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134-598: Baldwin was born on August 29, 1842, in Lahaina, Hawaii . His father was American Christian missionary Dwight Baldwin (1798–1886), and his mother was Charlotte Fowler Baldwin . He was named after Matthew LaRue Perrine (1777-1836), professor at Auburn Theological Seminary, from which his father had graduated shortly before his departure to the Hawaiian Islands. He attended Punahou School in Honolulu and returned to Maui to become

268-480: A Polynesian coalition, with him at the head, was influenced by both Walter M. Gibson and Italian soldier of fortune Celso Caesar Moreno . In 1879 Moreno urged the king to create such a realm with Hawaiʻi at the top of the empire by " ... uniting under your sceptre the whole Polynesian race and make Honolulu a monarchical Washington , where the representatives of all the islands would convene in Congress." In response to

402-545: A biography of his father. He became a lieutenant of field artillery in World War I and died in 1954. Son Frank Fowler Baldwin was born March 30, 1878, attended Yale but left in 1898. He started work as a field worker and eventually became President of Kahului Railroad in 1910, and of the Hawaiian Commercial Company (HC&S) when Henry Perrine died. In 1948 Frank combined HC&S with Maui Agricultural Company for

536-566: A ceremony witnessed by government officials, family members, foreign representatives and some spectators. This inauguration ceremony was held at Kīnaʻu Hale, the residence of the Royal Chamberlain, instead of Kawaiahaʻo Church , as was customary. The hastiness of the affair would prompt him to hold a coronation ceremony in 1883. Upon ascending to the throne, Kalākaua named his brother, William Pitt Leleiohoku, Leleiohoku II , as his heir-apparent. When Leleiohoku II died in 1877, Kalākaua changed

670-567: A co-founder of Castle & Cooke. On March 28, 1876, Baldwin lost his right arm in an industrial accident at the Paliuli Mill. Trying to adjust the rollers, his fingers got stuck in the cane grinder, pulling in his right arm, and he almost died before it could be turned off and reversed to free him. A worker was sent to get the nearest doctor ten miles (16 km) away to do the amputation. Within weeks, he learned to write with his left hand, and continued to play organ in his church with one hand. In

804-433: A combined 25,454 acres (10,301 ha). He died February 6, 1960. Daughters Maud Mansfield (Baldwin) Cooke (1872–1961) and Charlotte (Baldwin) Rice (1884–1938) married descendants of other missionaries, Joseph Platt Cooke (1870–1918), and Harold Waterhouse Rice, who also were in the sugar business. Cooke was grandson of Amos Starr Cooke and nephew of businessman Samuel Gardner Wilder . Youngest son Samuel Alexander Baldwin

938-621: A description of the constant warfare on Lahaina: The village of Raheina ... seemed to be pleasantly situated on a space of low or rather gently elevated land, in the midst of a grove of bread-fruit, cocoa-nut, and other trees...In the village the houses seemed to be numerous and to be well inhabited. A few of the natives visited the ships; these brought but little with them, and most of them were in very small miserable canoes. These circumstances strongly indicated their poverty, and proved what had been frequently asserted at Owhyhee, that Mowee and its neighbouring islands were reduced to great indigence by

1072-426: A drought he knelt down in the field and prayed for rain. It came, and he promised that if he ever became successful, he would make sure he would build a suitable monument. Alexander was more practical: his father had taught at Lahainaluna School where irrigation ditches had been used for small private gardens since the times of ancient Hawaii . Alexander noticed the rainforests on the eastern ( windward ) side of

1206-473: A farmer. First he tried to manage William DeWitt Alexander 's rice plantation, but that failed. Instead by 1863 he went to work for his brother David (also called Dwight Baldwin, Jr) who had started a small sugarcane farm. He hoped to earn enough money to go to medical school, but never left the sugar industry. He took a job as foreman (called luna ) of the Waiheʻe plantation, owned by Christopher H. Lewers, under

1340-623: A few white officers including his brother-in-law John Owen Dominis . Each unit was subject to call for active service when necessary. The king and the governor of Oahu also had their own personal staff of military officers with the ranks of colonel and major. On October 1, 1886, the Military Act of 1886 was passed which created a Department of War and a Department of the Navy under the Minister of Foreign Affairs who would also serve as Secretary of War and of

1474-468: A figurehead position. After his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku II died in 1877, the king named their sister Liliʻuokalani as heir-apparent. She acted as regent during his absences from the country. After Kalākaua's death, she became the last monarch of Hawaiʻi. Kalākaua was born at 2:00 a.m. on November 16, 1836, to Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea and Analea Keohokālole in the grass hut compound belonging to his maternal grandfather ʻAikanaka , at

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1608-482: A guaranteed profit. When Hawaiʻi's silver coins began circulating in December 1883, the business community was reluctant to accept them, fearing they would drive US gold coins out of the market. Spreckels opened his own bank to circulate them. Business owners feared economic inflation and lost faith in the government, as did foreign governments. Political fallout from the coinage led to the 1884 election-year shift towards

1742-490: A holding company for many other ventures, including shipping line Matson Navigation Company . In 1899 he supervised another irrigation project at Kihei . In 1903 he built another house called Maluhia at a higher elevation near Olinda, Hawaii surrounded by fruit trees. Keahua Ranch Company in 1909 became the Maui Pineapple Company . In 1905, he became an owner of The Maui News . His descendants continued to own

1876-502: A large family, his biological siblings included his elder brother James Kaliokalani , and younger siblings Lydia Kamakaʻeha (later renamed Liliʻuokalani) , Anna Kaʻiulani , Kaʻiminaʻauao , Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II . Given the name Kalākaua, which translates into "The Day [of] Battle," the date of his birth coincided with the signing of the unequal treaty imposed by British Captain Lord Edward Russell of

2010-538: A month, he was riding horseback in his fields. The Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 gave freer access to market for sugar exported to the United States. Although the Hawaiian Islands have a 12-month growing season , a major problem with farming former dry forests was their wide extremes in precipitation. After a quick tropical downpour the intense sun can cause enormous growth. But there are often years with little or no rain at all in some places. Baldwin said one day during

2144-430: A new building. During the 1878 session of the legislature Finance Chairman Walter Murray Gibson , a political supporter of Kalākaua's, pushed through appropriations of $ 50,000 for the new palace. Construction began in 1879, with an additional $ 80,000 appropriated later to furnish it and complete the construction. Three architects worked on the design, Thomas J. Baker, Charles J. Wall and Isaac Moore. December 31, 1879,

