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99-447: Shortly before Senator Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire became secretary of the Navy in 1831, Edmund Roberts had sent him a letter detailing the neglected state of Far Eastern commerce and whaling . Near the end of that year, American pepper trader Friendship returned to her home port of Salem , to report that Sumatran pirates had killed the first officer and two crewmen, and plundered

198-619: A Portuguese sponge-cake called castellas ) were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese recipe originally known as peixinhos da horta , and takes its name from the Portuguese word, 'tempero,' seasoning, and refers to the tempora quadragesima, forty days of Lent during which eating meat was forbidden, another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods from other Asian countries such as China. The value of Portuguese exports from Nagasaki during

297-624: A battery at the entrance to Qui Nhon Bay , Cochin China , which had fired upon her while she was searching for the missing boat and crew of American bark, Myrtle . On 3 January 1862, Saginaw was decommissioned at Hong Kong. On 3 July 1862, she returned to Mare Island for repairs. Successive Commanders-in-Chief of the East India Squadron were as follows. Also serving in the squadron at one time were: Levi Woodbury Levi Woodbury (December 22, 1789 – September 4, 1851)

396-574: A black-hulled steam frigate, he ported Mississippi , Plymouth , Saratoga , and USS Susquehanna at Uraga Harbor near Edo (modern Tokyo ) on July 8, 1853. His actions at this crucial juncture were informed by a careful study of Japan's previous contacts with Western ships and what could be known about the Japanese hierarchical culture. He was met by representatives of the Tokugawa Shogunate who told him to proceed to Nagasaki , where there

495-639: A cycle of rise and decline, there would be only a rise in the United States. On September 20, 1845, Polk gave Woodbury a recess appointment as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court , to a seat vacated by Joseph Story . He was sworn into office three days later. Formally nominated to the seat on December 23, 1845, Woodbury was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 3, 1846. News of Woodbury's appointment

594-590: A fort at the entrance to Qui Nhon Bay , Cochinchina . This was after a Vietnamese artillery battery had fired upon her while she was searching for the missing boat and crew of an American merchant bark named Myrtle . After an engagement lasting just under an hour, the Vietnamese fort was destroyed and a large explosion was observed by the Americans. It became the only battle of the Cochinchina Campaign involving

693-625: A later development by his successor, Justice Benjamin R. Curtis. In the License Cases , the Court dealt with state liquor-censoring statutes. Lacking a clear precedent for how much power the states had under the Constitution to regulate commerce, the justices were not unified enough to write a majority opinion. Woodbury's opinion focused on the context on a case-by-case basis instead of deciding based on an abstract principle of commerce power. He stated that

792-522: A number of incidents involving wokou piracy in the South China Sea , with the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two East Asian neighbors. Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved, the lack of a proper seaport in Kyūshū for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major problem for both merchants and

891-533: A number of people, principally school children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, consequently reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic attack. On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied POWs . That day,

990-412: A plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the " Little Boy " bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico , United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage. The city

1089-544: A raid of August 1, 1945, was the most effective, with a few of the bombs hitting the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hitting the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landing at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and

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1188-524: A single day, whilst the driest month has been September 1967, with 1.8 millimetres (0.07 in). Precipitation occurs year-round, though winter is the driest season; rainfall peaks sharply in June and July. August is the warmest month of the year. On January 24, 2016, a snowfall of 17 centimetres (6.7 in) was recorded. The nearest airport is Nagasaki Airport in the nearby city of Ōmura . The Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) provides rail transportation on

1287-415: A small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles (10 km ). Nagasaki has the typical humid subtropical climate of Kyūshū and Honshū, characterized by mild winters and long, hot, and humid summers. Apart from Kanazawa and Shizuoka it

1386-404: A strict constructionist, he defended the rights of slaveholders as protected in the Constitution regardless of his personal stance on slavery. Woodbury viewed slavery as a political question that should be settled by each state: "this Court has no alternative, while they exist, but to stand by the Constitution and laws with fidelity to their duties and their oaths... to go where that Constitution and

1485-657: Is now called a strict constructionist . Woodbury is one of the few individuals to have held a constitutional office in all three branches of the U.S. government and one of three people to have held a constitutional office in all three branches and also having served as a U.S. governor (the others being Salmon P. Chase and James F. Byrnes ). Named in his honor are Woodbury County, Iowa ; Woodbury, Minnesota ; Woodbury, Tennessee ; Woodbury Avenue in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Woodbury School in Salem, New Hampshire ; and several ships called

