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96-573: Suzanne Vares-Lum serves as its president and chief executive, where it is headquartered in Honolulu at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . The East-West Center was established to facilitate Cold War-era diplomacy between the United States and its allies through technical interchange. Hawaii had become an important site for U.S. cultural diplomacy , military training, research, and as a staging ground for

192-622: A Japanese garden designed by Kenzo Ogata of Tokyo, and located behind Jefferson Hall, was a 1963 gift of Japanese business leaders; the Japanese tea house Chashitsu Jakuan (Cottage of Tranquility) in the garden was presented to the university in 1972 by Sen Sōshitsu , the 15th-generation grand tea master of the Urasenke Foundation . In May 1967, the Thai Pavilion , a gift of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit of Thailand in 1964,

288-593: A bill in the U.S. Senate to establish an educational center in Hawaii to provide for "cultural and technical interchange between East and West," with a companion bill introduced in the U.S. House by Delegate John A. Burns ( D - T.H. ); the Mutual Security Act of 1959, a renewal of the original Mutual Security Act , signed by U.S. President Eisenhower on July 24, 1959, called on the State Department to study

384-537: A child who ate 2 ounces of cooked liver per week or in an adult who ate 5.5 ounces per week." The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), however, is the organization responsible for the regulation of foods in America, and all samples tested were "far less than the ... amount allowed in a food product." Hormone use in poultry production is illegal in the United States. Similarly, no chicken meat for sale in Australia

480-914: A controlled-environment coop. This has led to two housing designs for chickens: fresh-air houses with wide openings and nothing more than wire mesh between chickens and the weather (even in Northern winters), or closed houses with doors, windows and hatches which can shut off most ventilation. Commercial hens usually begin laying eggs at 16–21 weeks of age, although production gradually declines soon after from approximately 25 weeks of age. This means that in many countries, by approximately 72 weeks of age, flocks are considered economically unviable and are slaughtered after approximately 12 months of egg production, although chickens will naturally live for 6 or more years. In some countries, hens are force moulted to re-invigorate egg-laying. Environmental conditions are often automatically controlled in egg-laying systems. For example,

576-550: A dumpster), the concept of dual use is one of the possible answers, and as such supported by the Demeter network in Germany. In Switzerland, where two million chicks of hybrid laying breed are put to death every year (according to Oswald Burch, director of GalloSuisse, on SRF1 radio), these animals killed almost at birth are sold as food for animals in zoos or animal stores, or are transformed into biogas. Another solution would be to analyze

672-519: A few breeders, and the Coop network decided to launch the experiment with a test on 5,000 poultry, although knowing that instead of producing up to 300 eggs per year like very good laying hens, it will only produce around 250 eggs per year, which are also smaller according to the journal of the Swiss Poultry Organization. If the consumer accepts higher prices in exchange for better consideration of

768-465: A given house floor space, internal parasites are more easily treated, and labor requirements are generally much reduced. In farms using cages for egg production, there are more birds per unit area; this allows for greater productivity and lower food costs. Floor space ranges upwards from 300 cm per hen. EU standards in 2003 called for at least 550 cm per hen. In the US, the current recommendation by

864-786: A harmful effect on the animals and their productivity. Free range farmers have less control than farmers using cages in what food their chickens eat, which can lead to unreliable productivity, though supplementary feeding reduces this uncertainty. In some farms, the manure from free range poultry can be used to benefit crops. The benefits of free-range poultry farming for laying hens include opportunities for natural behaviours such as pecking, scratching, foraging and exercise outdoors. Both intensive free-range poultry and "cage-free" farming with hens still being confined in close proximity due to high stocking densities have animal welfare concerns. Cannibalism , feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, prompting some farmers to use beak trimming as

960-496: A high rate of developing leg deformities because their large breast muscles cause distortions on their developing legs and pelvis, leading to them often being unable to support their body weight. In cases where the chickens become crippled and can no longer walk, farmers have to go in and pull them out. Because of their difficulty moving, the chickens cannot change their environment to avoid heat, cold, or dirt as they would in natural conditions. The added weight and overcrowding also puts

1056-491: A house protects them from predators such as hawks and foxes. Some houses are equipped with curtain walls, which can be rolled up in good weather to admit natural light and fresh air. Most growout houses built in recent years feature "tunnel ventilation," in which a bank of fans draws fresh air through the house. Traditionally, a flock of broilers consist of about 20,000 birds in a growout house that measures 400/500 feet long and 40/50 feet wide, thus providing about eight-tenths of