2278-401: A rancher on Maui. He died October 30, 1943. Arthur Douglas Baldwin was born April 8, 1876, graduated from Yale and then Harvard Law School 1898–1891 He moved to Cleveland, Ohio and practised law in his firm Garfield McGregor & Baldwin. His law partner James Rudolph Garfield was son of President James A. Garfield . He married Reba Louise Williams in 1902 and had five children. He wrote

2412-584: A state dinner, and a marksmanship contest won by the Honolulu Rifles . Harper's Weekly reported in 1891 that the final cost of the jubilee was $ 75,000. During the early part of his reign, Kalākaua restored the Household Guards which had been defunct since his predecessor Lunalilo abolished the unit in 1874. Initially, the king created three volunteer companies: the Leleiohoku Guard, a cavalry unit;

2546-642: A subordinate Tahitian chiefess, who treated Kalākaua as her own until the birth of her own son. At the age of four, Kalākaua returned to Oʻahu to begin his education at the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School). He and his classmates had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha III as eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. His classmates included his siblings James Kaliokalani and Lydia Kamakaʻeha and their thirteen royal cousins including

2680-574: A successor to avoid another election. However he may have personally felt about Emma, he never put it in writing. He failed to act on the issue of a successor, and died on February 3, 1874, setting in motion a bitter election . While Lunalilo did not think of himself as a Kamehameha, his election continued the Kamehameha line to some degree making him the last of the monarchs of the Kamehameha dynasty . Pauahi chose not to run. Kalākaua's political platform

2814-450: A successor to the throne. Under the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi , if the king did not appoint a successor, a new king would be appointed by the legislature to begin a new royal line of succession. There were several candidates for the Hawaiian throne including Bernice Pauahi Bishop , who had been asked to succeed to the throne by Kamehameha V on his deathbed but had declined

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2948-541: A thing, his choice will probably fall on Kalakaua. Kalākaua was briefly engaged to marry Princess Victoria Kamāmalu , the younger sister of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. However, the match was terminated when the princess decided to renew her on-and-off betrothal to her cousin Lunalilo. Kalākaua would later fall in love with Kapiʻolani , the young widow of Bennett Nāmākēhā , the uncle of Kamehameha IV's wife Queen Emma . A descendant of King Kaumualiʻi of Kauai , Kapiʻolani

3082-564: A two-week jubilee. Gibson had by this time joined the King's cabinet as prime minister of Hawaiʻi. He and Minister of the Interior Luther Aholo put forth a motion for the legislature to form a committee to oversee the birthday jubilee on September 20. The motion was approved, and at Gibson's subsequent request, the legislature appropriated $ 15,000 for the jubilee. An announcement was made on November 3 that all government schools would be closed

3216-453: A two-week period. A special octagon-shaped pavilion and grandstand were built for the February 12, 1883, ceremony. Preparations were made for an anticipated crowd exceeding 5,000, with lawn chairs to accommodate any overflow. Before the actual event, a procession of 630 adults and children paraded from downtown to the palace. Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani, accompanied by their royal retinue, came out of

3350-420: A whaling museum until 2005. It was sunk in 95 feet (29 m) of water about 1 ⁄ 2 -mile (0.80 km) offshore to create an artificial reef . It replaced an earlier replica of a whaler , Carthaginian , which was converted to film scenes for the 1966 movie Hawaii . Hale Paʻi , located at Lahainaluna High School , is the site of Hawaii's first printing press, where Hawaii's first paper currency

3484-504: Is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maui County, Hawaii , United States. On the northwest coast of the island of Maui , it encompasses Lahaina town and the Kaanapali and Kapalua beach resorts. At the 2020 census (before the 2023 wildfire), Lahaina had a resident population of 12,702. The CDP spans the coast along Hawaii Route 30 from a tunnel at the south end, through Olowalu, and to

3618-591: Is called the "Henry Perrine Baldwin Memorial Church". Many Baldwin family members are buried in the Makawao Cemetery near him. William Hyde Rice (son of William Harrison Rice and father of Harold W. Rice who married Charlotte Baldwin) and Henry Alexander Baldwin were among the notable speakers. Notes Lahaina, Hawaii Lahaina, Lāhainā ( Hawaiian : Lahaina , Hawaiian: [ləˈhɐjnə] , / l ə ˈ h aɪ n ə / , old var. Lāhainā)

3752-623: Is north of a wind line and has double the annual rainfall and frequent breezes. Kapalua and Napili have almost four times more annual rainfall than the town. Lahaina has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BShs ) with warm temperatures year-round, fairly wet winters, and dry summers. The population of Lahaina was 12,702 as of the 2020 Census . 34.8% were Asian , 27.9% were White , 0.1% were Black or African American, 0.1% were Native American or Alaska Native, 10.5% were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 24.7% were from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 11.5% of

3886-516: Is part of that acreage, now used for tourism. Henry Baldwin hired Louis von Tempsky to manage Haleakala ranch in 1899, and Louis' daughter Armine von Tempski (1892–1943) wrote several novels and an autobiography about life on the Baldwin ranch. In 1889 the McKinley Tariff act raised tariffs on sugar exported to the U.S. market, and its price dropped to two cents a pound. Baldwin took advantage of

4020-619: Is represented by ai, as in Lahaina, where the second syllable is accented, and pronounced like the English word high". According to Thrums Hawaiian Annual of 1921 the proper pronunciation of Lahaina is La-hai-ná. Lahaina has different pronunciations depending on how diacritical marks are applied. Lahaina is a combination of two Hawaiian words, “lā” which means sun, and “hainā” which means cruel. The varied spellings Lāhainā and Lahaina are commonly interchanged when written in modern english, although

4154-487: Is said to have received its name from Lā , the sun, and hainā , merciless. A bald-headed chief who lived at Kauaula Valley, while going to and fro without a hat, felt annoyed at the effects of the scorching rays of the burning sun. He looked up and gazed into the heavens and cursed at the sun thus: He keu hoi keia o ka la haina! " ("What a merciless sun!"). On July 13, 1920, the Star Bulletin published several theories on

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4288-515: The Actaeon on Kamehameha III . He and his siblings were hānai (informally adopted) to other family members in the Native Hawaiian tradition. Prior to birth, his parents had promised to give their child in hānai to Kuini Liliha , a high-ranking chiefess and the widow of High Chief Boki . However, after he was born, High Chiefess Haʻaheo Kaniu took the baby to Honuakaha, the residence of

