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52-485: Founded in 1908 as the Oklahoma School of Mines and Metallurgy , Eastern Oklahoma State College primarily focused on mining engineering . The school opened on January 11, 1909, with one hundred students and George E. Ladd as president. The first graduates received diplomas in 1912. The school added liberal arts educational programs later. It closed during World War I because of insufficient enrollment, but reopened after

104-511: A graduate degree such as M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc. or M.A.Sc. in mining engineering after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program. The fundamental subjects of mining engineering study usually include: In the United States , about 14 universities offer a B.S. degree in mining and mineral engineering. The top rated universities include West Virginia University , South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Virginia Tech ,

156-942: A 4-year Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng in Mining Engineering) as well as post-graduate studies in various specialty fields such as rock engineering and numerical modelling, explosives engineering, ventilation engineering, underground mining methods and mine design; and the University of the Witwatersrand offering a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.(Eng.)) in Mining Engineering as well as graduate programs (M.Sc.(Eng.) and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering. Some mining engineers go on to pursue Doctorate degree programs such as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., DPhil), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng., Eng.D.). These programs involve

208-423: A certain quantity of that mineral, and analysis of the cost associated with the operation. This pre-feasibility study determines whether the mining project is likely to be profitable; if so, a more in-depth analysis of the deposit is undertaken. After the full extent of the ore body is known and has been examined by engineers, the feasibility study examines the cost of initial capital investment, methods of extraction,

260-674: A mining engineer works at an active mine, they are subject to the same rights, violations, mandatory health and safety regulations, and compulsory training as any other worker at the mine. The mining engineer can be legally identified as a "miner". The act establishes the rights of miners. The miner may report at any time a hazardous condition and request an inspection. The miners may elect a miners' representative to participate during an inspection, pre-inspection meeting, and post-inspection conference. The miners and miners' representatives shall be paid for their time during all inspections and investigations. Waste and uneconomic material generated from

312-413: A prospective mineral is located, the mining geologist and engineer determine the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the sample's composition. Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit and the purity of the ore. The geologist drills additional core samples to find

364-447: A result of the change in the mining area. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text by Petrov, V. L. available under the CC BY 4.0 license. Bansk%C3%A1 %C5%A0tiavnica Banská Štiavnica ( Slovak pronunciation: [ˈbanskaː ˈʂcɪɐʋɲitsa] ; German : Schemnitz ; Hungarian : Selmecbánya (Selmec) , pronounced [ˈʃɛlmɛd͡zbaːɲɒ] )

416-613: A significant original research component and are usually seen as entry points into academia . In the Russian Federation , 85 universities across all federal districts are training specialists for the mineral resource sector. 36 universities are training specialists for extracting and processing solid minerals (mining). 49 are training specialists for extracting, primary processing, and transporting liquid and gaseous minerals (oil and gas). 37 are training specialists for geological exploration (applied geology, geological exploration). Among

468-744: A university or college degree. Training includes a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in mining engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as a mining engineer may require a Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.) or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) degree. Some mining engineers who have come from other disciplines, primarily from engineering fields (e.g.: mechanical, civil, electrical, geomatics or environmental engineering) or from science fields (e.g.: geology, geophysics, physics, geomatics, earth science, or mathematics), typically completing

520-537: Is a complex of churches and chapels near Ostry vrch which was built in the eighteenth century by the Jesuits . dBanská Štiavnica has a population of 10,674 (as of December 31, 2005). According to the 2001 census , 93.9% of inhabitants were Slovaks and 2% Romani people . Many people are descendants of the Carpathian Germans , who played a very important role in the medieval history of the town. The religious makeup

572-536: Is a town in central Slovakia , in the middle of an immense caldera created by the collapse of an ancient volcano. For its size, the caldera is known as the Štiavnica Mountains . Banská Štiavnica has a population of more than 10,000. It is a completely preserved medieval town. Because of their historical value, the town and its surroundings were proclaimed by the UNESCO to be a World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993. The fate of Banská Štiavnica has been closely linked to

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624-459: Is done on softer minerals such as clays and phosphate removed. Smoother coal seams can also be extracted this way. With placer mining , dredge mining can also remove minerals from the bottoms of lakes, rivers, streams, and even the ocean. In addition, in-situ mining can be done from the surface using dissolving agents on the ore body and retrieving the ore via pumping. The pumped material is then set to leach for further processing. Hydraulic mining

