipality. The Radsberg forms the southern boundary of the municipality. The nature reserve Höflein-Moor is in the municipality. According to

220-521: A "great crime". in a letter of 7 October 1462, addressed to the Bishop of Rubico in the Canary Islands , Pius instructed bishops to impose ecclesiastical penalties on transgressors. Pius did not condemn the concept of trading in slaves, only the enslavement of Christians, who represented a very small minority of those captured and taken to Portugal. Pope Pius II inaugurated an unusual urban project, perhaps

330-580: A Christian. The pope even suggested that if Mehmed were to convert, he would be recognized as "Emperor of the Greeks and of the East." However, there are historians who believe that the mentioned letter was sent to the Sublime Porte. Not surprisingly, if it was delivered, the invitation was not successful. In April 1462, a public pageant was staged for the pope to receive the relics of the head of Saint Andrew when it

440-457: A Frenchman and a blood cousin of the king of France, seemed certain to be elected. On 18 August, the first scrutiny took place; Aeneas and Calandrini each received 5 votes, while no one else received more than three. Whether out of trickery or out of hatred, no cardinal gave a vote for d'Estouteville. The results contradicted the expectations. D'Estouteville then set out to frustrate the ambitions of Aeneas. The second ballot took place on 19 August;

550-527: A cardinal in 1456. He was a Renaissance humanist with an international reputation. Aeneas Silvius' longest and most enduring work is the story of his life, the Commentaries , which is the only autobiography of a pope ever to have been published. It appeared posthumously, in 1584, 120 years after his death. Aeneas was born at Corsignano in Sienese territory of a noble but impoverished family. His father Silvio

660-546: A child but it died. Upon his return to Basel, Aeneas again served from 1436 to 1438 as secretary of Cardinal Domenico Capranica. He actively supported the council in its conflict with the Pope, and, although still a layman, eventually obtained a share in the direction of its affairs. He gave a speech advocating the choice of Pavia as the site of a meeting between council members and the Greek delegation, to discuss church union, which caught

770-495: A diplomatic mission to Vienna in 1438, it was reported that he had died; and the duke of Milan, who had abandoned the council and returned to Pope Eugenius' side, gave Aeneas' provostship to another candidate. In recompense, the Council appointed him a canon in the cathedral Chapter of Trent. He refused the offer of the diaconate , shunning the ecclesiastical state because of the obligation of sexual continence which it imposed. Even

880-468: A future council in a statement handed the pope by his proctor on 4 August 1460. On 8 August, Sigismund was excommunicated and his domains were placed under the interdict. On 26 September 1459, he called for a new crusade against the Ottomans, and on 14 January 1460, he proclaimed the official crusade that was to last for three years. The pope influenced Vlad III Dracula , whom he held in high regard, to start

990-412: A man of the world with no strictness in morals or consistency in politics. Being sent on a mission to Rome in 1445, with the ostensible object of inducing Pope Eugene to convoke a new council, he was absolved from ecclesiastical censures and returned to Germany under an engagement to assist the Pope. This he did most effectually by the diplomatic dexterity with which he smoothed away differences between

1100-455: A mission to Bohemia and concluded a satisfactory arrangement with the Hussite leader George of Poděbrady . In 1452 he accompanied Frederick to Rome, where Frederick wedded Eleanor and was crowned emperor by the pope. At the coronation, speaking in the name of the emperor, Aeneas repudiated the conciliar theory, holding that the pope and his cardinals were the best council. Bishop Aeneas Sylvius

1210-459: A safer position and is thus considered to be the actual founder of the market place , which in 1252 received a city charter . In the following centuries, Klagenfurt suffered fires, earthquakes, invasions of locusts, and attacks from Ottomans, and was ravaged by the Peasants' Wars . In 1514, a fire almost completely destroyed the city, and in 1518 Emperor Maximilian I , unable to rebuild it, despite

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1320-570: A teacher. In 1431 he accepted the post of secretary to Domenico Capranica , bishop of Fermo , then on his way to the Council of Basel . Capranica was protesting against the new Pope Eugene IV 's refusal of a cardinalate for him, which had been designated by Pope Martin V . Arriving at Basel after enduring a stormy voyage to Genoa and then a trip across the Alps , he successively served Capranica, who ran out of money, and then other masters. In 1435, he

1430-417: A tower at the edge of the moor was erected to watch out for the dragon, and that the dragon was baited using a bull fitted with a chain and hook, which caught the beast's palatal . A village was subsequently founded on the battlesite, which later expanded into a town, while the watchtower made way for a castle. The feat is commemorated by a grandiose 9-ton Renaissance monument in the city centre. Historically,

1540-509: A typical humid continental climate (Dfb), with a fair amount of fog throughout the autumn and winter, which occurs in 106 days annually. Summers are warm and wet, with frequent thunderstorms which happen in 43.8 days on average. Klagenfurt experiences 70.9 days annually with maximum temperature at or above 25 °C (77 °F), and 18.8 days in which the maximum temperature reaches 30 °C (86 °F). The rather cold winters are broken up by occasional warmer periods due to foehn wind from

1650-572: A war against Sultan Mehmed II of Turkey . This conflict at its peak involved the Wallachians trying to assassinate the Sultan (see The Night Attack ). After his departure from Mantua on 19 January 1460, Pius II reached his former bishopric of Siena on 30 January, where, exhausted by his exertions at Mantua, he was advised by his doctors to rest, either in the city or at the Petriolo hot springs. There he

