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101-537: In England, Earle Grey met and married Mary Godwin, and the two had a son, Anthony. The Greys came to Canada in 1939 as part of a theater troop touring the country. When the troop returned to England, the Greys decided to remain in Toronto. They became part of the small theater community there, and noticed that it lacked any Shakespeare tradition. By the mid-1940s, the Greys noticed Canada's burgeoning appreciation for Shakespeare, and

202-583: A Lecocq -inspired company based out of Santa Fe, New Mexico, created a modern version of the play from the point of view of the servants working for Duke Orsino and Lady Olivia, entitled Grottesco's 12 th Night (2008). The adaptation takes a much deeper look at the issues of classism, and society without leadership. In New York City, Turn to Flesh Productions, a theatre company that specializes in creating "new Shakespeare shows", developed two plays focused on Malvolio : A Comedy of Heirors, or The Imposters by verse playwright, Emily C. A. Snyder , which imagined

303-413: A 1980s-inspired twist on the play at Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool , swapping lords and ladies of stately homes for rowdy Benidorm bars and booze-fuelled escapades, as an introduction to Shakespeare for audiences unfamiliar with his work. Due to its themes such as young women seeking independence in a "man's world", "gender bending" and "same sex attraction", there have been a number of re-workings for

404-470: A First Folio. It had been donated to the museum in 1936 by a local mill owner. This copy is missing its introductory pages and all the comedies. On 13 July 2006, a complete copy of the First Folio owned by Dr Williams's Library was auctioned at Sotheby's auction house. The book, which was in its original 17th-century binding, sold for £2,808,000, less than Sotheby's top estimate of £3.5 million. This copy

505-416: A booklet-like quire or gathering of 6 leaves, 12 pages. Once printed, the "sixes" were assembled and bound together to make the book. The sheets were printed in 2-page formes, meaning that pages 1 and 12 of the first quire were printed simultaneously on one side of one sheet of paper (which became the "outer" side); then pages 2 and 11 were printed on the other side of the same sheet (the "inner" side). The same

606-611: A business partner of another Jaggard, William's brother John. The printing of the Folio was probably done between February 1622 and early November 1623, and the book was entered into the Stationers' Register on 8 November 1623 ( Julian calendar ). It is possible that the printer originally expected to have the book ready early, since it was listed in the Frankfurt Book Fair catalogue as a book to appear between April and October 1622, but

707-456: A church. Finally, when 'Cesario' and Sebastian appear in the presence of both Olivia and Orsino, there is more wonder and confusion at their physical similarity. At this point, Viola reveals her identity and is reunited with her brother. Sebastian and Viola reunite, and the cases of mistaken identity are resolved. Orsino and Viola marry (Orsino to Viola: "But when in other habits you are seen, Orsino's mistress, and his fancy's queen" ), and Antonio

808-570: A conjectured £3.5 million from the sale of its First Folio to Sir Paul Getty in 2003. To commemorate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death in 2016, the Folger Shakespeare Library toured some of its 82 First Folios for display in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. In 2003, Anthony West identified a book previously thought to be a Second Folio in the collection of Craven Museum in Skipton, North Yorkshire, to be

909-778: A disgraced Malvolio chasing down two pairs of female twins in Syracuse and Ephesus, and Malvolio's Revenge by verse playwright, Duncan Pflaster , a queer sequel to Twelfth Night . Both plays were originally written for submission to the American Shakespeare Center 's call for plays in conversation with the Bard through the Shakespeare's New Contemporaries program. On 14 May 1937, the BBC Television Service in London broadcast

1010-463: A duel, knowing that neither of them can fight. Their initial duel is interrupted by Antonio, who believes Cesario to be Sebastian. Orsino's officers then arrest Antonio. Emboldened by this, Sir Andrew mistakes Sebastian for Cesario and slaps him, prompting Sebastian to beat up Sir Andrew. Olivia witnesses the skirmish and chastises Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Fabian. Taking Sebastian for 'Cesario', Olivia asks him to marry her, and they are secretly married in

1111-527: A highlight of their 2002 season was Twelfth Night , with the Globe's artistic director Mark Rylance playing Olivia. This season was preceded, in February, by a performance of the play by the same company at Middle Temple Hall, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the play's première, at the same venue. Stephen Fry played Malvolio when the same production was revived in 2012–13, later transferring to sell-out runs in