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1152-409: A large number of family backyards to replace old mixed varieties with laying poultry or modern meat dishes. Faced with the criticism leveled at industrial farming (in particular concerning the killing of millions of chicks by gassing (with CO2) or even in certain cases denounced by the media by grinding live chicks, asphyxiation in plastic bags (when the animals are not buried alive or simply thrown in

1248-460: A maximum of 1,000 broilers per poultry house. A dual-purpose chicken is a type of chicken that may be used in the production of both eggs and meat. In the past, many chicken breeds were selected for both functions. However, since the advent of laying and meat hybrids, industrial chicken breeding has made a sharp distinction between chickens with either function, so that certain characteristics have been promoted to an extreme degree. Partly due to

1344-486: A maximum of 2,000 hens in each poultry house. In the UK, organic laying hens are not routinely beak-trimmed. While often confused with free range farming, yarding is actually a separate method by which a hutch and fenced-off area outside are combined when farming poultry. The distinction is that free-range poultry are either totally unfenced, or the fence is so distant that it has little influence on their freedom of movement. Yarding

1440-499: A meeting place for the intellectuals of the East and the West," history professor John Stalker and Meller urged President Snyder to respond at once to Johnson's suggestion. With the prospect of federal funding, President Snyder appointed a faculty committee chaired by Turnbull to rapidly prepare a substantive proposal for creating an international college. On June 9, 1959, Senator Johnson introduced

1536-477: A minimum condition for free-range eggs that "hens have continuous daytime access to open air runs, except in the case of temporary restrictions imposed by veterinary authorities". The RSPCA "Welfare standards for laying hens and pullets" indicates that the stocking rate must not exceed 1,000 birds per hectare (10 m per hen) of range available and a minimum area of overhead shade/shelter of 8 m per 1,000 hens must be provided. Free-range farming of egg-laying hens

1632-512: A much faster rate and at a lower cost. With a growing population and greater demand on the farmers, antibiotics appeared to be an ideal and cost-effective way to increase the output of poultry. Since this discovery, antibiotics have been routinely used in poultry production, but more recently have been the topic of debate secondary to the fear of bacterial antibiotic resistance . Poultry feed can include roxarsone or nitarsone , arsenical antimicrobial drugs that also promote growth. Roxarsone

1728-483: A nest, litter such that pecking and scratching are possible, appropriate perches allowing at least 15 cm per hen, a claw-shortening device, and a feed trough which may be used without restriction providing 12 cm per hen. Furnished cages (Enriched) give the hens more space than the conventional battery cages, so that each bird may spread their wings without touching one another if desired. Enrichment such as nest boxes, perches, and dust baths are also provided so that

1824-659: A period of the day, although they are usually confined in sheds at night to protect them from predators or kept indoors if the weather is particularly bad. In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) states that a free-range chicken must have day-time access to open-air runs during at least half of its life. Unlike in the United States, this definition also applies to free-range egg-laying hens, meaning they can still be confined in high stocking densities with limited outdoors access. The European Union regulates marketing standards for egg farming which specifies

1920-490: A preventative measure, although reducing stocking rates would eliminate these problems. Diseases can be common and the animals are vulnerable to predators. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In South-East Asia, a lack of disease control in free range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza . Instead of keeping them in cages, free-run laying hens roam freely within an enclosed barn. This type of housing also provides enrichment for

2016-521: A request to reduce the budget by 50% (reduction by $ 10.7 million) was placed as part of the budget proposal. The outcome of this request was a $ 2 million decrease in the center's budget. Increased climate and geopolitical tensions within the region has raised the profile of the institution after years of declining budget approproations, with a return to federal funding in excess of $ 20 million under President Biden. The East–West Center Gallery presents changing exhibits of traditional and contemporary arts of

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2112-435: A single shed may contain many tens of thousands of hens. Light intensity is often kept low (e.g. 10 lux) to reduce feather pecking and vent pecking. Benefits of battery cages include easier care for the birds, floor-laid eggs (which are expensive to collect) are eliminated, eggs are cleaner, capture at the end of lay is expedited, generally less feed is required to produce eggs, broodiness is eliminated, more hens may be housed in

2208-584: A square foot per bird. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) states that the minimum space is one-half square foot per bird. More modern houses are often larger and contain more birds, but the floor space allotment still meets the needs of the birds. The larger the bird is grown the fewer chickens are put in each house, to give the bigger bird more space per square foot. Because broilers are relatively young and have not reached sexual maturity, they exhibit very little aggressive conduct. Chicken feed consists primarily of corn and soybean meal with

2304-407: A strain on their hearts and lungs, possibly leading to Ascites . In the UK, up to 19 million broilers die in their sheds from heart failure each year. In a heat wave, if a power failure shuts down the ventilation, 20,000 chickens could die in a short period of time. In a good grow out, a farmer should sell between 92% and 96% of their flock, with a 1.80 to a 2.0 feed conversion ratio . After marketing