1584-603: Is the wettest sizeable city in Japan. In the summer, the combination of persistent heat and high humidity results in unpleasant conditions, with wet-bulb temperatures sometimes reaching 26 °C (79 °F). In the winter, however, Nagasaki is drier and sunnier than Gotō to the west, and temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kyūshū. Since records began in 1878, the wettest month has been July 1982, with 1,178 millimetres (46 in) including 555 millimetres (21.9 in) in

1683-511: The Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , departed from Tinian 's North Field just before dawn, this time carrying a plutonium bomb , code named " Fat Man ". The primary target for the bomb was Kokura , with the secondary target being Nagasaki, if the primary target was too cloudy to make a visual sighting. When the plane reached Kokura at 9:44 a.m. (10:44 am. Tinian Time),

1782-632: The Commerce Clause helped reinforce the Contract Clause, but Taney would have taken the court in a direction to place state power over contracts. Woodbury also formed the basis for the interpretation of the Commerce Clause in the License Cases in which he developed a case-by-case method for determining the extent of state regulatory power. His reasoning was the basis for the Cooley Doctrine,

1881-610: The First Opium War from xenophobic locals. Commodore Kearny was given command of a squadron consisting of the 42-year-old frigate USS Constellation and the sloop USS Boston to protect American citizens in China. Kearny arrived in China in March 1842, a few months before the end of the conflict. Kearny first learned of the Treaty of Nanking when he arrived in Hong Kong . Kearny observed

1980-596: The Massachusetts General Court . Nagasaki, Nagasaki This is an accepted version of this page Nagasaki ( Japanese : 長崎 , Hepburn : Nagasaki ) ( IPA: [naɡaꜜsaki] ; lit. "Long Cape") , officially known as Nagasaki City ( 長崎市 , Nagasaki-shi ), is the capital and the largest city of the Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan . Founded by

2079-519: The Meiji period , Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry . Its main industry was ship-building , with the dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese Navy , and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby Sasebo Naval District . During World War II , at the time of the nuclear attack, Nagasaki

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2178-609: The Nagasaki bugyō . With the Meiji Restoration , Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became a treaty port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1, 1889. With Christianity legalized and the Kakure Kirishitan coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a center for Roman Catholicism in Japan. During

2277-750: The New Hampshire Bar in 1812. He became the first Supreme Court justice to attend law school. He was in private practice in Francestown from 1812 to 1816. He also joined the Freemasons. His education contributed to his early start in law, which led to his later political positions. During his time in Francestown, he wrote the Hillsborough Resolves to defend the Madison administration for their decisions in

2376-737: The New Hampshire State Senate in 1831, Woodbury did not take office due to his appointment as United States Secretary of the Navy under President Andrew Jackson, from 1831 to 1834. At the beginning of this term, he was instrumental in the appointment of fellow New Hampshireman Edmund Roberts as special agent and envoy to the Far East . Woodbury served as Secretary of the Treasury under Jackson and Martin Van Buren from 1834 to 1841, and served again as Senator from New Hampshire from 1841 to 1845. He

2475-581: The Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen and Nagasaki Main Line , whose terminal is at Nagasaki Station . In addition, the Nagasaki Electric Tramway operates five routes in the city. The Nagasaki Expressway serves vehicular traffic with interchanges at Nagasaki and Susukizuka. In addition, six national highways crisscross the city: Route 34 , 202 , 206 , 251 , 324 , and 499 . On August 9, 1945,

2574-575: The Treaty of Wanghia was signed on 2 July and ratified the next year in December 1845. On July 20, 1846, he anchored with the two warships USS Columbus and USS Vincennes in Uraga Channel at the mouth to Edo Bay in an attempt to open up Japan to trade with the United States, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Biddle delivered his request that Japan agree to a similar treaty to that which he had just negotiated with China. Biddle eventually received

2673-641: The U.S. Senate Committee on Finance during a Special Session of the 29th Congress . His ten-day chairmanship is the shortest on record. In the 1844 presidential election, Woodbury and the Jackson Democrats supported the Democrats' nomination of Polk. In that year, Woodbury also delivered a Phi Beta Kappa Address at his alma mater, Dartmouth College, titled "Progress." The address discussed Thomas Cole 's series of five landscape paintings, The Course of Empire . Woodbury believed that unlike Cole's depiction of