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1212-467: A library. Customers who wanted to keep a particular play would have to have it bound, and would typically bind several related or miscellany plays into one volume. Octavos, though nominally cheaper to produce, were somewhat different. From c.  1595–96 ( Venus and Adonis ) and 1598 ( The Rape of Lucrece ), Shakespeare's narrative poems were published in octavo. In The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's First Folio , Tara L. Lyons argues that this

1313-499: A love triangle: Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia, and Olivia loves Viola disguised as Cesario. In the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivia's pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that she has fallen for him. This involves Olivia's riotous uncle, Sir Toby Belch; another would-be suitor, the silly squire Sir Andrew Aguecheek; Olivia's servants Maria and Fabian; and Olivia's witty fool, Feste. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, disrupting

1414-441: A month before the book went on sale; most of the work in the project must have been done by his son Isaac. The First Folio's publishing syndicate also included two stationers who owned the rights to some of the individual plays that had been previously printed: William Aspley ( Much Ado About Nothing and Henry IV, Part 2 ) and John Smethwick ( Love's Labour's Lost , Romeo and Juliet , and Hamlet ). Smethwick had been

1515-628: A play called "Twelve Night, or What You Will", much like " The Comedy of Errors " or " Menaechmi " in Plautus , but most like and near to that in Italian called " Inganni ". A good practice in it to make the steward believe his lady-widow was in love with him, by counterfeiting a letter as from his lady, in general terms telling him what she liked best in him and prescribing his gesture in smiling, his apparel, etc. and then, when he came to practice, making him believe they took him for mad. Clearly, Manningham enjoyed

1616-554: A preface to the folio with this poem addressed "To the Reader" facing the Droeshout portrait engraving: This Figure, that thou here ſeeſt put,    It vvas for gentle Shakeſpeare cut; Wherein the Grauer had a ſtrife    vvith Nature, to out-doo the life : O, could he but haue dravvne his vvit    As vvell in braſſe, as he hath hit His face;

1717-549: A previously unrecorded copy once owned by 19th-century collector Sir George Augustus Shuckburgh-Evelyn would be auctioned on 25 May 2016. According to the Antiques Trade Gazette , an American collector paid £1,600,000 for it; the buyer also successfully bid on copies of the second, third, and fourth folios. In April 2016 another new discovery was announced, a First Folio having been found in Mount Stuart House on

1818-524: A rich history in print before the publication of the First Folio: from the first publications of Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594), 78 individual printed editions of his works are known. Of these, 23 are his poetry and the remaining 55 his plays. Counting by number of editions published before 1623, the best-selling works were Venus and Adonis (12 editions), The Rape of Lucrece (6 editions), and Henry IV, Part 1 (6 editions). Of

1919-450: A sense of unification; for example, a 1947 production concentrated on showing a post-World War II community reuniting at the end of the play, led by a robust hero / heroine in Viola, played by Beatrix Lehmann , then 44 years old. The 1966 Royal Shakespeare Company production played on gender transgressions more obviously, with Diana Rigg as Viola showing much more physical attraction towards

2020-518: A shipwreck. Viola (disguised as Cesario) falls in love with the Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her, thinking she is a man. The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of the occasion, with plot elements drawn from Barnabe Rich 's short story "Of Apollonius and Silla", based on a story by Matteo Bandello . The first documented public performance

2121-421: A source for a printed text. The label Q n denotes the n  th quarto edition of a play. Troilus and Cressida was originally intended to follow Romeo and Juliet , but the typesetting was stopped, probably due to a conflict over the rights to the play; it was later inserted as the first of the tragedies, when the rights question was resolved. It does not appear in the table of contents. Ben Jonson wrote

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2222-802: A stage now, I could condemn it as an improbable fiction". In Act IV, Scene ii, Feste (The Fool) plays both parts in the "play" for Malvolio's benefit, alternating between adopting the voice of the local curate , Sir Topas, and his own voice. He finishes by likening himself to "the old Vice" of English Morality plays. Other influences of the English folk tradition can be seen in Feste's songs and dialogue, such as his final song in Act V. The last line of this song, "And we'll strive to please you every day", echoes similar lines from several English folk plays. Some scholars argue that Twelfth Night, or What You Will (the play's full title)