2400-560: A wide range of abnormal behaviours , some of which are injurious to the hens or their cagemates. In 1999, the European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC banned conventional battery cages for laying hens throughout the European Union from January 1, 2012; they were banned previously in other countries including Switzerland . In response to these bans, development of prototype commercial furnished cage systems began in

2496-449: Is free-range farming using lower stocking densities. Poultry producers routinely use nationally approved medications, such as antibiotics, in feed or drinking water, to treat disease or to prevent disease outbreaks. Some FDA-approved medications are also approved for improved feed utilization. A chicken coop or hen house is a structure where chickens or other fowl are kept safe and secure. There may be nest boxes and perches in

2592-467: Is a common technique used by small farms in the Northeastern U.S. The birds are released daily from hutches or coops. The hens usually lay eggs either on the floor of the coop or in baskets if provided by the farmer. This husbandry technique can be complicated if used with roosters, mostly because of their aggressive behavior. The majority of hens in many countries are housed in battery cages , although

2688-447: Is a predominantly graduate student dormitory and most of the residents are mainly recipients of East West Center scholarships or are affiliated with their programs. Hence here there are EWC Graduate Degree Fellows , Asia Pacific Leadership Program participants, EWC Affiliates and others who are not directly funded by the EWC. A large majority of the residents are international students from

2784-409: Is bad because beaks are sensitive, and the usual practice of trimming them without anaesthesia is considered inhumane by some. Some within the chicken industry claim that beak-trimming is not painful whereas others argue that the procedure causes chronic pain and discomfort, and decreases the ability to eat or drink. Antibiotics have been used in poultry farming in mass quantities since 1951, when

2880-455: Is increasing its share of the market. DEFRA figures indicate that 45% of eggs produced in the UK throughout 2010 were free range, 5% were produced in barn systems and 50% from cages. This compares with 41% being free range in 2009. Suitable land requires adequate drainage to minimise worms and coccidial oocysts, suitable protection from prevailing winds, good ventilation, access and protection from predators. Excess heat, cold or damp can have

2976-544: Is inhumane. The European Commission advocates for this practice and the UK government is intending to legalize it. Laying hens are routinely beak-trimmed at 1 day of age to reduce the damaging effects of aggression, feather pecking and cannibalism. Scientific studies have shown that beak trimming is likely to cause both acute and chronic pain. Severe beak trimming, or beak trimming birds at an older age, may cause chronic pain. Following beak trimming of older or adult hens,

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3072-507: Is one of the first to have integrated this concept on a large scale, as part of its collaboration with the agricultural association Déméter. It produced its own poultry by crossing lines presenting the sought-after characteristics, which is a way to solve the problem of killing male chicks. The dual-purpose chicken selected by the Lohmann group, the “Lohmann Dual”, is raised in Switzerland by

3168-410: Is severe because of improper procedure or done in older birds, the neuromas will persist which suggests that beak trimmed older birds experience chronic pain , although this has been debated. Beak-trimmed chicks initially peck less than non-trimmed chickens, which animal behaviorist Temple Grandin attributes to guarding against pain. The animal rights activist, Peter Singer , claims this procedure

3264-523: Is the culling of newly hatched male chicks since they do not lay eggs and do not grow fast enough to be profitable for meat. There are plans to more ethically destroy the eggs before the chicks are hatched, using "in-ovo" sex determination. Chickens are often stunned before slaughter using carbon dioxide or electric shock in a water bath. More humane methods that could be used are low atmospheric pressure stunning and inert gas asphyxiation . According to animal charities, carrying chickens by their legs

3360-509: Is the president of East–West Center in Honolulu, HI, and a former Major General in the United States Army . In 2015, she became the first Native Hawaiian woman to become a general, and upon her appointment as president of East-West Center in 2021, became its first woman and the first Native Hawaiian to lead the organization since it was founded in 1960. Vares-Lum was a career intelligence officer and an influential executive advising

3456-841: The European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC has banned the conventional battery cage in EU states from January 2012. As of April 1, 2017, no new battery cages are able to be installed in Canada. Farmers must move towards enriched housing or use a cage-free system. In 2016, the Egg Farmers of Canada announced that the country's egg farmers will be transitioning away from conventional hen housing systems (battery cages) and have no conventional caging left by 2036. Batteries are small cages, usually made of metal in modern systems, housing 3 to 8 hens. The walls are made of either solid metal or mesh, and