2772-570: The USS Woodbury . He is featured on a New Hampshire historical marker ( number 43 ) along New Hampshire Route 136 in Francestown. His daughter Mary married Montgomery Blair , Abraham Lincoln 's Postmaster General . His son Charles L. Woodbury was a lawyer who served as United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts and served on the New Hampshire House of Representatives and

2871-597: The United States Secretary of the Navy under President Jackson and as the United States Secretary of the Treasury under Jackson and President Martin Van Buren. He served another term representing New Hampshire in the Senate from 1841 to 1845, when he accepted President James K. Polk 's appointment to the Supreme Court. Woodbury was the first Justice to have attended law school . He received significant support for

2970-560: The War of 1812 , which marked the beginning of his political involvement. Following the publication of his defense, he gained the recognition he needed to receive an appointment as clerk of the New Hampshire State Senate from 1816 to 1817. In quick succession, he was appointed to the Superior Court of Judicature from 1817 to 1823, and in 1823, he was elected as the Governor of New Hampshire . During

3069-533: The most favored nations . Roberts succeeded with Siam and Muscat. Peacock returned in 1835–37 with Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger bearing ratifications of those treaties. Peacock , which in 1828 had been broken down and rebuilt as an exploration vessel, joined the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838. East India Squadron Columbia and John Adams had also joined the circumnavigating Expedition, and, without having to detour, executed

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3168-443: The "subject of buying and selling within a state is one as exclusively belonging to the power of the state over its internal trade as that to regulate foreign commerce is with the general government under the broadest construction of that power." He distinguished between a prohibition on selling liquor on a certain day and a prohibition on imports, which would reach into the federal government's jurisdiction of commerce. Woodbury studied

3267-552: The 16th century were estimated to ascend to over 1,000,000 cruzados , reaching as many as 3,000,000 in 1637. Due to the instability during the Sengoku period , Sumitada and Jesuit leader Alexandro Valignano conceived a plan to pass administrative control over to the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non-Catholic daimyō . Thus, for a brief period after 1580,

3366-465: The 35,000 deaths were 150 Japanese soldiers, 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans ). The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68‍–‍80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in combat , and also the second detonation of

3465-476: The Constitution and went so far as to say that the extension of federal power could be troublesome when it was applied to issues such as slavery. Woodbury warned that overextending federal powers would lead to "a struggle for jurisdiction between courts of the states and courts of the United States, always delicate, and frequently endangering the harmony of our political system." He advocated states' rights and indicated how he would rule in future slavery cases in what

3564-624: The Court had to decide was "whether an act of the legislature of Mississippi... impaired the obligation of any contract which the state or others had previously entered into with Planters' Bank." Woodbury ruled in favor of the bank and found that the Mississippi statute violated the Contract Clause in Article 1, Section 10, of the US Constitution. He explained the contracts that were violated under

3663-476: The Court until his death at age 61 in 1851, in Portsmouth, New Hampshire . Woodbury's writings shed light on his rulings as a justice, which reflect his strict constructionist views. He was one of the few justices on the court at the time to write outside of his rulings, along with McLean and Taney. Woodbury was concerned with individual rights before those rights were the focus of the court, and also thought slavery

3762-458: The Court's interpretation of the Contract Clause by reinforcing the obligation of contracts. His tenure on the Court came during a confused and sectionally-divided era in Supreme Court history. In Planters' Bank v. Sharp (1848), Mississippi passed a statute forbidding a state bank from transferring notes to other banks because of the instability of the banking system after the Bank War . The issue

3861-532: The Kyushu daimyōs (feudal lords) who expected to collect great advantages from the trade with the Portuguese. In the meantime, Spanish Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier arrived in Kagoshima , South Kyūshū, in 1549. After a somewhat fruitful two-year sojourn in Japan, he left for China in 1552 but died soon afterwards. His followers who remained behind converted a number of daimyōs . The most notable among them