2323-498: A story by Matteo Bandello . "Twelfth Night" is a reference to the twelfth night after Christmas Day , also called the Eve of the Feast of Epiphany . It was originally a Catholic holiday, and these were sometimes occasions for revelry, like other Christian feast days. Servants often dressed up as their masters, men as women, and so forth. This history of festive ritual and carnivalesque reversal

2424-459: A superseded edition when the Third Folio became available in 1663/1664). The 36 plays of the First Folio occur in the order given below; plays that had never been published before 1623 are marked with an asterisk. Each play is followed by the type of source used, as determined by bibliographical research. The term foul papers refers to Shakespeare's working drafts of a play. When completed,

2525-501: A thirty-minute excerpt of the play, the first known instance of a work of Shakespeare being performed on television. Produced for the new medium by George More O'Ferrall , the production is also notable for having featured a young actress who would later go on to win an Academy Award – Greer Garson . As the performance was transmitted live from the BBC's studios at Alexandra Palace and the technology to record television programmes did not at

2626-410: A transcript or fair copy of the foul papers would be prepared, by the author or by a scribe. Such a manuscript would have to be heavily annotated with accurate and detailed stage directions and all the other data needed for performance, and then could serve as a prompt book , to be used by the prompter to guide a performance of the play. Any of these manuscripts, in any combination, could be used as

2727-556: A typical cry of 16th-century London boatmen, and Antonio's recommendation to Sebastian of "The Elephant" as the best place to lodge in Illyria ( The Elephant was a pub not far from the Globe Theatre). The play is believed to have drawn extensively on the Italian production Gl'ingannati ( The Deceived Ones ), collectively written by the Accademia degli Intronati of Siena in 1531. It

2828-560: A young man named Cesario and enters the service of Duke Orsino. Orsino has convinced himself he is in love with Olivia, who is mourning her brother's recent death. Olivia refuses to see entertainments, be in the company of men, or accept love or marriage proposals from anyone, including Orsino, until seven years have passed. Orsino then uses 'Cesario' as an intermediary to profess his passionate love for Olivia. But Olivia falls in love with 'Cesario', setting her at odds with her professed duty. Meanwhile, Viola has fallen in love with Orsino, creating

2929-454: Is a collection of plays by William Shakespeare , commonly referred to by modern scholars as the First Folio , published in 1623, about seven years after Shakespeare's death. It is considered one of the most influential books ever published. Printed in folio format and containing 36 of Shakespeare's plays , it was prepared by Shakespeare's colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell . It

3030-465: Is conjectured that the name of its male lead, Orsino, was suggested by Virginio Orsini, Duke of Bracciano , an Italian nobleman who visited London in the winter of 1600–01. Another source story, "Of Apollonius and Silla", appeared in Barnabe Riche 's collection Riche his Farewell to Militarie Profession conteining verie pleasaunt discourses fit for a peaceable tyme (1581), which in turn derives from

3131-689: Is home to a total of 82 First Folios. After a long career as an actor, dramatist, and sharer in the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men ) from c.  1585–90 until c.  1610–13 , William Shakespeare died in Stratford-upon-Avon , on 23 April 1616, and was buried in the chancel of the Church of the Holy Trinity two days later. Shakespeare's works—both poetic and dramatic—had

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3232-494: Is one of only about 40 remaining complete copies (most of the existing copies are incomplete); only one other copy of the book remains in private ownership. On 11 July 2008, it was reported that a copy stolen from Durham University , England, in 1998 had been recovered after being submitted for valuation at the Folger Shakespeare Library. News reports estimated the folio's value at anywhere from £250,000 in total for

3333-487: Is released. Fabian confesses the plot against Malvolio, and reveals that Sir Toby has married Maria. Malvolio swears revenge on his tormentors and stalks off, but Orsino sends Fabian to placate him. The plays end with a song sung by Feste. Illyria , the exotic setting of Twelfth Night , is important to the play's romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast (the eastern coast of

3434-701: Is reminiscent of news footage of asylum seekers . An episode of the British series Skins , entitled Grace, featured the main characters playing Twelfth Night, with a love triangle between Franky, Liv and Matty, who respectively played Viola, Olivia, and Orsino. An adaptation of Twelfth Night by Cathleen Nesbitt for the BBC was the first complete Shakespeare play ever broadcast on British radio. This occurred on 28 May 1923, with Nesbitt as both Viola and Sebastian, and Gerald Lawrence as Orsino. First Folio Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies

3535-484: Is the cultural origin of the play's gender-confusion-driven plot. Puritans often opposed Epiphany celebrations, much as Malvolio opposes the revelry in the play. The actual Elizabethan festival of Twelfth Night involved the antics of a Lord of Misrule , who, before leaving his temporary position of authority, called for entertainment, songs, and mummery ; the play has been regarded as preserving this festive and traditional atmosphere of licensed disorder. This leads to

3636-461: The Elizabethan era , and though some editors place The Merchant of Venice ' s alternative title, The Jew of Venice , as a subtitle, this is the only Shakespeare play to bear one when first published. The play was probably finished between 1600 and 1601, a period suggested by the play's referencing of events that happened during that time. A law student, John Manningham , who was studying in

3737-572: The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis in 1984 was set in the context of an archetypal circus world, emphasising the play's convivial, carnivalesque tone. When the play was first performed, all female parts were played by men or boys, but it has been the practice for some centuries now to cast women or girls in the female parts in all plays. The company of Shakespeare's Globe , London, has produced many notable, highly popular all-male performances, and

3838-678: The London Blitz in 1941) with a memorable production starring Peggy Ashcroft as Viola. Gielgud directed a production at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre with Laurence Olivier as Malvolio and Vivien Leigh playing both Viola and Sebastian in 1955. The longest-running Broadway production by far was Margaret Webster 's 1940 staging starring Maurice Evans as Malvolio and Helen Hayes as Viola. It ran for 129 performances, more than twice as long as any other Broadway production. A memorable production directed by Liviu Ciulei at

3939-633: The National Library of Chile , in Santiago . The First Folio is one of the most valuable printed books in the world: a copy sold at Christie's in New York in October 2001 made $ 6.16 million hammer price (then £3.73m). In October 2020, a copy sold by Mills College at Christie's fetched a price of $ 10 million, making it the most expensive work of literature ever auctioned. Oriel College, Oxford , raised

4040-823: The New Place . With the formation of the Earle Grey Shakespeare Festival, it supplanted the Shakespeare Society of Toronto as the primary source of Shakespeare in Canada. Its primacy was short-lived, however, with the creation of the Stratford Festival in 1953, which quickly grew to the largest Shakespeare festival in the country. As the Stratford waxed, the Earle Grey Festival waned, and the last festival

4141-729: The New York Public Library (6) in New York City , and the British Library (5) in London . The Folger collection alone accounts for more than one third of all known surviving copies. Together, the nine largest First Folio collections comprise more than half of all known extant copies. Thirty-one American colleges and universities own a total of thirty-eight copies of the First Folio, while seven British universities own fourteen copies. Universities in possession of multiple copies include

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4242-708: The Public Theatre workshopped and premiered a musical adaptation of Twelfth Night with original music by Shaina Taub , who also played the role of Feste . In 1999, the play was adapted as Epiphany by the Takarazuka Revue , adding more overt commentary on the role of theatre and actors, as well as gender as applied to the stage (made more layered by the fact that all roles in this production were played by women). There are many new modern plays but mostly still played in Early Modern English. Theatre Grottesco,

4343-739: The Royal National Theatre 's production of Twelfth Night changed some of the roles from male to female, including Feste, Fabian (who became Fabia), and, most notably, Malvolio – who became Malvolia – played by Tamsin Greig to largely positive reviews. As a result, the production played with sexuality as well as gender. In 2017–18, the Royal Shakespeare Company staged a production directed by Christopher Luscombe; Adrian Edmondson played Malvolio, Kara Tointon Olivia, and Dinita Gohil Viola. In 2022, Old Fruit Jar Productions staged

4444-472: The University of Cambridge (4), the University of Oxford (4), the University of Texas at Austin (3), Princeton University (3), Brown University (2), Harvard University (2), the University of London (2), Yale University (1) and Carnegie Mellon University (2). Three are also in the possession of the University of California system, with one each at UC Berkeley , UCLA , and UC Irvine . In Canada,

4545-504: The University of Nevada, Reno , one of the world's foremost authorities on Shakespeare. The title page and introductory material are missing. The name "Neville", written on the first surviving page, may indicate that it once belonged to Edward Scarisbrick , who fled England due to anti-Catholic repression , attended the Jesuit Saint-Omer College , and was known to use that alias. In March 2016, Christie's announced that