1760-508: A week with a diverse selection of food available for sale. As well as the historical market, there are several shopping centres in Klagenfurt. The City-Arkaden shopping centre, founded in 2006, is located at the northern part of the city centre. The shopping centre has 120 businesses in a total floor area of 30 thousand square metres, and is one of the largest shopping centres in Carinthia. At

1870-441: Is a Slovene language Gymnasium (established in 1957) and a Slovene language commercial high school. A number of general high schools such as and senior high schools offering general-cum-professional education: The ice hockey team EC KAC (Eishockey Club Klagenfurter Athletiksport Club) has won the top level Austrian Championship 30 times since its founding in 1909. The Bundesliga football club SK Austria Kärnten

1980-659: Is a popular vacation spot, with mountains both to the south and north, numerous parks and a series of 23 stately homes and castles on its outskirts. In summer, the city is home to the Altstadtzauber (The Magic of the Old City) festival. Several Carinthian Slovene cultural and political associations are also based in the city, including the Hermagoras Society , the oldest Slovene publishing house founded in Klagenfurt in 1851. Klagenfurt hosts several events annually. The city

2090-552: Is home to the University of Klagenfurt and hosts a campus of the Fachhochschule Kärnten (Carinthia University of Applied Sciences), a college of education for primary and secondary teacher training and further education of teachers as well as a college of general further education (VHS) and two institutions of further professional and vocational education (WIFI and BFI). Among other Austrian educational institutions, there

2200-421: Is impossible for linguistic reasons. The common people also sought an explanation in a story that a baker's apprentice was accused of theft and executed, but when the alleged theft turned out to be a mistake a few days afterwards, and the lad was proved innocent, the citizens' "lament" ( Klagen ) went forth and forth. This story was reported by Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who later became Pope Pius II . In 2007,

2310-452: Is located south of the city centre. The city is situated at the intersection of the A2 and S37 motorways. The A2 autobahn runs from Vienna via Graz and Klagenfurt to Villach and further to the state border of Italy. The S37 freeway runs from Vienna via Bruck an der Mur and Sankt Veit an der Glan to Klagenfurt. The Loibl Pass highway B91 goes to Ljubljana , the capital of Slovenia , which

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2420-519: Is on the lake Wörthersee and on the Glan river. The city is surrounded by several forest covered hills and mountains, with heights of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) (for example Ulrichsberg ). To the south of the city is the Karawanken mountain range , which separates Carinthia from bordering nations of Slovenia and Italy . Klagenfurt is a statutory city of Carinthia, and the administrative seat of

2530-495: Is only 88 km (55 mi) from Klagenfurt. The volume of traffic in Klagenfurt is high (motorisation level: 572 cars/1000 inhabitants in 2007). Service on the city's streetcar (tram) system , as well as its trolleybus system, ended in April 1963. In the 1960s, Klagenfurt was meant to become a car-friendly city, with many wide roads. A motorway was even planned which was to cross the city partly underground, but which now by-passes

2640-498: Is such that you would appear to have been chosen, not to govern the state, but called to enjoy pleasures. You avoid neither hunting, nor games, nor the company of women. You put together parties that are more opulent than is fitting. You wear clothes that are far too expensive. You overflow with gold and silver.... We can't keep people from making requests, but we can easily refuse to entertain them. Think about who are appropriate, and I will choose from among their number...." He then gave

2750-592: Is the capital and largest city of the Austrian state of Carinthia , as well as of the historical region of Carinthia including Slovene Carinthia . With a population of 104,862 (1 January 2024), it is the sixth-largest city in Austria after Vienna , Graz , Linz , Salzburg , and Innsbruck . The city is the bishop's seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gurk-Klagenfurt and home to the University of Klagenfurt ,

2860-584: The Aragonese claimant to the throne of Naples, in opposition to the French House of Anjou, his next important act was to convene a congress of the representatives of Christian princes at Mantua for joint action against the Turks . In anticipation of his departure for Mantua, Pius issued the bull "Cum Concedente Deo" on 5 January 1459, in which he considered the possibility of the pope dying outside Rome; he ordered that

2970-671: The Carinthian University of Applied Sciences and the Gustav Mahler Private University for Music. Klagenfurt is considered the cultural centre of the Carinthian Slovenes (Slovene: koroški Slovenci ; German: Kärntner Slowenen ), one of Austria's indigenous minorities. The Carinthian linguists Primus Lessiak and Eberhard Kranzmayer assumed that the city's name, which literally translates as ' ford of lament' or 'ford of complaints', had something to do with

3080-565: The Kärntner Nachrichten . On 7 May 1945, a committee convened in the historic Landhaus building of the Gau authorities to form a Provisional State government, and one of the numerous decisions taken was a proclamation to the "People of Carinthia". This proclamation included the reporting of the resignation of the Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter Friedrich Rainer , the transfer of power to

3190-473: The city walls , leaving, against a large sum collected by the citizens, only one eastern gate (which was pulled down to make way for traffic some decades later), and the small stretch in the west which is now all that is left of the once grand fortifications. In 1863, the railway connection to St. Veit an der Glan boosted the city's economy and so did the building of the Vienna-Trieste railway that brought to

