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32-845: The coastal engineering strategy is to address climate change and sea level rise , and improve resilience along the shoreline of the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary and Port of New York and New Jersey . It will be built up to 6 metres (20 ft) above sea level and protect communities from coastal flooding of up to 15.6 feet (4.8 m) (two feet higher than that caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012). It will includes 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of buried seawall, 0.6 miles (0.97 km) of earthen levee tie-in, 0.35 miles (0.56 km) miles vertical flood wall, more than 300 acres (120 ha) of natural storage, approximately 180 acres (73 ha) of ponding areas and 40 acres (16 ha) acres of tidal wetlands . It will also function as

64-617: A linear park / greenway with recreational amenities including a boardwalk, biking and walking paths, and will provide access to public beaches. The project, a collaboration between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation , was first announced in May 2017. In 2019, the city allocated $ 615 million for its design and construction. Conflicts over environmental remediation has stalled

96-511: A desert-battle simulation of one force invading another involved the modeling of 66,239 tanks, trucks and other vehicles on simulated terrain around Kuwait , using multiple supercomputers in the DoD High Performance Computer Modernization Program. Other examples include a 1-billion-atom model of material deformation; a 2.64-million-atom model of the complex protein-producing organelle of all living organisms,

128-400: A different answer for each execution. Although this might seem obvious, this is a special point of attention in stochastic simulations , where random numbers should actually be semi-random numbers. An exception to reproducibility are human-in-the-loop simulations such as flight simulations and computer games . Here a human is part of the simulation and thus influences the outcome in a way that

160-470: A map that uses numeric coordinates and numeric timestamps of events. Similarly, CGI computer simulations of CAT scans can simulate how a tumor might shrink or change during an extended period of medical treatment, presenting the passage of time as a spinning view of the visible human head, as the tumor changes. Other applications of CGI computer simulations are being developed to graphically display large amounts of data, in motion, as changes occur during

192-493: A simulation run. Generic examples of types of computer simulations in science, which are derived from an underlying mathematical description: Specific examples of computer simulations include: Notable, and sometimes controversial, computer simulations used in science include: Donella Meadows ' World3 used in the Limits to Growth , James Lovelock's Daisyworld and Thomas Ray's Tierra . In social sciences, computer simulation

224-646: A simulation". Computer simulation developed hand-in-hand with the rapid growth of the computer, following its first large-scale deployment during the Manhattan Project in World War II to model the process of nuclear detonation . It was a simulation of 12 hard spheres using a Monte Carlo algorithm . Computer simulation is often used as an adjunct to, or substitute for, modeling systems for which simple closed form analytic solutions are not possible. There are many types of computer simulations; their common feature

256-420: A state in which the system is in equilibrium. Such models are often used in simulating physical systems, as a simpler modeling case before dynamic simulation is attempted. Formerly, the output data from a computer simulation was sometimes presented in a table or a matrix showing how data were affected by numerous changes in the simulation parameters . The use of the matrix format was related to traditional use of

288-419: A wide variety of practical contexts, such as: The reliability and the trust people put in computer simulations depends on the validity of the simulation model , therefore verification and validation are of crucial importance in the development of computer simulations. Another important aspect of computer simulations is that of reproducibility of the results, meaning that a simulation model should not provide

320-434: Is a branch of civil engineering concerned with the specific demands posed by constructing at or near the coast , as well as the development of the coast itself. The hydrodynamic impact of especially waves , tides , storm surges and tsunamis and (often) the harsh environment of salt seawater are typical challenges for the coastal engineer – as are the morphodynamic changes of the coastal topography, caused both by

352-474: Is also employed to increase the elevation of marsh platforms in an attempt to adapt to sea level rise. Regional sediment management has also become a focus strategy for coastal practitioners. This essentially uses nearshore sediment sources and knowledge of coastal morphology to identify which accretional features can be harvested to bolster erosional areas, understanding the harvested material will continue to accumulate. A common regional sediment management option