3960-504: The Panic, Woodbury realised that the U.S. Treasury needed a more secure administration of its own funds than commercial banks supplied, and he backed the act for an "Independent Treasury System" passed by Congress in 1840. It was largely repealed under the new administration the following year, but the foundation was laid for an independent U.S. Treasury, finally established in 1846, under President James K. Polk. Woodbury also served as chairman of

4059-596: The Portuguese, the port of Nagasaki became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List . Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War . Near

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4158-528: The Second Sumatran Expedition. Except for whaling and pepper, U.S. trade with the Far East was limited, but for those who risked long voyage to trade fur, sandalwood, and cotton goods for Chinese silks and tea, the results were very profitable. Indeed, stories about the riches of Far East created the national myth about the vast potential of the China market. In an effort to turn the myth into reality,

4257-828: The Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave. Most Catholic daimyo apostatized , and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau , Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion. Many Japanese and foreign Christians were executed by public crucifixion and burning at

4356-518: The US sent envoy Roberts to Cochin-China in 1835 aboard the Peacock , escorted by the schooner Enterprise under the command of Commodore Edmund P. Kennedy . They called first at the port of Canton , and Roberts' account gives a vivid description of the state of affairs there. Kennedy subsequently established the East India Squadron. Several American citizens living in China suffered personal attacks during

4455-618: The United States in 1848. Born in Francestown, New Hampshire , he established a legal practice in Francestown in 1812. After serving in the New Hampshire Senate , he was appointed to the New Hampshire Supreme Court in 1817. He served as Governor of New Hampshire from 1823 to 1824 and represented New Hampshire in the Senate from 1825 to 1831, becoming affiliated with the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson. He served as

4554-613: The United States which deployed the East India Squadron to protect American interests in the region. Following the Rover Incident of March 1867 in which the American bark Rover was wrecked and massacred by the Paiwan people of southern Formosa ; the East India Squadron under Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell launched a punitive expedition in retaliation. On June 18, 1867, 181 officers, sailors and marines from two screw sloops-of-war landed with

4653-584: The archipelago altogether. They had previously been living on a specially constructed artificial island in Nagasaki harbour that served as a trading post , called Dejima . The Dutch were then moved from their base at Hirado onto the artificial island. The Great Fire of Nagasaki destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the Mazu shrine at the Kofuku Temple patronized by the Chinese sailors and merchants visiting

4752-408: The assertion that the federal government had jurisdiction over every river that was controlled by the ocean's tide because citizens who had gotten into accidents on the water would have to travel greater distances if the federal government was involved than if they settled the dispute near where it had happened. He urged the federal government to resist interfering with state power that is written into

4851-415: The bomb on the city's Urakami Valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. The bomb exploded 53 seconds after its release, at 11:02 a.m. at an approximate altitude of 1,800 feet. Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and more than 10% of the city's population were killed. Among

4950-419: The cargo. In response to public outcry, President Andrew Jackson dispatched the Potomac on the first of what were to be two punitive expeditions to Sumatra. The sloop-of-war Peacock was also dispatched, and, on the recommendation of Woodbury, carried Roberts as envoy to Cochin-China , Siam and Muscat , to negotiate treaties to place American commerce on a surer basis, and on an equality with that of

5049-430: The city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan. In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's campaign to unify the country arrived in Kyūshū. Concerned with the large Christian influence in Kyūshū, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries , and placed the city under his direct control. However,

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5148-423: The city was obscured by clouds and smoke, as the nearby city of Yahata had been firebombed on the previous day – the steel plant in Yahata had also instructed their workforce to intentionally set fire to containers of coal tar , to produce target-obscuring black smoke. Unable to make a bombing attack 'on visual' because of the clouds and smoke, and with limited fuel, the plane left the city at 10:30 a.m. for

5247-424: The city's industry. These connections with the Japanese war effort made Nagasaki a major target for strategic bombing by the Allies during the war. In the 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136 U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of high explosives , 53 tons of incendiaries , and 20 tons of fragmentation bombs . Of these,

5346-459: The end of World War II , the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second city in the world to experience a nuclear attack. The city was rebuilt. As of February 1, 2024 , Nagasaki has an estimated population of 392,281 and a population density of 966 people per km . The total area is 405.86 km (156.70 sq mi). The first contact with Portuguese explorers occurred in 1543. An early visitor

5445-449: The expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population remained openly practicing Catholic . In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku , and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot that the Spanish Franciscans were the vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of