3300-550: The "Commandantura of the Carinthian Military Zone" under Major Egon Remec. On Neuer Platz —renamed Adolf Hitler Platz in 1938—British armoured vehicles are said to have faced allied Yugoslav ones in a hostile way, which would have been a curious spectacle for the liberated citizens, but this is unlikely. Several days passed before, under British pressure and American diplomatic backing, the Yugoslav troops withdrew from

3410-527: The 14th century, the abbot and historiographer John of Viktring translated Klagenfurt's name in his Liber certarum historiarum as Queremoniae Vadus 'ford of complaint', Hieronymus Megiser , master of the university college of the Carinthian Estates in Klagenfurt and editor of the earliest printed history of the duchy in 1612, believed the name to mean 'ford across the Glan River', which, however,

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3520-482: The 2001 census 4.2% of the population are Carinthian Slovenes . This Carinthia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Klagenfurt Klagenfurt am Wörthersee ( German: [ˌklaːɡn̩fʊʁt ʔam ˈvœʁtɐzeː] ; Slovene : Celovec ; Austro-Bavarian : Klognfuat ; Carinthian Slovene : Clouvc ; usually known as simply Klagenfurt ( English: / ˈ k l ɑː ɡ ən f ʊər t / KLAH -gən-foort ))

3630-817: The Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and claimed for the newly founded South-Slav kingdom. In 1920, the Yugoslav occupying forces withdrew from the town centre, but remained in its southern suburbs, such as Viktring and Ebenthal. They eventually withdrew after the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920, when the majority of voters in the Carinthian mixed-language Zone A decided to remain part of Austria. In 1938, Klagenfurt's population suddenly grew by more than 50% through

3740-635: The Artists' House, two municipal and several private galleries, a planetarium in Europa Park , literary institutions such as the Robert Musil House, and a reputable German-literature competition awarding the prestigious Ingeborg Bachmann Prize . Klagenfurt is the home of a number of small but fine publishing houses , and several papers or regional editions are also published here including dailies such as " Kleine Zeitung " and " Kärntner Krone ". Klagenfurt

3850-678: The Austrian flag be taken down. Accompanied by a guerilla troop carrying a machine pistol , a Yugoslav emissary appeared on the same day in the Landesregierung building, demanding of the Acting State Governor Piesch repeal the order to take down the Yugoslav flag, which was ignored. On 8 May 1945, 9:30 am, British troops of the Eighth Army under General McCreery entered Klagenfurt and were met in front of Stauderhaus by

3960-625: The Aventine. He was allowed to keep the diocese of Siena. He also acquired the bishopric of Warmia (Ermel and, Prussia; now in Poland) on 12 August 1457. Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458. The leading candidate was Cardinal Domenico Capranica, but he died on 14 August, during the Novendiales . The ambassador of the Duke of Milan wrote on 31 July that Cardinal Juan de Torquemada and Cardinal Filippo Calandrini ,

4070-716: The Chapel of St. Andrew. When his nephew, Pius III , died in 1503, he was buried next to Pius II. In 1506, because of the demolition of Old St. Peter's, the tombs were moved to the crypt. In 1612, when the church of St. Andrea della Valle was completed, the bodies of both popes, as well as parts of their funeral monuments, were moved there and re-entombed on 1 February 1613. Pius II was a prominent author of poetry in his lifetime, being named imperial poet laureate in 1442. But his reputation in belles lettres rests principally upon his The Tale of Two Lovers , an erotic novel. He also composed some comedies , of which only one ( Chrysis )

4180-593: The IVth army. Both of these forces made their way through the city's streets which were jammed with tens of thousands of Volksdeutsche refugees, and masses of soldiers of all the nationalities that had been fighting under German command and were now fleeing the Russians. These partisan and Yugoslav regular forces claimed the city and the surrounding South Carinthian land, establishing the Komanda staba za Koroška , which would be named

4290-471: The Karawanken mountains to the south. On 52.9 days the depth of snow cover is at or above 1 cm (0.39 in), with 10.1 days having more than 20 cm (7.9 in) of snow depth. The average temperature from 1961 to 1990 was 7.1 °C (44.8 °F), while the average temperature in 1991-2020 period is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F). As of January 2020, there were 101,403 people whose principal residence

4400-452: The Milanese ambassador indicated it would be possible to carry the election of Piccolomini, who was being supported by the king of Naples. On 16 August, the cardinals entered into a papal conclave . Eighteen cardinals took part. The Italian cardinals were outnumbered by the foreigners. According to Aeneas' account, the wealthy cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville , Archbishop of Rouen , though

4510-573: The Ottomans and attacked their forces near Ohrid. Pius II's planned crusade envisioned assembling 20,000 soldiers in Taranto, and another 20,000 would be gathered by Skanderbeg. They would have been marshaled in Durazzo under Skanderbeg's leadership and would have formed the central front against the Ottomans. The Pope did his best: he addressed an eloquent letter to the Ottoman ruler, Mehmet II , urging him to become

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4620-1018: The Wörthersee in 1969. The 2016 Beach Volleyball Major Series took place in Klagenfurt on 26–31 July Klagenfurt hosted three games during the UEFA Euro 2008 in the recently-rebuilt Wörthersee Stadion . Klagenfurt was also a contender for the 2006 Winter Olympics and is home to an American football team, the Carinthian Black Lions, competing in the First League of the Austrian Football League. The Black Lions attract fans from all over Carinthia, playing home games in both Klagenfurt and Villach. Pope Pius II Pope Pius II ( Latin : Pius PP. II , Italian : Pio II ), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Latin: Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus ; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464),