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384-439: Is an integral component of the five angles of analysis fostered by the data percolation methodology, which also includes qualitative and quantitative methods, reviews of the literature (including scholarly), and interviews with experts, and which forms an extension of data triangulation. Of course, similar to any other scientific method, replication is an important part of computational modeling Computer simulations are used in

416-414: Is hard, if not impossible, to reproduce exactly. Vehicle manufacturers make use of computer simulation to test safety features in new designs. By building a copy of the car in a physics simulation environment, they can save the hundreds of thousands of dollars that would otherwise be required to build and test a unique prototype. Engineers can step through the simulation milliseconds at a time to determine

448-450: Is much harder is knowing what the accuracy (compared to measurement resolution and precision ) of the values are. Often they are expressed as "error bars", a minimum and maximum deviation from the value range within which the true value (is expected to) lie. Because digital computer mathematics is not perfect, rounding and truncation errors multiply this error, so it is useful to perform an "error analysis" to confirm that values output by

480-503: Is the attempt to generate a sample of representative scenarios for a model in which a complete enumeration of all possible states of the model would be prohibitive or impossible. The external data requirements of simulations and models vary widely. For some, the input might be just a few numbers (for example, simulation of a waveform of AC electricity on a wire), while others might require terabytes of information (such as weather and climate models). Input sources also vary widely: Lastly,

512-485: Is to dredge ebb and flood shoals to nourish beaches. Both beneficial use and regional sediment management recognizes the scarcity of material resources offshore and upland. Numerical model Computer simulation is the running of a mathematical model on a computer , the model being designed to represent the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system. The reliability of some mathematical models can be determined by comparing their results to

544-480: Is very important to perform a sensitivity analysis to ensure that the accuracy of the results is properly understood. For example, the probabilistic risk analysis of factors determining the success of an oilfield exploration program involves combining samples from a variety of statistical distributions using the Monte Carlo method . If, for instance, one of the key parameters (e.g., the net ratio of oil-bearing strata)

576-797: The marine ecosystem . Most often, in coastal engineering projects there is a need for metocean conditions : local wind and wave climate, as well as statistics for and information on other hydrodynamic quantities of interest. Also, bathymetry and morphological changes are of direct interest. In case of studies of sediment transport and morphological changes, relevant properties of the sea bed sediments, water and ecosystem properties are needed. The occurrence of wave phenomena – like sea waves, swell, tides and tsunamis – require engineering knowledge of their physics, as well as models: both numerical models and physical models . The practices in present-day coastal engineering are more-and-more based on models verified and validated by experimental data. Apart from

608-495: The ribosome , in 2005; a complete simulation of the life cycle of Mycoplasma genitalium in 2012; and the Blue Brain project at EPFL (Switzerland), begun in May 2005 to create the first computer simulation of the entire human brain, right down to the molecular level. Because of the computational cost of simulation, computer experiments are used to perform inference such as uncertainty quantification . A model consists of

640-409: The autonomous development of the system and human-made changes. The areas of interest in coastal engineering include the coasts of the oceans , seas , marginal seas , estuaries and big lakes. Besides the design, building and maintenance of coastal structures , coastal engineers are often interdisciplinary involved in integrated coastal zone management , also because of their specific knowledge of

672-472: The building of the project, originally projected to be completed in 2024. Federal legislation to expedite the construction of the seawall was passed in June 2022. It is expected to cost $ 1.5 billion. Construction was slated to begin at the end of that year. 40°34′21″N 74°5′7″W  /  40.57250°N 74.08528°W  / 40.57250; -74.08528 Coastal engineering Coastal engineering

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704-678: The buildup of queues in the simulation of humans evacuating a building. Furthermore, simulation results are often aggregated into static images using various ways of scientific visualization . In debugging, simulating a program execution under test (rather than executing natively) can detect far more errors than the hardware itself can detect and, at the same time, log useful debugging information such as instruction trace, memory alterations and instruction counts. This technique can also detect buffer overflow and similar "hard to detect" errors as well as produce performance information and tuning data. Although sometimes ignored in computer simulations, it