676-725: Is much more intensive, organized, involved, and professional than mineral prospecting – though it frequently utilizes services exploration, enlisting geologists and surveyors in the necessary pre-feasibility study of the possible mining operation. Mineral exploration and estimation of the reserve can determine the profitability conditions and advocate the form and type of mining required. Mineral discovery can be made from research of mineral maps, academic geological reports, or government geological reports. Other sources of information include property assays and local word of mouth. Mineral research usually includes sampling and analysing sediments, soil, and drill cores. Soil sampling and analysis

728-403: Is one of the most popular mineral exploration tools. Other common tools include satellite and aerial surveys or airborne geophysics, including magneto-metric and gamma-spectrometric maps. Unless the mineral exploration is done on public property, the owners of the property may play a significant role in the exploration process and might be the original discoverers of the mineral deposit. After

780-403: Is surrounded by ancient artificial mining water reservoirs called tajchy . Sixty reservoirs were built in the 15th through 18th centuries in order to provide energy for the booming mining industry. They are connected by a more than 100-kilometre (62 mi) long network of channels. These extraordinary historical monuments are now used mainly for recreation. In Kalvária Banská Štiavnica there

832-494: Is the extraction of minerals from the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing , exploration, excavation, geology , metallurgy , geotechnical engineering and surveying . A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study , mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure . From prehistoric times to

884-452: Is the historical Trinity Square ( Slovak : Trojičné námestie ) dominated by a monumental plague column . The square is used for frequent cultural events and there is also a mineralogical museum. Two castles, the so-called “old” one (Slovak: Starý zámok ) and “new” one (Slovak: Nový zámok ), have been transformed into museums. The open air mining museum offers a 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) long underground excursion in mines dating from

936-405: Is utilized as water jets to wash away either overburden or the ore itself. Legal attention to health and safety in mining began in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, it progressed to a comprehensive and stringent codification of enforcement and mandatory health and safety regulation. In whatever role, a mining engineer must follow all mine safety laws. The United States Congress, through

988-475: The Marcomannic Wars by Rome. The site was also settled by early Hungarians and an old Hungarian fortified settlement was situated here in the 10th and 11th century. The site was called “terra banensium” (the land of miners) as early as 1156. The local Slavic population gave the name „Štiavnica“ (acidic stream) to the settlement in the valley, and the settlement on the hill above (Ligotavá hora, or Glanzenberg –

1040-482: The Petroşani Institute of Mines , or rarely as the Petroşani Institute of Coal ) is the only university that offers a degree in Mining Engineering, Mining Surveying or Underground Mining Constructions, albeit, after the closure of Jiu Valley coal mines, those degrees had fallen out of interest for most high-school graduates. In South Africa , leading institutions include the University of Pretoria , offering

1092-663: The Technical University of Madrid offers degrees in Mining Engineering with tracks in Mining Technology, Mining Operations, Fuels and Explosives, Metallurgy. In the United Kingdom , The Camborne School of Mines offers a wide choice of BEng and MEng degrees in Mining engineering and other Mining related disciplines. This is done through the University of Exeter . In Romania , the University of Petroșani (formerly known as

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1144-525: The United States , there are an estimated 6,150 employed mining engineers, with a mean yearly wage of US$ 103,710. As there is considerable capital expenditure required for mining operations, an array of pre-mining activities are normally carried out to assess whether a mining operation would be worthwhile. Mineral exploration is the process of locating minerals and assessing their concentrations (grade) and quantities (tonnage), to determine if they are commercially viable ores for mining . Mineral exploration

1196-606: The University of British Columbia in Vancouver offers a Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering and also graduate degrees (M.A.Sc. or M.Eng and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering. In Europe , most programs are integrated (B.S. plus M.S. into one) after the Bologna Process and take five years to complete. In Portugal , the University of Porto offers an M.Eng. in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering and in Spain

1248-411: The University of Kentucky , the University of Arizona , Montana Tech , and Colorado School of Mines . Most of these universities offer M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. In Canada , there are 19 undergraduate degree programs in mining engineering or equivalent. McGill University Faculty of Engineering offers both undergraduate (B.Sc., B.Eng.) and graduate (M.Sc., Ph.D.) degrees in Mining Engineering. and

1300-677: The copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, lifting water about 80 feet (24 m). Black powder was first used in mining in Banská Štiavnica , Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia ) in 1627. This allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins, which was much faster than fire-setting. The Industrial Revolution saw further advances in mining technologies, including improved explosives and steam-powered pumps, lifts, and drills. Becoming an accredited mining engineer requires