4730-617: The action. The crusade for which the Congress of Mantua had been convoked made no progress. In November 1463, Pope Pius II tried to organize the crusade against the Ottomans, similar to what Nicholas V and Calixtus III had tried to do before him. Pius II invited all the Christian nobility to join, and the Venetians immediately answered the appeal. So did George Kastriot Skanderbeg the leader of Albanian resistance, who on 27 November 1463 declared war on

4840-620: The affairs of the Empire and the Roman Curia, in which occupations he incessantly strove to acquire benefices that should raise him out of poverty, Piccolomini was not inspired by any ardent longing for virtue, nor was he stirred by the sublime genius of an exalted nature. There was nothing great in him. Endowed with fascinating gifts, this man of brilliant parts possessed no enthusiasms. We cannot even say that he pursued any aim beyond that of his own advantage." Aeneas' character had hitherto been that of

4950-502: The attempt to seize Genoa ; Florence cynically advised the Pope to let the Turks and the Venetians wear each other out. Pius II was aware that he was nearing his end, and his malady probably prompted the feverish impatience with which, on 18 June 1464, he assumed the cross and departed for Ancona to conduct the crusade in person. Pius condemned the enslavement of newly baptized Christians as

5060-451: The attention of the duke of Milan, as he had hoped. The archbishop of Milan named him Provost of the church of S. Lorenzo in Milan, even though he had not been elected to the post by the chapter of the church and was still a layman. The Council granted him a dispensation, despite their policy against such dispensations, which they considered a feature of papal corruption. But when Aeneas was sent on

5170-471: The beginning of 1945, when the end of the war was rather obvious, numerous talks among representatives of democratic pre-1934 organisations had taken place, which later extended to high-ranking officers of the Wehrmacht and officials of the administration. Even representatives of the partisans in the hills south of Klagenfurt were met who, in view of the strong SS-forces in Klagenfurt, agreed not to attempt to take

5280-525: The bull "In Minoribus Agentes," addressed to the rector and members of the University of Cologne. In it, he withdrew his treatise against Pope Eugene IV and in favor of the Council of Basel. It contained the famous remark, "reject Aeneas, retain Pius" ( Aeneam rejicite, Pium recipite ). In spite of suffering from a fever, Pope Pius II left Rome for Ancona on 18 June 1464, arriving on 18 July. He hoped to increase

5390-576: The cardinals and merchants. He was executed on 31 October. The European powers, however, had not ceased their pressure for the appointment of more cardinals. The cardinals, however, were insistent that there should be no creation of non-Italians. An agreement was finally reached that there would be six new cardinals, three Italians and three "ultramontani", thereby preserving the balance of power. On 18 December 1461, six cardinals were announced: Bartolomeo Roverella , archbishop of Ravenna; Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati , bishop of Pavia; Francesco Gonzaga , who

5500-404: The cardinals to vote for the duke's almoner, Jean Jouffroy, bishop of Arras. He wrote that it was because the cardinals would have no ultramontanes as cardinals. Pius was recalled to Rome, reaching the city on 6 October 1460. His presence was urged by the disturbances occasioned by Tiburzio di Maso , who, when captured, confessed that he had planned to overthrow the papal government and plunder

5610-518: The city an imposing central station (destroyed in World War II) and solidified Klagenfurt as the centre of the region. During the 19th century, the city developed into an important centre of Carinthian Slovene culture. Many important Slovene public figures lived, studied or worked in Klagenfurt, among them Anton Martin Slomšek , who later became the first bishop of Maribor and was beatified in 1999,

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5720-422: The city by force, but upheld the official declaration that south-eastern Carinthia was to be a Yugoslav possession. To avoid further destruction and a major bloodshed, on 3 May 1945 General Löhr of Army Group E (Heeresgruppe E) agreed to declare Klagenfurt an " open city " "in case Anglo-American forces should attack the city", a declaration that was broadcast several times and two days later also published in

5830-432: The city changed its official name to Klagenfurt am Wörthersee ('Klagenfurt on Lake Wörth'). However, since there are no other settlements called Klagenfurt in the world, the previous shorter name is nearly always used. Legend has it that Klagenfurt was founded after a group of brave men slayed an abominable winged " lindwurm " from the moors adjoining the lake, which was preying on the nearby duchy. The legend says that

5940-647: The city proper, but not before establishing a parallel Carinthian-Slovene civil administration (the Carinthian National Council ) presided over by Franc Petek. However, protected by British soldiers, the members of the Provisional State Government went about devising a comprehensive programme to cover the new political, sociological, and economic outlooks in the land, which would serve the British military authorities. Rapid financial assistance and

6050-406: The city to the north. The problem of four railway lines from north, west, south, and east meeting at the central station south of the city centre and strangulating city traffic has been eased by a considerable number of underpasses on the main arteries. Nevertheless, despite 28 bus lines , traffic jams are frequent nowadays as in most cities of similar size. Ideas of a rapid transport system using

6160-408: The conclave to choose his successor lasted from 4 to 6 March 1447. Aeneas Sylvius was one of the four ambassadors chosen to be the guardians of the conclave. The new pope, Tommaso Parentucelli, chose the name Nicholas V , and immediately confirmed Aeneas in his posts of papal subdeacon and secretary, and appointed him to carry the papal cross at his coronation. One of the first acts of Pope Nicholas