3552-458: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved their use. Scientists had found that chickens fed an antibiotic residue grew 50 percent faster than controls. The chickens laid more eggs and experienced lower mortality and less illness. Upon this discovery, farmers transitioned from expensive animal proteins to comparatively inexpensive antibiotics and B12. Chickens were now reaching their market weight at

3648-458: The U.S. invasion of Cambodia by endorsing a general strike by the university community and issuing a statement condemning the U.S. escalation, which the association described as demonstrating the contradictions between the East-West Center's stated goals and U.S. foreign policy. In 1977, John A. Burns Hall, located south of Hale Manoa on the 21-acre (85,000 m) East–West Center campus,

3744-448: The nociceptors in the beak stump show abnormal patterns of neural discharge, indicating acute pain. Neuromas , tangled masses of swollen regenerating axon sprouts, are found in the healed stumps of birds beak trimmed at 5 weeks of age or older and in severely beak trimmed birds. Neuromas have been associated with phantom pain in human amputees and have therefore been linked to chronic pain in beak trimmed birds. If beak trimming

3840-455: The 1980s. Furnished cages, sometimes called 'enriched' or 'modified' cages, are cages for egg-laying hens which have been designed to allow the hens to perform their "natural behaviors" whilst retaining their economic and husbandry advantages, and also provide some of the welfare advantages of non-cage systems. Many design features of furnished cages have been incorporated because research in animal welfare science has shown them to be of benefit to

3936-676: The 2nd Battalion Commander, 298th MFTU, HIARNG. Following this position, she served as the Joint Forces Headquarters, Hawaii National Guard J2. She later served as the commander of the 298th Regiment, Multifunctional Training Unit (RTI), Hawaii Army National Guard, where she was responsible for the Officer Candidate Program, NCOES and 11 B WLC and MOS-Q courses. She served as the Vice Chief of the Joint Staff and HING J2 and as

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4032-634: The Asia Pacific Region). Most of education program participants reside in EWC dormitories like Hale Manoa Dormitory . East–West Seminars bring professionals from government, civil society, business and the media together for short-term dialogue and exchange programs to share knowledge and address issues of regional and global concern. Included in the Seminars Program are the Media Program (provides journalist with first-hand examination of issues in

4128-461: The Asia-Pacific region and beyond. The East–West Center Foundation expands and enhances support for the EWC with private resources that support scholarships, research, and seminar initiatives not covered by core Congressional funding. Approximately half of Center funding comes from the U.S. government, with additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, foundations, corporations, and

4224-670: The Asia-Pacific region like China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, The Philippines, and Indonesia. Recently, there has been a move to bring in more students from South Asian countries. It was an all-male dormitory, whereas a sister dormitory, Hale Kuahine , situated just next to the Imin Center and also a I. M. Pei building, housed all the females. Currently, both Hale Manoa and Hale Kuahine are unisex dormitories. 21°17′49″N 157°48′53″W  /  21.296911°N 157.81476°W  / 21.296911; -157.81476 Suzanne Vares-Lum Suzanne Puanani Vares-Lum (born 1967)

4320-570: The Center's assistant director for American Studies was widely believed to monitor the center for "lefties" and "reds". On May 9, 1961, then U.S. vice president Lyndon Johnson was a guest at groundbreaking ceremonies for the East–West Center's first six buildings. Five of the new buildings, designed by architect I. M. Pei , were built along the new East–West Road where a new 21-acre (85,000 m) East–West Center campus just west of Manoa Stream on

4416-728: The Chief of the Joint Staff, Hawaii National Guard. Vares-Lum was mobilized in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom III from August 2004 to March 2006. As the 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team S-2, she established and led the Joint Intelligence Center in Balad, Iraq. Her military schools include the Military Intelligence Officer Basic Course, Military Intelligence Officer Advanced Course, Combined Arms and Services Staff School, Command and General Staff Officer's Course,

4512-574: The Department of Defense, local government, local communities, and Members of Congress. In 2023, Bank of Hawaii elected Vares-Lum to also serve on its board of directors, serving on the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Fiduciary and Investment Management Committee. Born and raised in Wahiawa , like many in Hawaii, Vares-Lum's ancestry reflects the multitude of cultural influences present in

4608-494: The Division Artillery Fire Support Intelligence Officer in the 3rd Infantry Division, Wurzburg, Germany. In 1993, Vares-Lum left active duty and joined the 29th Separate Infantry Brigade (SIB), Hawaii Army National Guard where she served as the 29th Support Battalion S-2, the 29th SIB Assistant S-2, the first 229th Military Intelligence Company Commander, and the 29th SIB G-2. She also served as