5544-406: The incident. When the sultan refused, the Americans briefly bombarded a fort and blockhouse protecting the harbor of Matsamudu . In July 1855, Chinese pirates in the Hong Kong area captured four merchant ships owned by British subjects. In response, on 4 August 1855, armed boats from the East India Squadron frigate USS Powhatan and the Royal Navy sloop-of-war HMS Rattler confronted

5643-405: The intention of destroying the hostile threat. After six hours of marching through the hot tropical Formosan mountains and after several skirmishes, the Americans turned back to their ships. The expedition failed after the death of an American commander and the loss of several men due to the humid climate. They boarded USS Wyoming and USS Hartford and then set sail for Shanghai. A year later

5742-403: The interpretation of the Commerce Clause extended to a defense of states' rights in Waring v. Clarke . He dissented from the majority's attempts to expand federal admiralty jurisdiction. A ship accident had occurred near New Orleans on the Mississippi River , and the Court was to decide whether the federal government or the Louisiana government had jurisdiction over it. Woodbury disagreed with

5841-425: The laws lead, and not to break both." The decision helped reinforce the ideas that slavery was written into the Constitution and that slaveholders' rights were protected. It also furthered the precedent established in Prigg v. Pennsylvania that the Fugitive Slave Act was constitutional and paved the way for the Dred Scott decision. Aside from his contribution to the precedent for slavery cases, Woodbury shaped

5940-466: The mouth of the Me Nam (later the Chao Phraya ) River. The new side-wheel steamer USS Saginaw sailed from San Francisco Bay on 8 March 1860, headed for the western Pacific, and reached Shanghai, China, on 12 May. She then served in the East India Squadron, for the most part cruising along the Chinese coast to protect American citizens and to suppress pirates. She visited Japan in November but soon returned to Chinese waters. On 30 June 1861, she silenced

6039-524: The next year (i.e. the " Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan "). Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive. In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism was still tolerated. Many Catholic daimyōs had been critical allies at the Battle of Sekigahara , and the Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's offspring killed, though,

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6138-452: The opening of Japan to foreign trade. After completing her trials, which she began in January 1851, the side-wheel steamer USS Susquehanna sailed on 8 June for the Far East to become flagship of the East India Squadron. The USS Dolphin got underway 6 May 1848 to join the East India Squadron, protecting American citizens in Asiatic waters. Recommissioned on 12 August 1850, USS Saratoga got underway on 15 September and proceeded to

6237-407: The particulars of the case instead of examining only the source of power in the Commerce Clause. The Court later followed Woodbury's reasoning in Cooley v. Board of Wardens that it would decide on a case-by-case basis depending on whether the subject of regulation was local in nature or required national legislation. Woodbury's opinion had helped bring about that shift. Woodbury's contributions to

6336-433: The pirates at the Battle of Ty-ho Bay . HMS Eaglet towed the boats into position which then proceeded to destroy twenty of thirty-six junks . Seven merchant ships were also rescued. An estimated 500 pirates were killed or wounded and over 1,000 taken prisoner compared to an allied loss of nine dead and about a dozen wounded. The United States would see action again during the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860. Four of

6435-411: The population was estimated to be 263,000. As of March 1, 2017, the city had population of 505,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km . Nagasaki is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, V-Varen Nagasaki . The Nagasaki Lantern Festival is celebrated annually over the first 15 days of Chinese New Year and is the largest of its kind in all of Japan. Kunchi ,

6534-420: The port. In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called rangaku , or "Dutch learning". During the Edo period , the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto , the Nagasaki bugyō , as its chief administrator. During this period, Nagasaki

6633-434: The powers that exist in the US Constitution. He believed that slavery had been written into the Constitution but could be scaled down by Congress. In his rulings as a justice, he abided by the Fugitive Slave Clause in Article IV, Section 2. Although Woodbury had already died when the Court decided Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), he set a precedent when he wrote for the majority in Jones v. Van Zandt (1847). Van Zandt

6732-500: The presence of Christianity. Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged torii at Sannō Shrine and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum . Nagasaki remains primarily a port city, supporting a rich shipbuilding industry. On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima , Kōyagi , Nomozaki , Sanwa , Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi District ) were officially merged into Nagasaki along with