6270-512: The conclave to elect his successor should take place only in Rome, contrary to previous practice. On 11 January 1459 Pope Pius appointed Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa Vicar-General of the city of Rome and of the Patrimony of S. Peter; and on 15 January he named Bishop Galeazzo Cavrini of Mantua his Governor of Rome. He finally set out for the north on 22 January. While at Mantua, he undertook to mediate in

6380-452: The current cardinals, whose consent was necessary. On 4 March 1460, the Wednesday of Ember Days , a formal consistory was held to make the final decisions on the candidates. Pope Pius' opening address was frank and detailed in cataloguing the shortcomings and faults of the luxurious lifestyle of the cardinals, and their activities on behalf of monarchs rather than the church: "Your lifestyle

6490-421: The dispute between Sigismund of Austria and Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa over the bishopric of Brixen, which had been given Nicholas by Pope Nicholas V in 1450, without the consent of the emperor, the count of Tyrol (Sigismund), or the cathedral chapter of Brixen. A public reconciliation was arranged, but no resolution of the basic problem was achieved, but rather postponed to a Diet to be held at Trent two years in

6600-646: The district of Klagenfurt-Land , but is a separate district from Klagenfurt-Land. In fact, their licence plates are different (K for the city, KL for the district). Klagenfurt is divided itself into 16 districts: It is further divided into 25 Katastralgemeinden . They are: Klagenfurt, Blasendorf, Ehrenthal, Goritschitzen, Großbuch, Großponfeld, Gurlitsch I, Hallegg, Hörtendorf, Kleinbuch, Lendorf, Marolla, Nagra, Neudorf, St. Martin bei Klagenfurt, St. Peter am Karlsberg, St. Peter bei Ebenthal, Sankt Peter am Bichl, St. Ruprecht bei Klagenfurt, Stein, Tentschach, Viktring, Waidmannsdorf, Waltendorf, and Welzenegg. Klagenfurt has

6710-674: The duchy's new capital; the city was enlarged along a geometrical chequer-board lay-out according to the Renaissance ideas of the Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio ; a new city centre square, the Neuer Platz , was constructed; and the new fortifications that took half a century to build made Klagenfurt the strongest fortress north of the Alps. In 1809 , however, the French troops (under Napoleon ) destroyed

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6820-463: The election. He was crowned Pope on the front steps of St. Peter's Basilica on 3 September 1458 by the Protodeacon, Cardinal Prospero Colonna. From the first day of his papacy, Pius' greatest priority was freeing Europe from the threat of the Turks, through a great crusade. He had also been preparing a bull, which in the event he never published, outlining his plans for a reform of the Roman Curia. After allying himself with Ferdinand (Ferrante),

6930-415: The existing railway rails, of an elevated cable railway to the football stadium, or of a regular motorboat service on the Lend Canal from the city centre to the lake have not materialized. But for those who fancy leisurely travel there is a regular motorboat and steamer service on the lake connecting the resorts on Wörthersee. During severe winters, which no longer occur regularly, it might be faster to cross

7040-403: The first city in Austria to adopt a pedestrian zone . The idea of a friendly twinning of cities in other countries began with the first city partnership between Klagenfurt and Wiesbaden, Germany , as early as 1930. This was followed up by numerous city partnerships, with the result that in 1968, Klagenfurt was honoured with the title of "European City of the Year". Klagenfurt has also been awarded

7150-476: The first city-planning exercise in modern Europe. He refurbished his hometown of Corsignano ( province of Siena ) and renamed it Pienza , after himself. A cathedral and palaces were built in the best style of the day to decorate the city. They survive to this day. He also issued a papal bull , Cum almam nostram urbem , on 28 April 1462, prohibiting damage to ancient ruins in Rome or Campagna . On 26 April 1463, Pius II published his most famous retracation in

7260-439: The form of v Zelouzi ('in Celovec', the Slovene name for Klagenfurt), dating from 1615, is 400 years more recent and thus could be a translation from German. The latest interpretation, on the other hand, is that Old Slovene cviljovec itself goes back to Italic l'aquiliu 'place at or in the water', which would make the wailing-hag theory obsolete. Scholars attempted to explain the city's peculiar name at various times. In

7370-402: The frozen lake on skates. There is a civic theatre-cum-opera house with professional companies, a professional symphony orchestra, a university of music and a concert hall. There are musical societies such as Musikverein (founded in 1826) or Mozartgemeinde, a private experimental theatre company, the State Museum for Carinthia , a modern art museum and the Diocesan museum of religious art ;

7480-541: The future. Sigismund, who had not been friendly toward the papacy for some years, left Mantua on 29 November 1459, even more irritated than before. Pius' efforts had failed. Both returned to the north, and in April 1460 trouble broke out again. Cusa, who was at Bruneck and engaged in negotiations with Sigismund, was surrounded, captured by the archduke, and forced to agree to Sigismund's demands. Cusa appealed to Pius II. A restrained Pius only summoned Sigismund to appear before him and explain his conduct, but Sigismund appealed to