4422-920: The Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement . He introduced a bill proposing to outlaw employment of children under 13, but it was defeated. He was a member of the controlling Reform Party, which evolved into the Hawaii Republican Party . He generally opposed the ruling King Kalākaua , but never expressed support for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. He gave the speech nominating Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole for Congressional delegate in 1902. He married Emily Whitney Alexander (1846–1943), sister of his business partner Samuel Alexander, on April 5, 1870. His sister Abigail Charlette Baldwin had married Samuel's brother William DeWitt Alexander (1847–1912) in 1861. Their first son Henry Alexander Baldwin (1871–1946), known as "Harry", became manager of

4556-540: The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi . Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both his mother and father, was one of the royal twins alongside Kamanawa depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms. However, Kalākaua and his siblings traced their high rank from their mother's line of descent, referring to themselves as members of the "Keawe-a-Heulu line", although later historians would refer to the family as the House of Kalākaua . The second surviving child of

4690-621: The Kuokoa (independent) Party in the legislature. It passed the Currency Act to restrict acceptance of silver coins as payment for debts under $ 10. Exchange of silver for gold at the treasury was then limited to $ 150,000 a month. In 1903, the Hawaiʻi silver coins were redeemed for US silver and melted down at the San Francisco Mint. Kalākaua's 50th birthday on November 16, 1886, was celebrated with

4824-566: The Maui Invitational , a top early-season college basketball tournament. The 2023 tournament was moved to Honolulu because of the wildfires. The Lahaina Aquatic Center hosts swim meets and water polo. Tennis events also take place. Lahaina hosts the finish of the Victoria to Maui Yacht Race , which starts in Victoria, British Columbia , Canada. This race started in the 1960s and is held biannually. The Plantation Course at Kapalua hosts

4958-481: The Old Lahaina Fort in 1831 to protect the town from unruly sailors. Kamehameha III resided in a traditional royal compound on the sacred island of Mokuʻula located on Mokuhinia lake in the middle of Lahaina from 1837 to 1845. He built a two-story, Western-style palace in 1838 named Hale Piula, although it was not completed before the court moved. During his residence, Kamehameha III signed and proclaimed

5092-811: The Old Maui High School was built on the Mahakuapoka plantation land. Henry Perrine Baldwin High School was named for him in Wailuku, Hawaii in 1934. The former superintendent's residence of a Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company sugar mill in Puʻunēnē is now the Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum. A Baldwin park is near the mill. In 1916 another new Makawao Union Church was built of concrete with stone veneer and

5226-504: The PGA Tour 's Sentry Tournament of Champions every January. Movies, literature, and songs about, or filmed in Lahaina include: Kal%C4%81kaua Kalākaua ( David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Māhinulani Nālaʻiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua ; November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi , reigning from February 12, 1874, until his death in 1891. Succeeding Lunalilo , he

5360-567: The United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 9.3 square miles (24.1 km ), of which 7.8 square miles (20.2 km ) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km ), or 16%, is water. Lahaina town is one of the driest places in Hawaii, because it is in the rain shadow of Mauna Kahālāwai ( West Maui Mountains ). Many different climate zones define Lahaina's districts. Kaanapali

5494-514: The ali‘i nui of Hawaii Island. He did not land on the island but was greeted by the warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu including a young Kamehameha I in their war canoes. The base of the Kamehameha statue in Honolulu depicts the warrior meeting Cook off the coast of Lahaina. British explorer George Vancouver visited in 1793 and unsuccessfully attempted to mediate a peace between Kahekili and Kalaniʻōpuʻu's successor Kamehameha I. During his visit, he gave

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5628-466: The ali‘i nui of Oʻahu. The war ended in a truce between Alapaʻi and Peleʻioholani and the capture and execution of Kauhiʻaimokuakama by drowning. The remains of the fallen soldiers from both sides are said to be buried in the sands of Kāʻanapali district. On November 26, 1778 Captain James Cook 's ships appeared near Maui while the island's monarch Kahekili II battled the forces of Kalaniʻōpuʻu ,

5762-428: The statue of Kamehameha I and the rebuilding of ʻIolani Palace , were expensive endeavors but are popular tourist attractions today. Extravagant expenditures and Kalākaua's plans for a Polynesian confederation played into the hands of annexationists who were already working toward a United States takeover of Hawaiʻi. In 1887, Kalākaua was pressured to sign a new constitution that made the monarchy little more than

5896-583: The "Keiki Parade" of costumed children. Adults in costumes join in. Halloween night in Lahaina has been termed the "Mardi Gras of the Pacific". From 2008-2011 the celebration was curtailed following the objections of cultural advisers who claimed that it was an affront to Hawaiian culture, after which the County permitted the event to resume, citing economic reasons. Each November, the Lahaina Civic Center hosts

6030-570: The 45th birthday of Queen Kapiʻolani, was the date Kalākaua chose for the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone . Minister of Foreign Affairs John Mākini Kapena delivered the ceremony's formal address in Hawaiian. As Master of the Freemason Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie, Kalākaua charged the freemasons with orchestrating the ceremonies. The parade preceding the laying of the cornerstone involved every civilian and military organization in Hawaiʻi. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser noted it

6164-462: The ABCFM arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1820, setting up stations on Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu and Kauaʻi. However, the first mission station on Maui was not established until 1823 by Reverend Charles Stewart and William Richards . The two men and their family accompanied Queen Keōpūolani , the wife of Kamehameha I, and her daughter Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena from Oʻahu to Lahaina. They were tasked with instructing

6298-639: The Alexander and Baldwin partnership was able to buy out other planters and enlarge their holdings. By 1877 Baldwin had the Hamakuapoko Mill built on the southwestern side of Maliko Gulch near the irrigated fields, 20°54′56″N 156°20′53″W  /  20.91556°N 156.34806°W  / 20.91556; -156.34806  ( Hamakuapoko Mill ) . The Haiku mill shut down in 1879. The Paʻia Mill opened in 1880, 20°54′25″N 156°22′32″W  /  20.90694°N 156.37556°W  / 20.90694; -156.37556  ( Paia Mill ) In 1881

6432-591: The British and American forces docked at Honolulu on the alert for possible violence. The election was held on February 12, and Kalākaua was elected by the Legislative Assembly by a margin of thirty-nine to six. His election provoked the Honolulu Courthouse riot where supporters of Queen Emma targeted legislators who supported Kalākaua; thirteen legislators were injured. The kingdom was without an army since

6566-594: The CDPs of Kaanapali and Napili-Honokowai to the north. On August 8–9, 2023, a series of wildfires destroyed approximately 80% of Lahaina. As of June 24, 2024, 102 deaths had been confirmed, with many victims identified by name. Protestant missionaries sent by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) began organizing a way to write the Hawaiian language with English letters between 1820–1826 after they reached Hawaii. "The long English sound of i

