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33-507: The National Police of East Timor ( Tetum : Polísia Nasionál Timór Lorosa'e , Portuguese : Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste ) or PNTL is the national police force of East Timor . The PNTL was established in May 2002 by the United Nations , before sovereignty was passed to the new state, with a mandate to provide security and maintain law and order throughout the country, and to enable

66-463: A superstratum or a substratum . When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Intensive language contact may result in language convergence or relexification . In some cases a new contact language may be created as a result of the influence, such as a pidgin , creole , or mixed language . In many other cases, contact between speakers occurs with smaller-scale lasting effects on

99-444: A Portuguese suffix -dór (similar to '-er'). For example: Hau 1S rona hear asu dog hatenu barking Hau rona asu hatenu 1S hear dog barking "I hear the dog barking" Nia 3S sosa buys sigaru cigarettes Nia sosa sigaru 3S buys cigarettes "He/She buys cigarettes" Ita 1PL rona hearing rádiu? radio Ita rona rádiu? 1PL hearing radio "Are we hearing

132-522: A common language interact closely. Resulting from this contact a pidgin may develop, which may eventually become a full-fledged creole language through the process of creolization (though some linguists assert that a creole need not emerge from a pidgin). Prime examples of this are Aukan and Saramaccan , spoken in Suriname , which have vocabulary mainly from Portuguese, English and Dutch. A much rarer but still observed process, according to some linguists,

165-456: A language: Ethnologue classifies Tetun Terik as a dialect of Tetun. However, without previous contact, Tetun Dili is not immediately mutually intelligible, mainly because of the large number of Portuguese origin words used in Tetun Dili. Besides some grammatical simplification, Tetun Dili has been greatly influenced by the vocabulary and to a small extent by the grammar of Portuguese ,

198-580: A particular geographic region. For example, in Switzerland , the local French has been influenced by German and vice versa. In Scotland , Scots has been heavily influenced by English, and many Scots terms have been adopted into the regional English dialect. The result of the contact of two languages can be the replacement of one by the other. This is most common when one language has a higher social position ( prestige ). This sometimes leads to language endangerment or extinction . When language shift occurs,

231-529: A profound effect on the development of Japanese , but Chinese remains relatively free of Japanese influence other than some modern terms that were reborrowed after they were coined in Japan and based on Chinese forms and using Chinese characters. In India , Hindi and other native languages have been influenced by English, and loanwords from English are part of everyday vocabulary. In some cases, language contact may lead to mutual exchange, but that may be confined to

264-415: A radio?" Sira 3P moris alive Contact language Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics . Language contact can occur at language borders , between adstratum languages, or as the result of migration , with an intrusive language acting as either

297-419: A society is called linguistic ecology . Language contact can take place between two or more sign languages, and the expected contact phenomena occur: lexical borrowing, foreign "accent", interference, code switching, pidgins, creoles, and mixed systems. Language contact is extremely common in most deaf communities , which are almost always located within a dominant oral language culture. However, between

330-657: A total population of 1,053,971, meaning that the share of native Tetum Prasa/Dili speakers had increased to 36.6% during the 2000s. In addition to regional varieties of Tetum in East Timor, there are variations in vocabulary and pronunciation, partly due to Portuguese and Indonesian influence. The Tetum spoken by East Timorese migrants living in Portugal and Australia are more Portuguese-influenced, as many of those speakers were not educated in Indonesian. The Tetum name for East Timor

363-522: A working language, many words are derived from Malay , including: In addition, as a legacy of Indonesian rule , other words of Malay origin have entered Tetum, through Indonesian. However, Tetum speakers often use Malay/Indonesian or Portuguese numbers instead, such as delapan or oito 'eight' instead of ualu , especially for numbers over one thousand. Tetum has many hybrid words, which are combinations of indigenous and Portuguese words. These often include an indigenous Tetum verb, with