7590-424: The half-brother of Pope Nicholas V , were also candidates, and he thought that Calandrini might win. Aeneas and his friend Cardinal Calandrini of Bologna immediately headed from Viterbo to Rome, and when they reached the gate of the city, they were met by a friendly assembly of courtiers and common people, who shouted that one or the other of them would be made pope. On the evening of the death of Cardinal Capranica,

7700-460: The humanities curriculum, and then that of civil law. At Siena he studied under the Augustinian Andreas of Milan, the noted historian. His preceptor and professor of civil law was Antonio de Rosellis. He also studied law under Mariano Sozzini. He then attended the university of Florence where he studied under Francesco Filelfo , and where he became friends with Poggio Bracciolini , Leonardo Bruni , and Guarino da Verona . He settled in Siena as

7810-412: The incorporation of the town of St. Ruprecht and the municipalities of St. Peter, Annabichl, and St. Martin but during World War II , the city was bombed 41 times. The bombs killed 612 people, completely destroyed 443 buildings and damaged 1,132 others. A volume of 110,000 cubic metres (3,884,613 cu ft) of rubble had to be removed before the citizens could set about rebuilding their city. From

7920-419: The industrial companies. In May 2001, there were 63,618 employees in 6,184 companies here. 33 of these companies employed more than 200 people. The prevalent economic sectors are light industry , electronics, and tourism . There are also several printing offices. The most important market place in Klagenfurt since 1948 is Benedikterplatz, formerly known as Herzogplatz. There is a market at Benediktenplatz twice

8030-534: The loud protests of the citizens, ceded Klagenfurt to the Estates , the nobility of the Duchy. Never before had such a thing happened. The new owners, however, brought about an economic renaissance and the political and cultural ascendancy in Klagenfurt. A canal was dug to connect the city to the lake as a supply route for timber to rebuild the city and to feed the city's new moats; the noble families had their town-houses built in

8140-452: The morale of the crusading army. However, the armed forces melted away at Ancona for want of transport and the outbreak of pestilence, and when at last the Venetian fleet arrived, led by Doge Cristoforo Moro , the dying Pope could only view it from a window. He died two days later, on 14 August 1464. The cardinals at Ancona decided to put the papal galleys in the hands of the doge of Venice, on

8250-450: The names of those who nominated themselves, or who had been nominated by others." When he finished, Cardinal Scarampi rose to speak. He remarked that Pius' predecessors had named nobles, eminent for learning and holy life. But he was proposing people whom Scarampi would not employ in his kitchen or in his stables. In fact, according to the cardinal, there was no need for new cardinals: "With too many of us, our value declines." Finally, Pius

8360-489: The nearest shrine was 10 miles (16 km) distant at Whitekirk . The journey through the ice and snow left Aeneas afflicted with pain in his legs for the rest of his life. Only when he arrived at Newcastle did he feel that he had returned to "a civilised part of the world and the inhabitable face of the Earth", Scotland and the far north of England being "wild, bare and never visited by the sun in winter". In Scotland, he fathered

8470-550: The new authorities, and an appeal to the people to decorate their homes with Austrian or Carinthian colours. The proclamation was printed in the Kärntner Zeitung of 8 May. When on the following day, Yugoslav military demanded of Klagenfurt's new mayor that he remove the Austrian flag from the city hall and fly the Yugoslav flag instead, the acting British Town Officer Captain Watson immediately prohibited this, but also ordered that

8580-468: The new democratic city and state authorities. All the strategic positions and important buildings were immediately seized, and Major General Horatius Murray was taken to General Noeldechen for the official surrender of the 438th German Division. Three hours later, groups of partisan forces arrived on a train they had seized in the Rosental valley the day before, at the same time as Yugoslav regular forces of

8690-604: The offer to become one of the electors of a successor to Pope Eugene IV was not enough for him to overcome his reluctance. He supported the creation of the Antipope Felix V (Amadeus, Duke of Savoy) in November 1439, and participated in his coronation. In 1440, he composed a work in defense of the authority of the general council of Basel, the Libellus dialogorum de generalis concilii auctoritate et gestis Basileensium . Aeneas then

8800-670: The papal authority in France had been weakened. But Louis XI had expected that Pius II would in return espouse the French cause in Naples , and when he found himself disappointed he virtually re-established the Pragmatic Sanction by royal ordinances. Pius II built a fortress in Tivoli called Rocca Pia in 1461. The Diocese of Ljubljana was established on 6 December 1461 by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor . On 9 September 1462, Pope Pius confirmed

8910-541: The papal court of Rome and the German imperial electors. He played a leading role in concluding a compromise in 1447 by which the dying Pope Eugenius accepted the reconciliation tendered by the German princes. The documents were signed on 5 February and 7 February 1447. As a result, the council and the antipope were left without support. He was ordained a priest in Vienna on 4 March 1446. Pope Eugenius died on 23 February 1447, and

9020-463: The philologists Jurij Japelj and Anton Janežič , the politician Andrej Einspieler , and the activist Matija Majar . The Slovene national poet France Prešeren also spent a short part of his professional career there. On the initiative of bishop Slomšek , teacher Anton Janežič and vicar Andrej Einspieler on 27 July 1851 in Klagenfurt the Hermagoras Society publishing house was founded, which in 1919 moved to Prevalje and then in 1927 to Celje, but