4704-450: The EU, each chicken must have one square metre of outdoor space. The benefits of free-range poultry farming include opportunities for natural behaviours such as pecking, scratching, foraging and exercise outdoors. Because they grow slower and have opportunities for exercise, free-range broilers often have better leg and heart health. Organic broiler chickens are reared under similar conditions to free-range broilers but with restrictions on

4800-604: The East-West Center library. The East-West Center administration and student associations sent an observer to Chen's July 1968 trial where he was convicted of sedition and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment. Over the course of his incarceration, students protested at the University of Hawaii campus, the ROC consulate, and the East-West Center Chancellor's office. Chen was released in 1971 after receiving amnesty. In 1969,

4896-480: The East-West Center's oversight from, and relationship with, the federal government resulted in scrutiny and disagreements. Among those favoring strong federal control was Congressman John Rooney, who in 1962 criticized the East-West Center for what he described as "not properly screening applicants" and thereby allowing "left wing foul balls" into the program." The East-West Center was staffed with U.S. diplomats and foreign service staff. According to academic Wendy Cheng,

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4992-523: The East-West Center. Due to this association, HIFF prominently featured academic seminars and discussions in its early years, consisting of seven films from six countries which were viewed by an audience of 5,000 in its inaugural year. Although the festival decided to move independently of the East-West Center 1994, it still continues in its mission to elevate Asian and Indigenous voices in film, screening 300 films from 35 countries in 2022, and currently attracts more than 50,000 viewers annually from throughout

5088-579: The East–West Center. EWC program areas include Education, Research, Seminars, a Washington, D.C. office, an Office of External Affairs and the East–West Center Foundation. University of Hawaii art professor Murray Turnbull served as interim director and acting chancellor of the East–West Center through 1961, when anthropologist Alexander Spoehr , the former director (1953–1961) of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum in Honolulu,

5184-486: The Pacific region. The gallery is located on the campus of the University of Hawaii, and is open daily except Saturday. Cultural performances are also presented. Hale Manoa is the East–West Center's student dormitory . This 13-story building, constructed in 1962, was designed by American architect I. M. Pei , and is located in the University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu. The dormitory has a housing capacity of more than 400. This

5280-626: The Research umbrella is the Pacific Islands Development Program (the research and training arm and regional secretariat of the Pacific Islands Conference of Leaders representing 22 Pacific island nations). The Education Program offers educational opportunities for students and professional development seminars and workshops for educators from the U.S. and the region. The Student Program is carried out in partnership with

5376-521: The U.S. war in Vietnam . In its early stages, the East-West Center only admitted students from countries deemed friendly to the United States. "The East–West Center originated as a University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa faculty initiative with a February 16, 1959, memo from professor Murray Turnbull , then acting Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, to political science professor Norman Meller, then chairperson of

5472-511: The U.S. Army War College (DDE), Airborne School, and Air Assault School. Chicken coop Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens , ducks , turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food . Poultry – mostly chickens – are farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chickens are killed for consumption annually. Chickens raised for eggs are known as layers, while chickens raised for meat are called broilers . In

5568-434: The US, organic management starts with the selection of the livestock and should begin "no later than the second day of life". Organic poultry production requires organic management in nutrition, preventative health care, living conditions, handling/processing, and record keeping. The Soil Association standards used to certify organic flocks in the UK indicate a maximum outdoors stocking density of 1,000 birds per hectare and

5664-581: The United Egg Producers is 67 to 86 in (430 to 560 cm ) per bird. The space available to battery hens has often been described as less than the size of a piece of A4 paper (623 cm ). Animal welfare scientists have been critical of battery cages because they do not provide hens with sufficient space to stand, walk, flap their wings, perch, or make a nest, and it is widely considered that hens suffer through boredom and frustration through being unable to perform these behaviours. This can lead to

5760-503: The United States, the national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the UK, the national organisation is the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Biomass of birds on Earth According to the World Watch Institute, 74 percent of the world's poultry meat, and 68 percent of eggs are produced intensively. One alternative to intensive poultry farming

5856-757: The University of Hawaii and other universities in Hawaii and the continental U.S. scholarships are awarded annually in an international competition. Also under the Education Program are the Asia Pacific Leadership Program (APLP) (a certificate program for graduate-level students and mid-level professionals), AsiaPacificEd and the Asian Studies Development Program (both work with primary, secondary, and college educators to infuse Asian Pacific content in curricula), and Education 2020 (a focus on new approaches to educational challenges in

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5952-482: The addition of essential vitamins and minerals. No hormones or steroids are allowed in raising chickens. In intensive broiler sheds, the air can become highly polluted with ammonia from the droppings. In this case, a farmer must run more fans to bring in more clean fresh air. If not, this can damage the chickens' eyes and respiratory systems and can cause painful burns on their legs (called hock burns ) as well as blisters on their feet. Broilers bred for fast growth have