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396-459: Is Timór Lorosa'e , which means 'Timor of the rising sun', or, less poetically, 'East Timor'; lorosa'e comes from loro 'sun' and sa'e 'to rise, to go up'. The noun for 'word' is liafuan , from lia 'voice' and fuan 'fruit'. Some more words in Tetum: Words derived from Portuguese: As a result of Bazaar Malay being a regional lingua franca and of Indonesian being

429-458: Is the formation of mixed languages . Whereas creoles are formed by communities lacking a common language, mixed languages are formed by communities fluent in both languages. They tend to inherit much more of the complexity (grammatical, phonological, etc.) of their parent languages, whereas creoles begin as simple languages and then develop in complexity more independently. It is sometimes explained as bilingual communities that no longer identify with

462-860: The King of Portugal . Following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974, Indonesia invaded East Timor , declaring it "the Republic's 27th Province". The use of Portuguese was banned, and Indonesian was declared the sole official language, but the Roman Catholic Church adopted Tetum as its liturgical language, making it a focus for cultural and national identity. After the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) took over governance in 1999, Tetun (Dili)

495-690: The Border Patrol Unit (Unidade de Patrulhamento de Fronteiras, UPF); and the Rapid Intervention Unit, or UIR, modelled after the Portuguese National Republican Guard riot police , which served in East Timor before its independence. This East Timor -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This law enforcement agency article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tetum language There are two main forms of Tetum as

528-685: The PNTL is criticized by Fundasaun Mahein for allowing its officers to be visible with heavy weapons since it undermines the force's community policing strategy. On 18 November 2018, PNTL officer José Mina, shot dead three young men during a party in the neighborhood of Kulu Hun in Dili. There are at least three special units within the PNTL: the Police Reserve Unit, formerly the Rapid Deployment Service;

561-617: The Timor-Leste Police Service, before finally adopting its current title of the Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste . It was not until independence, on 20 May 2002, that an agreement was signed outlining the terms and timetable for handing over of full policing duties from CivPol to the PNTL. The PNTL finally assumed responsibility for the whole country on 10 December 2003. There are accusation that some PNTL officers have tortured prisoners who have been arrested. In August 2017,

594-457: The cultures of either of the languages they speak, and seek to develop their own language as an expression of their own cultural uniqueness. Some forms of language contact affect only a particular segment of a speech community. Consequently, change may be manifested only in particular dialects , jargons , or registers . South African English , for example, has been significantly affected by Afrikaans in terms of lexis and pronunciation , but

627-645: The exchange of even basic characteristics of a language such as morphology and grammar . Newar , for example, spoken in Nepal , is a Sino-Tibetan language distantly related to Chinese but has had so many centuries of contact with neighbouring Indo-Iranian languages that it has even developed noun inflection , a trait that is typical of the Indo-European family but rare in Sino-Tibetan. Newar has also absorbed grammatical features like verb tenses . Also, Romanian

660-479: The language that is replaced (known as the substratum ) can leave a profound impression on the replacing language (known as the superstratum ) when people retain features of the substratum as they learn the new language and pass these features on to their children, which leads to the development of a new variety. For example, the Latin that came to replace local languages in present-day France during Ancient Rome times

693-493: The language; these may include the borrowing of loanwords , calques , or other types of linguistic material. Multilingualism has been common throughout much of human history , and today most people in the world are multilingual. Multilingual speakers may engage in code-switching , the use of multiple languages in a single conversation. Methods from sociolinguistics (the study of language use in society), from corpus linguistics and from formal linguistics are used in

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726-408: The names of other languages, such as Swahili/Kiswahili and Punjabi/Panjabi . According to linguist Geoffrey Hull, Tetum has four dialects: Tetun-Belu and Tetun-Terik are not spoken outside their home territories. Tetun-Prasa is the form of Tetum that is spoken throughout East Timor. Although Portuguese was the official language of Portuguese Timor until 1975, Tetun-Prasa has always been