9130-485: The place was founded by the Spanheim Duke Herman as a stronghold sited across the commercial routes in the area. Its first mention dates from the late 12th century in a document in which Duke Ulric II. exempted St. Paul's Abbey from the toll charge "in foro Chlagenvurth ". That settlement occupied an area that was subject to frequent flooding, so in 1246 Duke Herman's son, Duke Bernhard von Spanheim , moved it to

9240-416: The population of Klagenfurt to about 90,000. The city of Klagenfurt is in southern Austria, near the border with Slovenia. It is in the lower middle of Austria, almost the same distance from Innsbruck in the west as it is from Vienna in the northeast. Klagenfurt is elevated 446 metres (1,463 feet) above sea level and covers an area of 120.03 square kilometres ( 46 + 3 ⁄ 8  sq mi). It

9350-400: The prestigious Europa Nostra Diploma of Merit (an award for the exemplary restoration and redevelopment of its ancient centre) a total of three times, which is a record for a European city. In 1973, Klagenfurt absorbed four more adjacent municipalities: Viktring, with its grand Cistercian monastery ; Wölfnitz; Hörtendorf; and St. Peter am Bichl. The addition of these municipalities increased

9460-582: The restitution of property to the victims of the Nazi regime was necessary. This posed a problem, because one of the first actions of the British had been to confiscate all the property of the Nazi Party , as well as to freeze their bank accounts and to block their financial transfers. It took months before basic communication and public transport , mail service and supply were working again, to some extent at least. During

9570-491: The results gave Piccolomini 9 votes, and D'Estouteville 6. After intense intrigue among the cardinals, including a private meeting of the Italian cardinals, who were urged by Cardinal Barbo of Venice to choose the Italian Piccolomini over the French d'Estouteville, Aeneas was able to secure enough votes for his candidacy after the second ballot at the accessio , to be elected with 12 votes. All 18 cardinals then ratified

9680-403: The superstitious thought that fateful fairies or demons tend to live around treacherous waters or swamps. In Old Slovene, a cviljovec is a place haunted by such a wailing female ghost or cvilya . Thus, they assumed that Klagenfurt's name was a translation made by the German settlers of the original Slovene name of the neighbouring wetland. However, the earliest Slovene mention of Klagenfurt in

9790-454: The time of its foundation, it was one of the first shopping centres with a central arcade in the entire country of Austria. The second-largest shopping centre in the city is Südpark , founded in 1998 and located near the Klagenfurt central station. Klagenfurt Airport is a primary international airport with connections to several major European cities and holiday resorts abroad. The Klagenfurt central station ( German : Hauptbahnhof )

9900-522: The understanding that they would be handed over to the next pope. They also sent the 48,000 gold ducats which Pius had on hand for the crusade to Matthias of Hungary . The crusade of Pius II was at an end. Despite the canonical requirement that the conclave to elect a successor should take place in the place where he died, Pius II's body was taken to Rome and interred at the Vatican, in Old St. Peter's Basilica, in

10010-508: The years that followed these turbulent days, a major part of the British Eighth Army , which in July 1945 was re-constituted as British Troops in Austria (BTA), had their headquarters in Klagenfurt - as Carinthia, together with neighbouring Styria, formed part of the British occupation zone in liberated Austria, which remained to be the case until 26 October 1955. In 1961, Klagenfurt became

10120-418: Was Klagenfurt. In 2019, there were around 20,000 people who were born outside the country living in Klagenfurt, corresponding to around 20% of the city's population. The Old City, with its central Alter Platz (Old Square) and the Renaissance buildings with their charming arcaded courtyards are a major attraction. Notable landmarks also include: Klagenfurt is the economic centre of Carinthia, with 20% of

10230-498: Was a delegate of Frederick III at the Diet of Ratisbon in February 1454. In August 1455, Aeneas again travelled to Rome on an embassy which included Johann Hinderbach to proffer the obedience of Germany to the new pope, Calixtus III . The ceremony took place on 12 August in a public consistory. As instructed, the envoys pressed the pope for a war against the Turks, which pleased Calixtus, who

10340-484: Was a soldier and member of the House of Piccolomini , and his mother was Vittoria Forteguerri, who had 18 children including several twins, though no more than ten were alive at one time. The plague ( iniqua lues ) finally left him with only two sisters, Laudamia and Catherina. He worked with his father in the fields for some years. In 1423, at the age of 18, he left to study at the university of Siena , where he first followed

10450-546: Was able to secure a positive vote on five names, and he was able to pressure the cardinals into accepting his own nomination of a sixth. These were: Angelo Capranica , bishop of Rieti and brother of Cardinal Domenico Capranica ; Bernardo Eroli , bishop of Spoleto; Niccolò Fortiguerra , bishop of Teano; Alessandro Oliva de Saxoferrato, the Prior General of the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine (the pope's choice, whose candidacy

10560-692: Was also concluded by the success of the Pope's ally the Aragonese Ferdinand. In particular, the Pope engaged for most of his reign in what looked like a personal war against Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta , Lord of Rimini , with the result of the almost complete submission of that condottiero. Pius II also tried mediation in the Thirteen Years' War of 1454–66 between Poland and the Teutonic Knights , but, when he failed to achieve success, cast an anathema over Polish and Prussians both. Pius II

10670-498: Was also engaged in a series of disputes with King George of Bohemia and Archduke Sigismund of Austria (who was excommunicated for having arrested Nicholas of Cusa , Bishop of Brixen ). In June 1461, Pius II canonized Saint Catherine of Siena . In October 1461, he gained what at first appeared to be a brilliant success by inducing the new king of France, Louis XI , to abolish the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges , by which