6831-588: The presidential nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention , particularly among New England delegates, but the nomination went to Lewis Cass of Michigan . Woodbury served on the court until his death in 1851. Woodbury died of an inflammatory tumor in the stomach. Woodbury was born in Francestown, New Hampshire, the son of Mary and Peter Woodbury. He began his education at Atkinson Academy. He graduated from Dartmouth College , Phi Beta Kappa , in 1809, briefly attended Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield , Connecticut , and read law to be admitted to

6930-400: The principal ports of China and Japan, where she found "uniform friendly reception" as the squadron guarded American interests in the Orient. Sailing via the Cape of Good Hope, she returned to Norfolk in April 1860 After a four-day stop at Singapore, where Commodore Armstrong relieved Commodore Joel Abbot in command of the East India Squadron, the frigate USS San Jacinto reached the bar off

7029-439: The rebels adopted many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons . Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word "Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda. The Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy . The Portuguese were expelled from

7128-422: The roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai . It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese. The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound ( Tōjin yashiki ) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by

7227-419: The secondary target. After 20 minutes, the plane arrived at 10:50 a.m. over Nagasaki, but the city was also concealed by clouds. Desperately short of fuel and after making a couple of bombing runs without obtaining any visual target, the crew was forced to use radar to drop the bomb. At the last minute, the opening of the clouds allowed them to make visual contact with a racetrack in Nagasaki, and they dropped

7326-422: The shogunate's response and was told that Japan forbade all commerce and communication with foreign nations besides that of the Dutch; also, he was informed that all foreign affairs were conducted through Nagasaki and that his ships should leave Uraga immediately. In 1852, Commodore Matthew C. Perry embarked from Norfolk, Virginia for Japan, in command of a squadron in search of a Japanese trade treaty. Aboard

7425-402: The squadron was merged into the new Asiatic Squadron. USS Powhatan , under Commander William J. McCluney , was assigned to the East India Squadron and arrived on station via Cape of Good Hope 15 June 1853. Her arrival in Chinese waters coincided with an important phase of Commodore Matthew C. Perry's negotiations for commercial relations with the Japanese and the opening of two ports. She

7524-598: The squadron's ships were involved in at least two battles. At the beginning of the war, the United States Navy frigate, USS San Jacinto and two sloops-of-war , USS Portsmouth and USS Levant , launched an attack against a series of Chinese forts along Pearl River . The engagement became known as the Battle of the Pearl River Forts and was fought in 1856. The second involvement of an East India Squadron ship

7623-531: The stake in Nagasaki. They became known as the Martyrs of Japan and were later venerated by several Popes . Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. While there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Domain had been a Christian han for several decades, and

7722-494: The statute: "First, in the obligation of the contract in the charter with the state; and secondly, in the obligation of the contract made by the signers of the note declared on with the bank." The contracts were valid because a bank had the power to make them when they related to the bank's business purposes and monetary dealings and a right to sell anything that it owned. Justices Taney and Peter V. Daniel dissented and favored more state control. Woodbury's leadership in dealing with

7821-509: The time of his gubernatorial election, there was factionalism within the party. The caucus chose Samuel Dinsmoor as the candidate for governor, but an "irregular" public convention elected Woodbury as the other candidate. Woodbury defeated Dinsmoor by a wide margin, but his one year as governor was a failure. He tried to reconcile the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans but did not make a lot of progress. Throughout Woodbury's political career, he

7920-472: The town of Kinkai the following year. Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and Saikai , and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District . Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay that forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on

8019-413: The treaty's provisions opening five Chinese ports to British trade, and sought equal trading opportunity for Americans merchants. The Viceroy of Canton offered Kearny a treaty giving Americans equal treatment. Kearny did not have authority to sign such a treaty, but tactfully informed Ke agreement would be forthcoming as soon as authorized negotiators arrived. In 1844, Caleb Cushing reached China where

8118-422: The wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators. The Tōjinyashiki (唐人屋敷) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined

8217-678: The western Pacific for service in the East India Squadron. USS Levant sailed 13 November for Rio de Janeiro, the Cape of Good Hope, and Hong Kong, where she arrived to join the East India Squadron 12 May 1856. On 1 July she embarked the U.S. Commissioner to China for transportation to Shanghai, arriving 1 August. Departing Norfolk 4 August, the USS Germantown sailed via the Cape of Good Hope to Ceylon, where on 22 December she joined Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall's East India Squadron off Point de Gala. For 2 years she cruised Far Eastern waters and visited