6700-515: The Department of the Interior in 1859 under Prince Lot who was Minister of the Interior before becoming king in 1863. He held this position until 1863. On June 30, 1863, Kalākaua was appointed Postmaster General and served until his resignation on March 18, 1865. In 1865, he was appointed the King's Chamberlain and served until 1869 when he resigned to finish his law studies. In 1870, he was admitted to

6834-715: The Haiku Sugar Company, which was merged with other plantations to become the Maui Agricultural Company in 1921. Harry was very active in politics, including serving as delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Territory of Hawaii . Son William Dwight Baldwin was born October 25, 1873, graduated from Yale in 1897, and then Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1901. He returned in 1905 to practice medicine in Honolulu until 1914 when he became

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6968-514: The Hamakua Ditch Company and negotiated a two-year lease with the government of King David Kalākaua to build the project starting September 30, 1876. With no engineering training, Baldwin supervised what became known as the 17-mile (27 km) Hamakua ditch while recovering from his injury. Sugar competitor Claus Spreckels had obtained another lease from the Kingdom government, so unless Baldwin completed his system by September 30, 1878,

7102-623: The Hawaii Commercial and Sugar Company. Spreckels also controlled the sugar refinery in California used for most Hawaiian sugar. Eventually Spreckels would sell out in 1898 and Baldwin would become a partner, and merge Haiku and Paia sugar companies into it. Baldwin managed HC&S personally from 1902 to 1906. In 1887 he traveled to England with brother-in-law Samuel Mills Damon to see the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria . In 1888 he offered

7236-640: The Hawaiian bar and was hired as a clerk in the Land Office, a post he held until he came to the throne. He was decorated a Knight Companion of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I in 1867. American writer Mark Twain , working as a traveling reporter for the Sacramento Daily Union , visited Hawaiʻi in 1866 during the reign of Kamehameha V. He met the young Kalākaua and other members of the legislature and noted: Hon. David Kalakaua, who at present holds

7370-423: The Hawaiʻi business community were willing to cede Pearl Harbor to the United States in exchange for the treaty, but Kalākaua was opposed to the idea. A seven-year treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, without any Hawaiian land being ceded. San Francisco sugar refiner Claus Spreckels became a major investor in Hawaiʻi's sugar industry. Initially, he bought half of the first year's production; ultimately he became

7504-657: The Kahului Railroad allowed the sugar to travel by train to the growing port of Kahului . In 1882 Alexander moved to Oakland, California and enrolled his children in the schools there. Baldwin and his family also visited California but returned in 1883 and he became manager of the Haiku plantation. He built another house near the former Haiku mill and started buying shares of the business. Spreckels used his vast financial resources to bring German Engineer Hermann Schussler to build his own irrigation system from 1878 to 1880, forming

7638-548: The Koolau Ditch in 1904–1905 and some similar projects using technology developed for railroad tunnels. He then returned to San Francisco and applied the idea to the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct . Alexander and Baldwin consolidated these projects into their East Maui Irrigation Company. The East Maui irrigation system was declared a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2002. The irrigation projects became so profitable that

7772-474: The Leleiohoku Guard. In 1890, another military act further restricted the army to just the King's Royal Guards with a maximal recruitment of 36-100 men. The idea of Hawaiʻi's involvement in the internal affairs of Polynesian nations had been around at least two decades before Kalākaua's election, when Australian Charles St Julian volunteered to be a political liaison to Hawaiʻi in 1853. He accomplished nothing of any significance. Kalākaua's interest in forming

7906-582: The Maui community. Henry Perrine Baldwin had an operation for appendicitis in January 1909 and traveled to California in the summer of 1911. He died a few days after returning on July 8, 1911. David Thomas Fleming (1881–1955) was manager of Baldwin's Honolua Ranch where he planted pineapple in 1912. Fleming converted the cattle ranch to a pineapple plantation. This was the beginning of Maui Land & Pineapple Company , an industry that continued until 2009. In 1913

8040-604: The Navy. Dominis was appointed lieutenant general and commander-in-chief and other officers were commissioned while the king was made the supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army. Around this time, the government also bought and commissioned His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship (HHMS) Kaimiloa , the first and only vessel of the Hawaiian Royal Navy, under the command of Captain George E. Gresley Jackson. After 1887,

8174-677: The Prince's Own, an artillery unit; and the Hawaiian Guards, an infantry unit. By the latter part of his reign, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi consisted of six volunteer companies including the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, the Leleiohoku Guard, the Mamalahoa Guard and the Honolulu Rifles , and the regular troops of the King's Household Guard. The ranks of these regiments were composed mainly of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian officers with

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8308-425: The Prussian military system. In 1852, Prince Liholiho, who would later reign as Kamehameha IV, appointed Kalakaua as one of his aide-de-camp on his military staff. The following year, he commissioned Kalākaua as brevet captain in the infantry. In the army, Kalākaua served as first lieutenant in his father Kapaʻakea's militia of 240 men and later worked as military secretary to Major John William Elliott Maikai ,

8442-426: The US duty-free. He led the Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter Henry A. P. Carter of C. Brewer & Co. , Hawaiʻi Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen , and Minister of Foreign Affairs William Lowthian Green . Kalākaua became the first reigning monarch to visit America . The state dinner in his honor hosted by President Ulysses S. Grant was the first White House state dinner ever held. Many in

8576-490: The activities of Germany and Great Britain in Oceania , Gibson's Pacific Commercial Advertiser urged Hawaiʻi's involvement in protecting the island nations from international aggression. Gibson was appointed to Kalākaua's cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882. In 1883, he introduced the approved legislation to convey in writing to foreign governments that Hawaiʻi fully supported the independence of Polynesian nations. The subsequent "Hawaiian protest" letter he drafted

8710-402: The adjutant general of the army. He was promoted to major and assigned to the personal staff of Kamehameha IV when the king ascended to the throne in 1855. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1858. He became a personal associate and friend of Prince Lot, the future Kamehameha V, who instilled his mission of "Hawaiʻi for Hawaiians" in the young Kalākaua. In the fall of 1860, when he

8844-444: The base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . Of the aliʻi class of Hawaiian nobility, his family was considered collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha , sharing common descent from the 18th-century aliʻi nui Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . From his biological parents, he descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku , two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of