10780-406: Was appointed secretary and protonotary in the imperial chancellery. There he obtained the patronage of the emperor's chancellor, Kaspar Schlick. Some identify the love adventure that Aeneas related in his romance The Tale of Two Lovers (1444) with an escapade of the chancellor. Of his activities at this period in his life, Ferdinand Gregorovius , the historian of medieval Rome, wrote, "Versed in

10890-671: Was based in Klagenfurt, with their second-tier phoenix club Austria Klagenfurt also playing there. Klagenfurt hosts the Start/Finish of the Austrian Ironman Contest, 3.8 km ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 8  mi) swim, 180 km (112 mi) cycling, and a 42 km (26 mi) run, part of the WTC Ironman series, which culminates in the Hawaii World Championships. The World Rowing Championships were held on

11000-600: Was brought from Patras in the Peloponnese to Rome by Thomas Palaeologus. Pius II succeeded in reconciling the Emperor and the King of Hungary, and derived great encouragement as well as pecuniary advantage from the discovery of mines of alum in the papal territory at Tolfa , c. 1459. However, France was estranged; the Duke of Burgundy broke his positive promises; Milan was engrossed with

11110-678: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death. Aeneas Silvius was an author, diplomat, and orator, and private secretary of Antipope Felix V and then the Emperor Frederick III , and then Pope Eugenius IV. He participated in the Council of Basel , but left it in 1443 to follow Frederick, whom he reconciled to the Roman obedience. He became Bishop of Trieste in 1447, Bishop of Siena in 1450, and

11220-608: Was hostile to the idea of a crusade. Two cardinals had died six months previously, Antonio de la Cerda y Lloscos and the Infante Jaime of Portugal . Some of the Italian cardinals, led by the Patriarch of Aquileia, Lodovico Scampi , were hostile to him personally and skeptical of his project. Pius decided to hold a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Suggestions poured in from all sides, petitioning for at least ten new cardinals. During Lent of 1460, he began consultations with

11330-525: Was joined by his recent host in Mantua, Ludovico Gonzaga . Pius described his delight with country life in very pleasing language. At the same time, since he had long been concerned with the content of the College of Cardinals and with the behavior of some of its members, The French faction among the cardinals, especially d'Estouteville and Alain de Coëtivy , obstructed every move that might harm King Louis XI , who

11440-503: Was much resisted); Pius' nephew Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini , a protonotary apostolic ; and Burkhard von Weisbriach , archbishop of Salzburg. The appointment of Weisbriach was not made public until 31 May 1462, to avoid offending the foreign powers. The five cardinals whose names were published were all Italians. On 7 March 1460, Pope Pius had to write to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good , apologizing for having been unable to convince

11550-414: Was of the same mind. He brought strong recommendations from Frederick and Ladislaus V of Hungary (also King of Bohemia) for the nomination of Aeneas to the cardinalate, but delays arose from the Pope's resolution to promote his own nephews first, which he did on 17 September 1456. Finally, on 17 December 1456, he was named a cardinal, and next day he was assigned the titular church of Santa Sabina on

11660-569: Was only 17; Jean Jouffroy , the nomination of Louis XI and Philip the Good; Louis d'Albret , son of the Count of Dreux; and Jaume Cardona , bishop of Urgel. The name of Burkhard von Weisbriach of Salzburg was also finally published. In the struggle for the Kingdom of Naples between the supporters of the House of Aragon and the House of Anjou , the Papal States were at this time troubled by rebellious barons and marauding condottieri , whom he gradually, though momentarily, quelled. The Neapolitan War

11770-454: Was re-established in Klagenfurt in 1947. Several Slovene language newspapers were also published in the city, among them Slovenski glasnik . By the late 19th century, however, the Slovene cultural and political influence in Klagenfurt had declined sharply, and by the end of World War I , the city showed an overwhelmingly Austrian German character. Nevertheless, in 1919, the city was occupied by

11880-482: Was sent by Cardinal Niccolò Albergati , Eugenius IV's legate at the council, on a secret mission to Scotland , the object of which is variously related even by himself. He visited England as well as Scotland, underwent many perils and vicissitudes in both countries and left an account of each. The journey to Scotland proved so tempestuous that Piccolomini swore that he would walk barefoot to the nearest shrine of Our Lady from their landing port. This proved to be Dunbar ;

11990-557: Was sent to Strasbourg , where he fathered a child, a son, with a Breton woman called Elizabeth. The baby died 14 months later. Piccolomini served briefly as secretary to Pope Felix, and in 1442 was sent as envoy to the Diet of Frankfurt . On 27 July 1442, at Frankfurt, Frederick III , King of the Romans celebrated him as Poet Laureate, and offered him a position at court as his secretary. In January 1443, Aeneas resigned as secretary of Felix V, and

12100-407: Was to appoint Aeneas Bishop of Trieste on 17 April 1447. On 13 August 1447, at Cologne, Bishop Aeneas wrote the first Epistola retractationis, ad Magistr. Jordanum . Pope Nicholas transferred him to the diocese of Siena on 23 September 1450. In 1450, Aeneas was sent as ambassador by Emperor Frederick III to negotiate his marriage with Princess Eleonore of Portugal . In 1451, he undertook

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