8316-528: Was Ōmura Sumitada . In 1569, Ōmura granted a permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was set up in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga , with Ōmura's personal assistance. The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city, and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, textiles and

8415-503: Was Perry's flagship during his November visit to Whampoa. On 14 February 1854 she entered Yedo Bay with the rest of the squadron and the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed on her deck on 31 March 1854. Assigned to the East India Squadron under Commodore Matthew Perry, the USS Macedonian with Capt. Joel Abbot in command, was one of the six American ships arrayed off Uraga, Japan, 13 February 1854 during Perry's second visit to negotiate

8514-465: Was a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1845 to 1851. As a U.S. Senator, Woodbury was a dependable Jackson Democrat , successfully working to end the Second Bank of the United States ; like Jackson he favored an "independent" treasury system and "hard money" over paper money. In retrospect, the financial Panic of 1837 and the collapse of speculative land prices were legacies of Woodbury's tenure. After

8613-602: Was an American attorney, jurist, and Democratic politician from New Hampshire . During a four-decade career in public office, Woodbury served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , a United States Senator , the ninth governor of New Hampshire , and cabinet member in the Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren administrations. He was promoted as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of

8712-573: Was an abolitionist in Ohio who harbored fugitive slaves and was sued for $ 500 (~$ 11,390 in 2023) for violating the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. The primary issue was whether the Fugitive Slave Act was constitutional. Woodbury ruled in favor of the rights of slaveholders by arguing that the compromises in the US Constitution, such as the Fugitive Slave Clause, bound the states to enforce the act. As

8811-478: Was an important industrial city, containing both plants of the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works, Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards, Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, several other small factories, and most of the ports storage and trans-shipment facilities, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of

8910-600: Was characterized as being independent and moderate, which some scholars interpret as indecisiveness and hesitancy. After his term as governor, he served as Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1825. Woodbury served as a United States Senator from New Hampshire from 1825 until 1831, during which time he served as the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee (1827–31). Elected to serve in

9009-580: Was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic curiosities from the Western world. In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the crew’s demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing seppuku as a result. Laws were passed in

9108-550: Was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration. Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom , Korea and Russia through Satsuma , Tsushima and Matsumae respectively. Nevertheless, Nagasaki

9207-585: Was during the Second Battle of Taku Forts in 1859. The American warship, USS Powhatan , assisted an Anglo - French attack by bombarding the Taku Forts . No further engagements between Chinese and American forces during the war are known to have happened though American citizens living in Canton fought as militia at the 1856 battle at Canton. On June 30, 1861, USS Saginaw , under James F. Schenck , silenced

9306-670: Was limited trade with the Netherlands and which was the only Japanese port open to foreigners at that time (see Sakoku ). Perry returned in February 1854 with twice as many ships, finding that the delegates had prepared a treaty embodying virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. Perry signed the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, and departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives. The agreement

9405-683: Was made with the Shogun, the de facto ruler of Japan. The Johanna Expedition was a naval operation that occurred in August 1851 during the American anti-slavery patrols in the Indian Ocean . It began in response the seizure of the merchant ship Maria and her captain , a man named Moores, in the small Sultanate of Johanna . The United States Navy sent the sloop-of-war USS Dale , under Captain William Pearson , to free Moores and to demand compensation for

9504-602: Was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus of redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949. New temples were built, as well as new churches, owing to an increase in

9603-476: Was supposedly Fernão Mendes Pinto , who came from Sagres on a Portuguese ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima . Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade freighters , thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and the rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China , with whom Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to

9702-465: Was well received by the public and he was praised as a protector of constitutional rights. During his tenure, he wrote major opinions for the Court regarding the Contract Clause , slavery , the political question doctrine , and the Commerce Clause . He was promoted as a candidate for president at the 1848 Democratic National Convention , his support was largely centered in New England. He remained on

9801-430: Was wrong. He wrote of the judicial powers: In due time, by stopping the fountain-head of slavery, through the power expressly granted to Congress to prohibit further additions to it from abroad ... the country will be enabled gradually to purify the corrupt waters that have flowed from this fountain ... if all this should be accomplished without violating the sacred compromises of the constitution. Woodbury ruled based on

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