1352-435: The mineral extraction process are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of mines. Mining activities, by their nature, cause a disturbance of the natural environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers should therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during and after mining as

1404-439: The 17th century. Visitors will receive helmets, cloaks and lamps to use during the tour. It is also possible to have an English, German or Hungarian speaking guide if this is requested in advance. Another ancient mine open to the public (Slovak: Glanzenberg ) is even older. This mine, situated just under the center of the town, has attracted numerous famous visitors, from Emperor Joseph II to Prince Albert of Monaco . The town

1456-652: The High and Late Middle Ages , the town was the main producer of silver and gold in the Kingdom of Hungary . During the Ottoman Wars , the Turks made concerted efforts to conquer rich mining towns in Upper Hungary (Banská Štiavnica, Banská Bystrica , and Kremnica ). This new threat led Banská Štiavnica to build powerful fortifications, including two castles, in the 16th century. As one of

1508-467: The cost of operation, an estimated length of time to pay back the investment, the gross revenue and net profit margin , any possible resale price of the land, the total life of the reserve, the full value of the account, investment in future projects, and the property owner or owners' contract. In addition, environmental impact, reclamation , possible legal ramifications, and all government permitting are considered. These steps of analysis determine whether

1560-824: The creation of Czechoslovakia , the Academy was moved to Sopron in Hungary . The student traditions of the Academy ( School traditions of Selmec ) are still living in its successors, the University of Miskolc and Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , and colleges in Sopron, Székesfehérvár , and Dunaújváros . In 1782, Banská Štiavnica was the third biggest town in the Kingdom of Hungary (with 23,192 or incl. suburbs 40,000 inhabitants), after Pozsony (today Bratislava ) and Debrecen . But

1612-589: The exploitation of its abundant resources of silver ore. According to evidence from excavations, the site was settled during the Neolithic period. The first mining settlement was founded by Celts in the 3rd century BC. It was probably occupied by the Celtic Cotini tribe. Roman authors mentioned mining activities of the Cotini, who had lived in present-day central Slovakia until they were deported to Pannonia within

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1664-409: The flooded mines, a sophisticated system of water reservoirs and channels, known as tajchy , was designed and built by the local scientists Jozef Karol Hell , Maximilian Hell , and Samuel Mikovíny in the 18th century. Tajchy not only saved the mines from being closed, but also provided energy for the early phase of industrialization. Its Mining Academy , founded there in 1735 by Samuel Mikovíny ,

1716-573: The level of skill required, where the position is, and what kind of organization the engineer works for. Mining engineers in India earn relatively high salaries in comparison to many other professions, with an average salary of $ 15,250 . However, in comparison to mining engineer salaries in other regions, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, Indian salaries are low. In

1768-443: The limits of the deposit or seam and estimates the quantity of valuable material present. Once the mineral identification and reserve amount are reasonably determined, the next step is to determine the feasibility of recovering the mineral deposit. A preliminary survey shortly after the discovery of the deposit examines the market conditions, such as the supply and demand of the mineral, the amount of ore needed to be moved to recover

1820-520: The main professional educational programs of higher education in the directions and specializations of training by forming their profile (name of the program). For example, within the framework of the specialization "Mining", universities often adhere to the classical names of the programs "Open-pit mining", "Underground mining of mineral deposits", "Surveying", "Mineral enrichment", "Mining machines", "Technological safety and mine rescue", "Mine and underground construction", "Blasting work", "Electrification of

1872-400: The mine to add equipment and personnel. The engineer may also work in supervision and management or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering and operations, the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health, and safety manager or design engineer. The act of mining requires different methods of extraction depending on the mineralogy , geology , and location of

1924-561: The mining company and its investors should proceed with the extraction of the minerals or whether the project should be abandoned. The mining company may decide to sell the rights to the reserve to a third party rather than develop it themselves. Alternatively, the decision to proceed with extraction may be postponed indefinitely until market conditions become favourable. Mining engineers working in an established mine may work as an engineer for operations improvement, further mineral exploration , and operation capitalization by determining where in

1976-568: The mining industry", etc. In the last ten years, under the influence of various factors, new names of programs have begun to appear, such as: "Mining and geological information systems", "Mining ecology", etc. Thus, universities, using their freedom to form new training programs for specialists, can look to the future and try to foresee new professions of mining engineers. After the specialist's degree, you can immediately enrol in postgraduate school (analogue of Doctorate degree programs, four years of training). Mining salaries are usually determined by