6048-761: The animal cause, then a sector could be launched. Concerning meat, Coop spokesperson Ramon Gander estimated that the demand was there and according to him “the meat has also convinced tasters”. Animal welfare groups have frequently criticized the poultry industry for engaging in practices which they assert to be inhumane. Many animal rights advocates object to killing chickens for food, the "factory farm conditions" under which they are raised, methods of transport, and slaughter. Animal Outlook (formerly Compassion Over Killing) and other groups have repeatedly conducted undercover investigations at chicken farms and slaughterhouses which they allege confirm their claims of cruelty. A common practice among hatcheries for egg-laying hens

6144-447: The background so that we can engage effectively in the region” . Commissioned on May 15, 1988, through the ROTC program at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Vares-Lum served on active duty as a Regular Army officer from 1989 to 1993 as the 103rd Military Intelligence Battalion Headquarters and Headquarters Support Company Executive Officer, the C Co., 103rd MI Trailblazer Platoon Leader, and

6240-637: The birds from the hatchery at one day old. A grow out consists of 5 to 9 weeks according to how big the kill plant wants the chickens to be. These houses are equipped with mechanical systems to deliver feed and water to the birds. They have ventilation systems and heaters that function as needed. The floor of the house is covered with bedding material consisting of wood chips, rice hulls, or peanut shells. In some cases they can be grown over dry litter or compost. Because dry bedding helps maintain flock health, most growout houses have enclosed watering systems ("nipple drinkers") which reduce spillage. Keeping birds inside

6336-532: The birds may carry out their natural behaviors such as nesting, roosting, and scratching as though they were outdoors. Enrichment of laying hen cages ultimately results in better bone quality. This is a result of the increased activity in the hens from the additional space and enrichment provided in the furnished housing system. Although the enriched housing system has its advantages such as reduced aggression towards one another and cleaner eggs, modern egg laying breeds often suffer from osteoporosis which results in

6432-500: The birds, the farmer must clean out and prepare for another flock. A farmer should average 4 to 5 grow outs a year. In a "higher welfare" system, chickens are kept indoors but with more space (around 14 to 16 birds per square metre). They have a richer environment for example with natural light or straw bales that encourage foraging and perching. The chickens grow more slowly and live for up to two weeks longer than intensively farmed birds. The benefits of higher welfare indoor systems are

6528-414: The breeder's specialization (including day-old chicks). Modern laying breeds have become unable to provide enough meat to satisfy consumers accustomed to breeds selected for fattening, which are very poor layers and brooders. In addition, the strategies for killing livestock affected by avian influenza or highly pathogenic diseases or with significant epidemiological or eco-epidemiological risks have led in

6624-558: The center (including $ 8.2 million in capital spending for six new buildings), and on September 30, 1961, President Kennedy signed Supplemental Appropriation Act, 1962, which appropriated an additional $ 3.3 million for the center. On October 25, 1960, the University of Hawaii signed a grant-in-aid agreement with the State Department to establish and operate the East–West Center, and received its first installment of $ 1.1 million in federal funding on November 8, 1960. From its founding,

6720-417: The chicken's skeletal system being weakened. During egg production, large amounts of calcium are transferred from bones to create egg-shell. Although dietary calcium levels are adequate, absorption of dietary calcium is not always sufficient, given the intensity of production, to fully replenish bone calcium. This can lead to increases in bone breakages, particularly when the hens are being removed from cages at

6816-404: The discussion about male offspring of laying hens that are not economically viable and are usually gassed or ground alive as day-old chicks, a discussion is currently underway as to whether dual-purpose chickens have a future role on a large or smaller scale. Historically, the distinction between egg and meat production did not exist. It only appeared with the development of industrial farming and

6912-402: The duration of the light phase is initially increased to prompt the beginning of egg-laying at 16–20 weeks of age and then mimics summer day length which stimulates the hens to continue laying eggs all year round; normally, egg production occurs only in the warmer months. Some commercial breeds of hen can produce over 300 eggs a year. Free-range poultry farming allows chickens to roam freely for

7008-1083: The east side of the university campus replaced chicken coops , temporary wooden buildings for faculty housing, and the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. A sixth building built under the federal grant for the East–West Center was Edmondson Hall, designed by architect Albin Kubala and built on McCarthy Mall. Four of the six buildings were completed and opened in September 1962: Edmondson Hall (a four-story building containing classrooms and laboratories), Kennedy Theatre (an 800-seat theatre), Hale Kuahine (a four-story women's dormitory for 120 students), and Lincoln Hall (a four-story residence hall for senior scholars and faculty). The other two buildings: Jefferson Hall (a four-story conference center, cafeteria, and administrative office building) and Hale Manoa (a 13-story men's dormitory for 480 students) were completed and opened in September 1963. "Seien" (Serene Garden),