8978-534: The boys witnessed the public hanging of their grandfather at the gallows. Historian Helena G. Allen noted the indifference the Cookes' had toward the request and the traumatic experience it must have been for the boys. After the Cookes retired and closed the school in 1850, Kalākaua briefly studied at Joseph Watt's English school for native children at Kawaiahaʻo and later joined the relocated day school (also called Royal School) run by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith. Illness prevented him from finishing his schooling and he

9112-409: The choir singing, and a prayer. A planned post-coronation reception by Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani was cancelled without advance notice. Today, Kalākaua's coronation pavilion serves as the bandstand for the Royal Hawaiian Band . Following the ceremony, Kalākaua unveiled the Kamehameha Statue in front of Aliiolani Hale , the government building, with Gibson delivering the unveiling speech. This statue

9246-412: The city. In California, the party visited San Francisco , Sacramento , Folsom and other local areas where they were honorably received. In 1856, Kalākaua was appointed a member of the Privy Council of State by Kamehameha IV. He was also appointed to the House of Nobles, the upper body of the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1858, serving there until 1873. He served as 3rd Chief Clerk of

9380-436: The coronation. By this point, Gibson's role in the kingdom's finances and his influence on Kalākaua were beginning to come under scrutiny: "Our versatile Premier ... is pulling another string in this puppet farce." At the same time, the newspaper rebuked many of the recent actions and policies not only of Gibson but of the King's cabinet in general. The coronation ceremony and related celebratory events were spread out over

9514-417: The day. In the afternoon, the doors of the palace were opened to all the officials and organizations, and the public. In the evening, the palace was aglow with lanterns, candles and electric lighting throwing "a flood of radiance over the Palace and grounds". The evening ended with a Fireman's Parade and fireworks. Throughout the next two weeks, there was a regatta, a Jubilee ball, a luau, athletic competitions,

9648-499: The entire island of Maui when he extended his sovereignty over East Maui. The aliʻi of Hāna district accepted him as supreme ruler. Piʻilani also controlled the neighboring islands of Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe , and parts of Molokaʻi . In 1738, Lahaina and most of West Maui were the sites of a series of battles between the forces of Kamehamehanui Aiʻluau with his uncle and ally Alapaʻi , the ali‘i nui of Hawaii Island, against his half-brother Kauhiʻaimokuakama with his ally Peleʻioholani ,

9782-433: The event of the king's death. Among the other candidates considered viable as Lunalilo's successor was the previously mentioned Bernice Pauahi Bishop. She had strong ties to the United States through her marriage to wealthy American businessman Charles Reed Bishop who also served as one of Lunalilo's cabinet ministers. When Lunalilo became ill several months after his election, Native Hawaiians counseled with him to appoint

9916-473: The fire incinerated thousands of structures. Pacific Disaster Center on August 11, 2023 estimated damage at US$ 5.52 billion. Richard Bissen , the county mayor, summarized the situation: "I'm telling you, none of it's there. It's all burned to the ground." Among the notable structures destroyed were the Old Lahaina Courthouse, Waiola Church, Pioneer Inn , and Kimo's restaurant. According to

10050-472: The first Hawaiian constitution on October 8, 1840, at Luaʻehu, in Lahaina. The legislature 's first meeting was held on April 1, 1841, also at Luaʻehu. With the growing commercial importance of Oʻahu, Kamehameha III moved the capital to Honolulu in 1845. Hale Piula was then transformed into a courthouse until it was heavily damaged in an 1858 storm. The following year, the Old Lahaina Courthouse

10184-551: The foundation of the old Paliuli mill to his church, and a wooden frame building was built on the site where he lost his arm — his monument for answering his prayers. He also helped fund restoration of the Waineʻe Church of his father. In 1888, Henry Baldwin and a few businessmen from Honolulu formed the Haleakala Ranch, consisting of 33,817 acres (13,685 ha) on the slopes of the dormant volcano Haleakalā . Piʻiholo Ranch

10318-450: The future kings Kamehameha IV , Kamehameha V and Lunalilo . They were taught by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife, Juliette Montague Cooke. At the school, Kalākaua became fluent in English and the Hawaiian language and was noted for his fun and humor rather than his academic prowess. The strong-willed boy defended his less robust elder brother Kaliokalani from

10452-419: The government as $ 22,500, although his personal correspondence indicates he exceeded that early on. 'Iolani Palace is the only royal palace on US soil. The first palace was a coral and wood structure which served primarily as office space for the kingdom's monarchs beginning with Kamehameha III in 1845. By the time Kalākaua became king, the structure had decayed, and he ordered it destroyed to be replaced with

10586-626: The government. President James A. Garfield in Washington, D.C., had been assassinated in their absence. On their return trip to the United States, Kalākaua paid a courtesy call on Garfield's successor President Chester A. Arthur . Before embarking on a train ride across the United States, Kalākaua visited Thomas Edison for a demonstration of electric lighting, discussing its potential use in Honolulu. They departed for Hawaiʻi from San Francisco on October 22, arriving in Honolulu on October 31. His homecoming celebration went on for days. He had brought

10720-504: The historic Pioneer Inn and the Baldwin House, a historical landmark built in the 1800s. Whale-watching excursions were a popular pastime. The humpback whale is dominant, although sightings of fin , minke , Bryde's , blue , and North Pacific right whales have been reported. Carthaginian II was a museum ship moored in the harbor of this former whaling port-of-call. Built in 1920 and brought to Maui in 1973, it served as

10854-542: The institutions available in Hawaiʻi at that time. Between 1880 and 1887, Kalākaua selected 18 students for enrollment in a university or apprenticeship to a trade, outside the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. These students furthered their education in Italy, England, Scotland, China, Japan and California. During the life of the program, the legislature appropriated $ 100,000 to support it. When the Bayonet Constitution went into effect,

10988-432: The island and upper slopes of Haleakalā received much more rainfall. The terrain in that area was too rough to plant, but they reasoned an aqueduct could bring water to the lower, flatter area of their fields. William Harrison Rice had irrigated a small sugarcane plantation in 1856, but this system would supply 3,000 acres (1,200 ha). Alexander arranged a survey, worked out financing from other planters to create

11122-493: The king. Kuhina Nui (regent) Elizabeth Kīnaʻu , who disliked Liliha, deliberated and decreed his parents to give him to Haʻaheo and her husband Keaweamahi Kinimaka. When Haʻaheo died in 1843 she bequeathed all her properties to him. After Haʻaheo's death, his guardianship was entrusted to his hānai father, who was a chief of lesser rank; he took Kalākaua to live in Lāhainā on the island of Maui . Kinimaka would later marry Pai,