2028-570: The most important centers of the Protestant Reformation in the country, the town belonged to the Protestant "League of Seven Mining Towns" together with Banská Belá , Banská Bystrica , Kremnica , Ľubietová , Nová Baňa , and Pukanec . The town was also a leading center of innovation in the mining industry. In 1627, gunpowder was used there in a mine for one of the first times in the world (After Le Thillot , France). To drain water from

2080-836: The passage of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 , known as the Miner's Act, created the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) under the US Department of Labour . The act provides miners with rights against retaliation for reporting violations, consolidated regulation of coal mines with metallic and non-metallic mines, and created the independent Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission to review violations reported to MSHA. The act codified in Code of Federal Regulations § 30 (CFR § 30) covers all miners at an active mine. When

2132-521: The present, mining has played a significant role in the existence of the human race. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone and ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons . For example, high-quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to set fire and break rock. Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of

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2184-404: The qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Mining" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Physical Processes in Mining or Oil and Gas Production" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Oil and Gas Engineering and Technologies" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training). Universities develop and implement

2236-414: The resources. Characteristics such as mineral hardness , the mineral stratification , and access to that mineral will determine the method of extraction. Generally, mining is either done from the surface or underground. Mining can also occur with surface and covert operations on the same reserve. Mining activity varies as to what method is employed to remove the mineral. Surface mining comprises 90% of

2288-522: The school in March 1954. In 1972, it was renamed as the Eastern Oklahoma State College, with its own governing board. 34°54′54″N 95°19′45″W  /  34.91500°N 95.32917°W  / 34.91500; -95.32917 This Oklahoma university-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mining engineering Mining in the engineering discipline

2340-471: The shiny mountain) came to be called „Bánya“ (the mine). The single common name „Schebnyzbana“ was documented for the first time in 1255. The local Slavic population was joined by skilled German settlers who started arriving in the 13th century. They adapted the local name to the German "Schemnitz". Banská Štiavnica gained the status of a royal town in 1238, as one of the first towns in the Kingdom of Hungary. In

2392-514: The stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The oldest known mine on the archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Eswatini . At this site, which radiocarbon dating indicates to be about 43,000 years old, paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite , which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre . The ancient Romans were innovators of mining engineering. They developed large-scale mining methods, such as

2444-403: The town's development was too closely linked to the mining activity which had been progressively declining since the second half of the 19th century. Nowadays, Banská Štiavnica is an important center of recreation and tourism, benefiting from its rich historical heritage. During World War II , Banská Štiavnica was taken by Soviet troops of the 53rd Army on 7 March 1945. The heart of the town

2496-491: The universities that train specialists for the mineral resource sector, 7 are federal universities, and 13 are national research universities of Russia. Personnel training for the mineral resource sector in Russian universities is currently carried out in the following main specializations of training (specialist's degree): "Applied Geology" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Geological Exploration" with

2548-483: The use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by aqueducts for hydraulic mining . The exposed rock was then attacked by fire-setting , where fires were used to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed. In some mines, the Romans utilized water-powered machinery such as reverse overshot water-wheels . These were used extensively in

2600-605: The war. In 1927, the mining programs were phased out and the school was renamed as Eastern Oklahoma College. The Oklahoma Miner Institute, which is housed on campus, is a legacy of the original purpose of the school. The Oklahoma Legislature again renamed the school in 1941 as the Eastern Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College and put it under the supervision of the State Board of Agriculture. The North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools accredited

2652-642: The world's mineral tonnage output. Also called open pit mining , surface mining removes minerals in formations near the surface. Ore retrieval is done by material removal from the land in its natural state. Surface mining often alters the land's characteristics, shape, topography , and geological makeup. Surface mining involves quarrying and excavating minerals through cutting, cleaving, and breaking machinery. Explosives are usually used to facilitate breakage. Hard rocks such as limestone, sand, gravel, and slate are generally quarried into benches. Using mechanical shovels, track dozers, and front-end loaders, strip mining

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2704-565: Was the first mining school in the Kingdom of Hungary . Beginning in 1763, the Hofkammer in Vienna , with support from Queen Maria Theresa , transformed the school into the Academy of Mining. In 1807, a Forestry Institute was "established under the decision of Emperor Franz I "; in 1848 the school was renamed the Academy of Mining and Forestry , 'the first technical university in the world'. In 1919, after

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