7104-693: The end of laying. Osteoporosis may be prevented by free range and cage-free housing systems, as they have shown to have a beneficial impact on the skeletal system of the hens compared to those housed in caged systems. Countries such as Austria, Belgium and Germany are planning to ban furnished cages until 2025 additionally to the already banned conventional cages. Meat chickens, commonly called broilers , are floor-raised on litter such as wood shavings, peanut shells, and rice hulls, indoors in climate-controlled housing. Under modern farming methods, meat chickens reared indoors reach slaughter weight at 5 to 9 weeks of age, as they have been selectively bred to do so. In

7200-504: The faculty senate, that proposed the creation of an International College of Cultural Affairs. However, University of Hawaiʻi President Laurence H. Snyder stated that budgetary constraints prevented proceeding at the time with the idea". Two months later, following radio reports of an April 16, 1959 speech in Washington, D.C. by then Senator Lyndon Johnson ( D -Texas) that proposed the creation of an international university in Hawaii "as

7296-442: The first week of a broiler's life, it can grow up to 300 percent of its body size. A nine-week-old broiler averages over 9 pounds (4 kg) in body weight. At nine weeks, a hen will average around 7 pounds (3.2 kg) and a rooster will weigh around 12 pounds (5.5 kg), having a nine-pound (4 kg) average. Broilers are not raised in cages. They are raised in large, open structures known as grow out houses. A farmer receives

7392-476: The floor is sloped wire mesh to allow the feces to drop through and eggs to roll onto an egg-collecting conveyor belt. Water is usually provided by overhead nipple systems, and food in a trough along the front of the cage replenished at regular intervals by a mechanical system. Battery cages are arranged in long rows as multiple tiers, often with cages back-to-back (hence the term). Within a single barn, there may be several floors containing battery cages meaning that

7488-663: The former vice president of International Christian University in Tokyo, who had lived in Asia for sixteen years. The first Native Hawaiian woman to become a general officer in the U.S. military, Major General Suzanne Vares-Lum , was appointed as president of East-West Center in 2021, becoming its first woman and the first Native Hawaiian to lead the organization since its founding. The Research Program conducts studies on economic development, trade, energy, governance, politics, security, conflict reduction, population, health, and environment. Under

7584-499: The four-story wing of Moore Hall designed by architect Hideo Murakami was built with East–West Center federal funds on the west side of East–West Road across from Lincoln Hall. Harlan Cleveland was president of the University of Hawaii . During 1969-1974, the university added a medical school, a law school and an international astronomy project. In 1970, the East-West Center Students Association responded to

7680-404: The governments of the region. In 2005 the EWC received a total of $ 37 million (including $ 19.2 million from the U.S. Congress). On May 7, 2009, President Barack Obama requested a reduction in federal funding for the EWC, from $ 21 million in fiscal year 2009 to $ 12 million for fiscal year 2010. The outcome of the 2010 request was a $ 2 million increase in the center's budget. Subsequently, in 2011,

7776-470: The hens, including nesting boxes and perches that are often located along the floor of the barn. Many believe that this type of housing is better for the bird than any caging system, but it has its disadvantages, too. Due to the increase in activity of the birds, dust levels tend to elevate and the air quality decreases. When air quality drops, so does production as this compromises the health and welfare of both birds and their caretakers. In organic systems in

7872-509: The hens. In the UK, the DEFRA "Code for the Welfare of Laying Hens" states furnished cages should provide at least 750 cm of cage area per hen, 600 cm of which should be usable; the height of the cage other than that above the usable area should be at least 20 cm at every point and no cage should have a total area that is less than 2000 cm . In addition, furnished cages should provide

7968-455: The house. There is a long-standing controversy over the basic need for a chicken coop. One philosophy, known as the "fresh air school", holds that chickens are mostly hardy but can be brought low by confinement, poor air quality and darkness, hence the need for a highly ventilated or open-sided coop with conditions more like the outdoors, even in winter. However, others who keep chickens believe they are prone to illness in outdoor weather and need

8064-401: The idea and report back to Congress by January 3, 1960. On May 14, 1960, President Eisenhower signed the Mutual Security Act of 1960 which authorized the creation of a Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West (East–West Center) at the University of Hawaii, and on August 31, 1960, signed the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1961, which appropriated $ 10 million for