11256-439: The kingdom. Its renewal continued the prosperity but allowed United States to have exclusive use of Pearl Harbor . In 1881, Kalākaua took a trip around the world to encourage the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers. He wanted Hawaiians to broaden their education beyond their nation. He instituted a government-financed program to sponsor qualified students to be sent abroad to further their education. Two of his projects,

11390-403: The kingdom. On July 21, 1886, ʻIolani Palace led the way with the first electric lights in the kingdom, showcasing the technology. The monarch invited the public to attend a lighting ceremony on the palace grounds, attracting 5,000 spectators. The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained, refreshments were served, and the king paraded his troops around the grounds. The total cost of building and furnishing

11524-501: The land. They lived in an area called "Sunnyside" near the small Paliuli Sugar Mill, which had been built on the edge of Rainbow Gulch 20°53′32″N 156°21′3″W  /  20.89222°N 156.35083°W  / 20.89222; -156.35083  ( Paliuli ) by Robert Hind. Alexander managed the larger Haiku Mill which had been constructed in 1861 by Castle & Cooke , formed by two former missionaries. Alexander had married Martha Eliza Cooke, daughter of Amos Starr Cooke ,

11658-470: The legislature passed a currency law that allowed it to purchase bullion for the United States mint to produce Hawaiʻi's own coins. The design would have the King's image on the obverse side, with Hawaiʻi's coat of arms and motto " Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono " on the reverse. In a deal with Claus Spreckels, he sponsored the minting by purchasing the required silver. In return, he was guaranteed an equal amount of six percent gold bonds, thereby giving him

11792-648: The lower land prices and built an irrigation project on Kauaʻi island called the Hanapepe ditch for the Hawaiian Sugar Company. He moved his family to Kauaʻi for a few months before moving back to Maui in 1893. In 1894 a partnership with Alexander became agent to sell the sugar in California. In 1900, the partnership became officially incorporated as Alexander & Baldwin (A&B). With offices in both Honolulu and San Francisco, it acted as an agent for other plantations as well. Eventually A&B would evolve into

11926-568: The management of Samuel Thomas Alexander . In 1867, he traveled to the West Coast of the United States. In 1869, Baldwin and Alexander became business partners and bought 12 acres (49,000 m) in the eastern Maui ahupuaʻa (ancient land division) called Hāmākua Poko. (This is not to be confused with the Hāmākua district of Hawaiʻi island .) In 1870, they bought another 559 acres (2.26 km) and planted sugarcane. Baldwin had gone into debt to buy

12060-467: The military commissions creating Dominis and his staff officers were recalled for economic reasons and the Military Act of 1886 was later declared unconstitutional. The Military Act of 1888 was passed reducing the size of the army to the King's Guards, a permanent force with a cap of 65 members, and five volunteer companies: the Honolulu Rifles, the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, and

12194-446: The military unit altogether, leaving Hawaiʻi without a standing army for the remainder of his reign. The issue of succession was a major concern especially since Lunalilo was unmarried and childless at the time. Queen Dowager Emma , the widow of Kamehameha IV, was considered to be Lunalilo's favorite choice as his presumptive heir. On the other hand, Kalākaua and his political cohorts actively campaigned for him to be named successor in

12328-469: The more than 11,000 votes cast. The next day, the legislature confirmed the popular vote and elected Lunalilo unanimously. Kalākaua conceded. Following Lunalilo's ascension, Kalākaua was appointed as colonel on the military staff of the king. He kept politically active during Lunalilo's reign, including leadership involvement with a political organization known as the Young Hawaiians; the group's motto

12462-399: The mutiny the year before and many police officers sent to quell the riot joined the mob or did nothing. Unable to control the mob, Kalākaua and Lunalilo's former ministers had to request the aid of American and British military forces docked in the harbor to put down the uprising. Given the unfavorable political climate following the riot, Kalākaua was quickly sworn in the following day, in

12596-526: The name of his sister Lydia Dominis to Liliuokalani and designated her as his heir-apparent. From March to May 1874, he toured the main Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Maui, Hawaiʻi Island, Molokai and Oahu and visited the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement . Within a year of Kalākaua's election, he helped negotiate the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 . This free trade agreement between the United States and Hawaiʻi, allowed sugar and other products to be exported to

12730-437: The name's origins that included the bald-headed chief legend, as well as theories that included the belief that the name goes back to 11th century as Laha aina (Proclaiming land). Other interpretations of the name include "day (of) sacrifice" and "day (of) explanation". Inez MacPhee Ashdown (1899–1992), historian and founder of Maui Historical Society, believed the name was Lahaʻaina , meaning "land (of) prophecy", because of

12864-456: The new palace was $ 343,595. Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani had been denied a coronation ceremony in 1874 because of the civil unrest following the election. Under Finance Chairman Gibson, the 1880 legislature appropriated $ 10,000 for a coronation. Gibson was believed to be the main proponent behind the event. On October 10, 1882, the Saturday Press indicated that not all the public was in favor of

12998-446: The new palace, Kalākaua had seen how other monarchs lived. He wanted ʻIolani to measure up to the standards of the rest of the world. The furnishing and interiors of the finished palace were reflective of that. Immediately upon completion, the king invited all 120 members of Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie to the palace for a lodge meeting. Kalākaua had also seen during his visit to Edison's studio how effective electric lighting could be for

13132-408: The number of kahuna nui (high priest) prophecies made there. The first mōʻī or aliʻi nui (supreme ruler) of western Maui was Haho , the son of Paumakua a huanuikalalailai . This line produced the subsequent rulers. The name Lele was adopted during the reign of Kakaʻalaneo . He held court there during joint rule with his brother Kakae , while living on a hill called Kekaʻa . They were

13266-440: The offer. However, the contest was centered on the two high-ranking male aliʻi , or chiefs: Lunalilo and Kalākaua. Lunalilo was more popular, partly because he was a higher-ranking chief than Kalākaua and was the immediate cousin of Kamehameha V. Lunalilo was also the more liberal of the two—he promised to amend the constitution to give the people a greater voice in the government. According to historian Ralph S. Kuykendall , there

13400-496: The office of King's Chamberlain, is a man of fine presence, is an educated gentleman and a man of good abilities. He is approaching forty, I should judge—is thirty-five, at any rate. He is conservative, politic and calculating, makes little display, and does not talk much in the Legislature. He is a quiet, dignified, sensible man, and would do no discredit to the kingly office. The King has power to appoint his successor. If he does such