736-415: The equations used to capture the behavior of a system. By contrast, computer simulation is the actual running of the program that perform algorithms which solve those equations, often in an approximate manner. Simulation, therefore, is the process of running a model. Thus one would not "build a simulation"; instead, one would "build a model (or a simulator)", and then either "run the model" or equivalently "run

768-428: The exact stresses being put upon each section of the prototype. Computer graphics can be used to display the results of a computer simulation. Animations can be used to experience a simulation in real-time, e.g., in training simulations . In some cases animations may also be useful in faster than real-time or even slower than real-time modes. For example, faster than real-time animations can be useful in visualizing

800-445: The hydro- and morphodynamics of the coastal system. This may include providing input and technology for e.g. environmental impact assessment , port development, strategies for coastal defense, land reclamation , offshore wind farms and other energy-production facilities, etc. The coastal environment produces challenges specific for this branch of engineering: waves, storm surges, tides, tsunamis, sea level changes, sea water and

832-452: The matrix concept in mathematical models . However, psychologists and others noted that humans could quickly perceive trends by looking at graphs or even moving-images or motion-pictures generated from the data, as displayed by computer-generated-imagery (CGI) animation. Although observers could not necessarily read out numbers or quote math formulas, from observing a moving weather chart they might be able to predict events (and "see that rain

864-409: The real-world outcomes they aim to predict. Computer simulations have become a useful tool for the mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics ( computational physics ), astrophysics , climatology , chemistry , biology and manufacturing , as well as human systems in economics , psychology , social science , health care and engineering . Simulation of a system is represented as

896-604: The running of the system's model. It can be used to explore and gain new insights into new technology and to estimate the performance of systems too complex for analytical solutions . Computer simulations are realized by running computer programs that can be either small, running almost instantly on small devices, or large-scale programs that run for hours or days on network-based groups of computers. The scale of events being simulated by computer simulations has far exceeded anything possible (or perhaps even imaginable) using traditional paper-and-pencil mathematical modeling. In 1997,

928-436: The simulation will still be usefully accurate. Models used for computer simulations can be classified according to several independent pairs of attributes, including: Another way of categorizing models is to look at the underlying data structures. For time-stepped simulations, there are two main classes: For steady-state simulations, equations define the relationships between elements of the modeled system and attempt to find

960-446: The time at which data is available varies: Because of this variety, and because diverse simulation systems have many common elements, there are a large number of specialized simulation languages . The best-known may be Simula . There are now many others. Systems that accept data from external sources must be very careful in knowing what they are receiving. While it is easy for computers to read in values from text or binary files, what

992-992: The wave transformations themselves, for the waves coming from deep water into the shallow coastal waters and surf zone , the effects of the waves are important. These effects include: Coastal engineering takes place at or near the interface between land and water. Consequently a significant part of coastal engineering involves underwater construction, particularly for foundations. Breakwaters, sea walls, harbour structures like jetties, wharves and docks, bridges, tunnels, outfalls and causeways usually involve underwater work. In recent decades, coastal engineers have favored non-structural solutions, which avoid adverse impacts that are typically cause by structures, such as sea walls, bulkheads, jetties, etc. These solutions include beach nourishment , marsh restoration/creation, and habitat restoration. More recently, beneficial use of dredge material, which utilizes material dredged for navigation maintenance to nourish beaches and restore wetlands . Beneficial use

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1024-402: Was headed their way") much faster than by scanning tables of rain-cloud coordinates . Such intense graphical displays, which transcended the world of numbers and formulae, sometimes also led to output that lacked a coordinate grid or omitted timestamps, as if straying too far from numeric data displays. Today, weather forecasting models tend to balance the view of moving rain/snow clouds against

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