759-428: The native languages spoken in the areas over which they have held sway. Especially during and since the 1990s, the internet, along with previous influences such as radio and television, telephone communication and printed materials, has expanded and changed the many ways in which languages can be influenced by each other and by technology. Change as a result of contact is often one-sided. Chinese, for instance, has had

792-547: The other dialects of English have remained almost totally unaffected by Afrikaans other than a few loanwords. In some cases, a language develops an acrolect that contains elements of a more prestigious language. For example, in England during a large part of the Middle Ages , upper-class speech was dramatically influenced by French to the point that it often resembled a French dialect. The broader study of contact varieties within

825-549: The other official language of East Timor. The English form Tetum is derived from Portuguese, rather than from modern Tetum. Consequently, some people regard Tetun as more appropriate. Although this coincides with the favoured Indonesian form, and the variant with m has a longer history in English, Tetun has also been used by some Portuguese-educated Timorese, such as José Ramos-Horta and Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo . Similar disagreements over nomenclature have emerged regarding

858-575: The predominant lingua franca in the eastern part of the island. In the fifteenth century, before the arrival of the Portuguese, Tetum had spread through central and eastern Timor as a contact language under the aegis of the Belunese-speaking Kingdom of Wehali , at that time the most powerful kingdom in the island. The Portuguese (present in Timor from c. 1556) made most of their settlements in

891-591: The rapid development of a credible, professional and impartial police service. Recruitment drives were conducted in early 2000, and basic training commenced on 27 March 2000, under the auspices of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). On 10 August 2001, the East Timor Police Service was officially established, working alongside CivPol, the United Nations Civilian Police Force. It later changed its name to

924-411: The study of language contact. The most common way that languages influence each other is the exchange of words. Much is made about the contemporary borrowing of English words into other languages, but this phenomenon is not new, and it is not very large by historical standards. The large-scale importation of words from Latin , French and other languages into English in the 16th and the 17th centuries

957-535: The west, where Dawan was spoken, and it was not until 1769, when the capital was moved from Lifau ( Oecussi ) to Dili that they began to promote Tetum as an inter-regional language in their colony. Timor was one of the few Portuguese colonies where a local language, and not a form of Portuguese, became the lingua franca : this is because Portuguese rule was indirect rather than direct, the Europeans governing through local kings who embraced Catholicism and became vassals of

990-509: Was influenced by Gaulish and Germanic . The distinct pronunciation of the Hiberno-English dialect, spoken in Ireland , comes partially from the influence of the substratum of Irish . Outside the Indo-European family, Coptic , the last stage of ancient Egyptian , is a substratum of Egyptian Arabic . Language contact can also lead to the development of new languages when people without

1023-697: Was influenced by the Slavic languages that were spoken by neighbouring tribes in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire not only in vocabulary but also phonology . English has a few phrases, adapted from French, in which the adjective follows the noun: court-martial, attorney-general, Lake Superior. A language's influence widens as its speakers grow in power. Chinese, Greek , Latin, Portuguese , French, Spanish , Arabic , Persian , Sanskrit , Russian , German and English have each seen periods of widespread importance and have had varying degrees of influence on

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1056-459: Was more significant. Some languages have borrowed so much that they have become scarcely recognisable. Armenian borrowed so many words from Iranian languages , for example, that it was at first considered a divergent branch of the Indo-Iranian languages and was not recognised as an independent branch of the Indo-European languages for many decades. The influence can go deeper, extending to

1089-468: Was proclaimed the country's official language, even though according to Encarta Winkler Prins it was only spoken by about 8% of the native population at the time, while the elite (consisting of 20 to 30 families) spoke Portuguese and most adolescents had been educated in Indonesian. When East Timor gained its independence in 2002, Tetum and Portuguese were declared as official languages. The 2010 census found that Tetum Prasa had 385,269 native speakers on

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