13534-542: The older boys at the school. In October 1840, their paternal grandfather Kamanawa II requested his grandsons to visit him on the night before his execution for the murder of his wife Kamokuiki . The next morning the Cookes allowed the guardian of the royal children John Papa ʻĪʻī to bring Kaliokalani and Kalākaua to see Kamanawa for the last time. It is not known if their sister was also taken to see him. Later sources, especially in biographies of Kalākaua indicated that

13668-449: The original statue was salvaged and restored. It was sent to Kohala, Hawaiʻi , Kamehameha's birthplace, where it was unveiled by the king on May 8. The legislature had allocated $ 10,000 for the first statue and insured it for $ 12,000. A further $ 7,000 was allocated for the second statue with an additional $ 4,000 from the insurance money spent to add four bas relief panels depicting historic moments during Kamehamena's reign. That evening,

13802-409: The palace onto the event grounds. The coronation was preceded by a choir singing and the formal recitation of the King's official titles. The news coverage noted, "The King looked ill at ease." Chief Justice of Hawaiʻi's Supreme Court Albert Francis Judd officiated and delivered the oath of office to the king. The crown was then handed to Kalākaua, and he placed it upon his head. The ceremony ended with

13936-597: The paper until 2000. After the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii raised the property-owning requirements of voters, Henry Perrine Baldwin was elected to the Kingdom House of Nobles from 1887 to 1892, and the Senate of the Republic of Hawaii and Territory of Hawaii 1895–1904. He was a member of the foreign affairs committee, and inherited his father's concern for public health, using his own money to fund better homes in

14070-455: The pipeline was the last major milestone, since they could then irrigate their own fields. Alexander left for a trip to Europe on July 9, 1878, and left day-to-day management of Hawaiian operations to Baldwin. The project was over budget, but on-time and worked. Several other projects were added through 1923 to the system. The idea was copied over the years in projects on Maui and other islands. Irish civil engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy designed

14204-408: The plantations' major shareholder. Spreckels became one of Kalākaua's close associates. When it expired, an extension of the treaty was negotiated, giving exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States. Ratifications by both parties took two years and eleven months, and were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional seven years. Over the term of Kalākaua's reign,

14338-656: The population. The population of Lahaina was 6,654 in the 1980 Census and 9,189 in the 1990 Census. Before the fire, Front Street stores and restaurants attracted many visitors and was the focal point of the Lahaina Historic District . The Bailey Museum, the Lahaina Courthouse, and the Prison lined the street. The historic district included 60 historic sites managed by the Lahaina Restoration. Front Street

14472-483: The queen about Christianity , to which Keōpūolani converted on her deathbed. The missionaries erected a temporary church made of wooden poles and a thatched roof. In 1824, at the chiefs' request, Betsey Stockton started the first mission school open to common people. Maui Governor Hoapili ordered the construction of a stone church. The cornerstone of the Waiola Church (originally named Ebenezera or Waineʻe Church)

14606-404: The royal couple hosted a state dinner, and there was a luau at a later day. The hula was performed nightly on the palace grounds. Regattas , horse races and a number of events filled the celebration period. Due to weather conditions, the planned illumination of the palace and grounds for the day of the coronation happened a week later, and the public was invited to attend. Fireworks displays lit up

14740-424: The sky at the palace and at Punchbowl Crater . A grand ball was held the evening of February 20. Although exact figures are unknown, historian Kuykendall stated that the final cost of the coronation exceeded $ 50,000. The Kalākaua coinage was minted to boost Hawaiian pride. At this time, United States gold coins had been accepted for any debt over $ 50; any debt under $ 50 was payable by US silver coins. In 1880,

14874-408: The small island nation to the attention of world leaders, but the trip had sparked rumors that the kingdom was for sale. In Hawaiʻi there were critics who believed the labor negotiations were just his excuse to see the world. Eventually, his efforts bore fruit in increased contract labor for Hawaiʻi. Thomas Thrum's Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883 reported Kalākaua's tour expense appropriated by

15008-411: The sons and heirs of Kaulahea I . Kakaʻalaneo first planted breadfruit trees while his son Kaululaʻau is credited with expelling ghosts from Lānaʻi and putting the island under the rule of his father and uncle. Kakae's son Kahekili I succeeded his father and uncle as ruler. Kahekili I's successor was his son Kawaokaohele , who was succeeded by his own son Piʻilani Piʻilani was the first ruler of

15142-1158: The students were recalled to Hawaiʻi. King Kalākaua and his boyhood friends William Nevins Armstrong and Charles Hastings Judd , along with personal cook Robert von Oelhoffen, circumnavigated the globe in 1881. The purpose of the 281-day trip was to encourage the importation of contract labor for plantations. Kalākaua set a world record as the first monarch to travel around the world. He appointed his sister and heir-apparent Liliuokalani to act as Regent during his absence. Setting sail on January 20, they visited California before sailing to Asia. There they spent four months opening contract labor dialogue in Japan and China, while sightseeing and spreading goodwill through nations that were potential sources for workers. They continued through Southeast Asia , and then headed for Europe in June, where they stayed until mid-September. Their most productive immigration talks were in Portugal , where Armstrong stayed behind to negotiate an expansion of Hawaiʻi's existing treaty with

15276-491: The traditional spelling “Lāhainā” is still considered proper. Lahaina was originally called Lele in Hawaiian and was known for its breadfruit trees. Lele means jump or fly. Albert Pierce Taylor explains its relationship to the area as the "flying piece of kuleana , that which sticks out from the sea". In 1915, James N.K. Keola, in an article in Mid-Pacific Magazine entitled "Old Lahaina", wrote: "Lahaina

15410-560: The translation of the Bible into Hawaiian. Lahaina was an important destination for 19th-century whalers who came to reprovision their ships with fresh water, fruit, potatoes and other vegetables. The town provided ample rest and recreation for their crew whose presence frequently led to conflicts with the local missionaries. On more than one occasion the conflict became so severe that sailors rioted. The British whaling ship John Palmer in 1827 shelled Lahaina. In response, Governor Hoapili built

15544-472: The treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaiʻi exported $ 1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products in 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $ 13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%. The export of sugar during that period grew from 24,566,611 pounds to 330,822,879 pounds. The Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad was a government-funded educational program during Kalākaua's reign to help students further their education beyond

15678-540: The wars in which for many years they had been engaged. From 1802 to 1803, Kamehameha I stationed his large fleet of peleleu war-canoes in Lahaina. While there, he wrote to the last independent ruler of Kauaʻi, Kaumualiʻi , asking him to acknowledge his overlordship. Although an invasion failed in 1804, Kaumualiʻi surrendered in 1810, uniting the Hawaiian Islands for the first time. Kamehameha II resided in Lahaina from December 1819 until February 1820, when he returned to Honolulu. American Protestant missionaries from