8160-554: The most senior leadership of the United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM), where she played a key role in USINDOPACOM's effort to shape and maintain regional security through development of diplomatic, economic, and military policies. This included building and maintaining military-to-military and political-military relationships amongst the 43 nations within the Pacific region, engaging with senior leaders in

8256-588: The participation of 13 women entrepreneurs from the Asia Pacific Region. The Office of External Affairs (OEA) connects the resources and research of the EWC with the local, national, and international community through educational outreach, public programs, briefings, and media relations. Within the OEA is the News and Information office (provides EWC research findings, opinion pieces, and analysis of issues to journalists and

8352-562: The public), the Arts Program (presents performances and exhibitions illuminating the cultural values and art forms of national and ethnic traditions in the region), and the Alumni Office (works with an international network of professionals from more than 50 countries who have had a past affiliation with the EWC). The Hawaii International Film Festival was founded in 1981 as an outreach project of

8448-485: The reduced growth rate, less crowding and more opportunities for natural behaviour. One example of indoor production with higher welfare production is the Better Chicken Commitment standard. Free-range broilers are reared under similar conditions to free-range egg-laying hens. The breeds grow more slowly than those used for indoor rearing and usually reach slaughter weight at approximately 8 weeks of age. In

8544-561: The region and the U.S.), Senior Policy Seminar (brings together top level foreign affairs and security officials, private sector and civil society leaders to discuss key regional issues), and the Asia Pacific Executive Forum (brings to American cities discussions on topics that affect the economics and business of the region). The East–West Center also organizes various women empowerment programs. It recently organized 2014 Changing Faces Women's Leadership Seminar at Hawaii which saw

8640-453: The routine use of in-feed or in-water medications, other food additives and synthetic amino acids. The breeds used are slower growing, more traditional breeds and typically reach slaughter weight at around 12 weeks of age. They have a larger space allowance outside (at least 2 square metres and sometimes up to 10 square metres per bird). The Soil Association standards indicate a maximum outdoors stocking density of 2,500 birds per hectare and

8736-694: The sex of the embryo or fetus in the egg before the incubation phase (when the egg is still consumable) and to eliminate it from the breeding circuit to direct it to the egg sales circuit (Eggs that have not yet been incubated and fertilized can be consumed during the first days after laying, recalls Ruedi Zweifel, director of the Aviforum foundation, the competence center of the Swiss poultry farming). The universities of Leipzig and Dresden are testing ways to achieve this, but have not yet found any that are applicable in real time on an industrial scale. The German company Lohmann

8832-491: The state. Her mother is from Japan, while her father's family is Hawaiian, Portuguese , Tahitian, Chinese and English. Her father also instilled a strong sense of service, serving in Vietnam, and her sister also served. She told Honolulu Civil Beat in 2021, "it’s not just (Hawaii's) geographic location that makes it a hub for the U.S. military and its allies. Because I’m from Hawaii, I would say it’s also our ability to bring cultures together, to understand cultural language in

8928-578: Was appointed as the East–West Center's first chancellor, serving for two years before resigning at the end of 1963. University of Hawaii president Thomas H. Hamilton served as acting chancellor of the East–West Center for a year and a half from January 1964–June 1965. In July 1965, he was succeeded by former newspaper publisher and diplomat Howard P. Jones , the former U.S. ambassador to Indonesia (1958–1965), who served as chancellor for three years before being succeeded in August 1968 by linguist Everett Kleinjans,

9024-527: Was assembled just in time for King Adulyadej's dedication of the pavilion on June 6, 1967; it is located between Lincoln Hall and Jefferson Hall, in front of Hale Kuahine. In 1968, recent East-West Center student Chen Yu-hsi was arrested by the Republic of China's (ROC) Kuomintang (KMT) government based on KMT surveillance of Chen in the United States. The Taiwan Garrison Command alleged that he had read communist literature including works by Mao Zedong while at

9120-492: Was completed. The four-story building for administrative offices was designed by architect John Hara to integrate with the style of the other East–West Center buildings (its windows mimic those of Lincoln Hall). It was built with State of Hawaii funds to compensate the federal government for the university's use of Edmondson Hall, the Kennedy Theatre, and the 4-story wing of Moore Hall, which had been built with federal funds for

9216-506: Was used as a broiler starter by about 70% of the broiler growers between 1995 and 2000. The drugs have generated controversy because it contains arsenic , which is highly toxic to humans. This arsenic could be transmitted through run-off from the poultry yards. A 2004 study by the U.S. magazine Consumer Reports reported "no detectable arsenic in our samples of muscle" but found "A few of our chicken-liver samples has an amount that according to EPA standards could cause neurological problems in

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