15812-514: The water would go to Spreckels. Besides actual ditches lined with clay, sluices and siphons were used to cross several steep canyons. Baldwin would lower himself down into the gulches daily with his one remaining arm. Workers doubted that water would go down through a pipe and then go uphill on the other side. Water started to flow to the Castle & Cooke plantation in July 1877. Crossing Maliko Gulch with

15946-528: The week of November 15. Gifts for the king began arriving on November 15. At midnight, the jubilee officially began with fireworks at the Punchbowl Crater. At sunrise, the kingdom's police force arrived at ʻIolani Palace to pay tribute, followed by the king's Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, the kingdom's diplomats, and officials of government departments. School student bodies and civic organizations also paid tribute. The Royal Hawaiian Band played throughout

16080-512: Was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma . Kalākaua was known as the Merrie Monarch for his convivial personality – he enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee, the hula , which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom, became a celebration of Hawaiian culture. During Kalākaua's reign, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 brought great prosperity to

16214-558: Was "Hawaiʻi for the Hawaiians". He had gained political capital with his staunch opposition to ceding any part of the Hawaiian islands to foreign interests. During the ʻIolani Barracks mutiny by the Royal Guards of Hawaiʻi in September 1873, Kalākaua was suspected to have incited the native guards to rebel against their white officers. Lunalilo responded to the insurrection by disbanding

16348-405: Was "one of the largest seen in Honolulu for some years". A copper time capsule containing photographs, documents, currency, and the Hawaiian census was sealed inside the cornerstone. After speeches had been made, the freemasons presented the king with "the working tools of a mason", a plumb bob , level , square tool, and a trowel . In between the laying of the cornerstone and the finishing of

16482-412: Was Chief Clerk of the kingdom's Department of the Interior, Kalākaua accompanied Prince Lot, high chief Levi Haʻalelea and Hawaii's Consul for Peru, Josiah C. Spalding, on a two-month tour of British Columbia and California. They sailed from Honolulu aboard the yacht Emma Rooke , on August 29, arriving on September 18 in Victoria, British Columbia , where they were received by the local dignitaries of

16616-491: Was Queen Emma's lady-in-waiting and Prince Albert Edward Kamehameha 's nurse and caretaker. They married on December 19, 1863, in a quiet ceremony conducted by a minister of the Anglican Church of Hawaiʻi . The timing of the wedding was heavily criticized since it fell during the official mourning period for King Kamehameha IV. The marriage remained childless. King Kamehameha V, died on December 12, 1872, without naming

16750-513: Was a second replica. Originally intended for the centennial of Captain James Cook 's landing in Hawaiʻi, the statue, which was the brainchild of Gibson, had been cast by Thomas Ridgeway Gould but had been lost during shipment off the Falkland Islands . By the time the replica arrived, the intended date had passed, and it was decided to unveil the statue as part of the coronation ceremony. Later,

16884-484: Was an enthusiasm among Lunalilo's supporters to have him declared king without holding an election. In response, Lunalilo issued a proclamation stating that, even though he believed himself to be the rightful heir to the throne, he would submit to an election for the good of the kingdom. On January 1, 1873, a popular election was held for the office of King of Hawaiʻi. Lunalilo won with an overwhelming majority while Kalākaua performed extremely poorly receiving 12 votes out of

17018-771: Was born August 30, 1885. He attended Punahou School, Oakland High School in California , and Yale in 1908. He married Katherine Smith in Honolulu, May 10, 1909. He became a champion polo player and managed Haleakala Ranch when von Tempsky retired. Samuel died July 21, 1950. In 1910 the Baldwins founded the Fred Baldwin memorial foundation in honor of their son Fred Chambers Baldwin (1881–1905) who died October 11, 1905, in New York City. From 1910 through World War II it supported an elderly housing facility. Since then it has made grants to

17152-451: Was built as a replacement courthouse and customhouse at a site near the old fort. A banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis ) was planted near the site of Kamehameha I's first palace by William Owen Smith on April 24, 1873, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the arrival of Christian missionaries. It survived as the oldest banyan tree in the state. On January 1, 1919, a major fire destroyed more than thirty buildings in Lahaina before it

17286-403: Was extinguished by residents. The 1919 fire led to the creation of the island-wide Maui Fire Department and adoption of fire safety standards. Over August 8–9, 2023, much of Lahaina was destroyed by a wildfire amid dry and windy conditions exacerbated by Hurricane Dora . As of June 24, 2024, 102 people had been confirmed dead, with many names listed. The survivors were forced to evacuate as

17420-408: Was laid on September 14, 1828. In 1831, missionaries founded Lahainaluna Seminary (present-day Lahainaluna High School ) where Hawaiian boys and young men (among them historian David Malo ) were educated in the religion and in crafts such as carpentry, printing, engraving, and agriculture. The school published the first Hawaiian language newspaper in 1834. Teachers and students were instrumental in

17554-452: Was printed in 1843. The "L" in the West Maui mountains stands for Lahainaluna High School which was built in 1904. West Maui mountain valleys are visible from town. The valleys are the backdrop for "the 5 o'clock rainbow" that appears almost every day. Halloween was a major celebration, with crowds averaging between twenty and thirty thousand. Front Street was closed to vehicles, followed by

17688-477: Was ranked one of the "Top Ten Greatest Streets" by the American Planning Association . The Banyan Court Park featured was the largest banyan tree in the United States, reaching 60 ft (18m) in height with 46 ancillary trunks covering an area of 1.94 acres (0.78 hectares). The 1831 fort retained reconstructed remains of its 20-foot (6.1 m) walls and original cannons. Near the harbor were

17822-628: Was sent back to Lāhainā to live with his mother. Following his formal schooling, he studied law under Charles Coffin Harris in 1853. Kalākaua would appoint Harris as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi in 1877. Kalākaua's various military, government and court positions prevented him from fully completing his legal training. He received his earliest military training under the Prussian officer, Major Francis Funk , who instilled an admiration of

17956-428: Was that he would reign in strict accordance with the kingdom's constitution. Emma campaigned on her assurance that Lunalilo had personally told her he wanted her to succeed him. Several individuals who claimed first-hand knowledge of Lunalilo's wishes backed her publicly. With Lunalilo's privy council issuing a public denial of that claim, the kingdom was divided on the issue. British Commissioner James Hay Wodehouse put

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