4646-678: The University of Toronto 's Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library owns one copy and the University of British Columbia another. Ireland's only copy resides in the Old Library at Trinity College Dublin . A number of copies are held by public libraries. In the United States, the New York Public Library owns six copies. The Boston Public Library , Free Library of Philadelphia (a copy previously owned by John Milton and containing notes in his handwriting), Dallas Public Library , and Buffalo & Erie County Public Library each hold one copy. In

4747-452: The West End and Broadway ; it ran in repertory with Richard III . Many renowned actresses have played Viola in the latter half of the 20th century, and their performances been interpreted in the light of how far they allow the audience to experience the transgression of stereotypical gender roles. This has sometimes correlated with how far productions of the play go towards reaffirming

4848-409: The 23 editions of the poems, 16 were published in octavo ; the rest, and almost all of the editions of the plays, were printed in quarto . The quarto format was made by folding a large sheet of printing paper twice, forming 4 leaves with 8 pages. The average quarto measured 7 by 9 inches (18 by 23 cm) and was typically made up of 9 sheets, giving 72 total pages. Octavos—made by folding a sheet of

4949-576: The Adriatic Sea, the only part of ancient Illyria relevant to the play) covered (from north to south) the coasts of modern-day Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , and Albania . It included the city-state of the Republic of Ragusa , which has been proposed as the setting, and which is today known as Dubrovnik , Croatia . Illyria may have been suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi ,

5050-550: The First Folio and all the other books and manuscripts stolen ( BBC News , 1998), up to $ 30 million ( The New York Times , 2008). Although the book, once the property of John Cosin the Bishop of Durham , was returned to the library, it had been mutilated and was missing its cover and title page. The folio was returned to public display on 19 June 2010 after its twelve-year absence. Fifty-three-year-old Raymond Scott received an eight-year prison sentence for handling stolen goods , but

5151-486: The First Folio texts were set into type by five compositors , with different spelling habits, peculiarities, and levels of competence. Researchers have labelled them A through E, A being the most accurate, and E an apprentice who had significant difficulties in dealing with manuscript copy. Their shares in typesetting the pages of the Folio break down like this: Compositor "E" was most likely one John Leason, whose apprenticeship contract dated only from 4 November 1622. One of

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5252-671: The First Folio. Knight is known to have been responsible for maintaining and annotating the company's scripts, and making sure that the company complied with cuts and changes ordered by the Master of the Revels . Some pages of the First Folio—134 out of the total of 900—were proofread and corrected while the job of printing the book was ongoing. As a result, the Folio differs from modern books in that individual copies vary considerably in their typographical errors. There were about 500 corrections made to

5353-478: The Folio in this way. These corrections by the typesetters, however, consisted only of simple typos, clear mistakes in their own work; the evidence suggests that they almost never referred back to their manuscript sources, let alone tried to resolve any problems in those sources. The well-known cruxes in the First Folio texts were beyond the typesetters' capacity to correct. The Folio was typeset and bound in "sixes"—3 sheets of paper, taken together, were folded into

5454-622: The Greys left Canada, returning to England, where they continued acting right up to their deaths: Mary Godwin in 1971 and Earl Grey in 1978. In 1972, the ACTRA Awards introduced the Earle Grey Award to honour the best performance in a Canadian television film within the annual eligibility period. In 1986, when the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television took over the ACTRA Awards to launch

5555-595: The Malvolio story most of all, and noted the play's similarity to Shakespeare's earlier play, as well as its relationship with one of its sources, the Inganni plays. The play was one of the earliest Shakespearean works acted at the start of the Restoration ; Sir William Davenant 's adaptation was staged in 1661, with Thomas Betterton as Sir Toby Belch. Samuel Pepys thought it "a silly play", but saw it three times anyway during

5656-656: The Middle Temple in London, described the performance on 2 February 1602 ( Candlemas ) which took place in the hall of the Middle Temple at the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar, and to which students were invited. This was the first recorded public performance of the play. The play was not published until its inclusion in the First Folio in 1623. Viola is not alone among Shakespeare's cross-dressing heroines; in Shakespeare's theatre, convention dictated that adolescent boys play female characters, creating humour in

5757-573: The Print vvould then ſurpaſſe    All, that vvas euer vvrit in braſſe. But, ſince he cannot, Reader, looke    Not on his Picture, but his Booke.                                               B. I. As far as modern scholarship has been able to determine,

5858-846: The UK, the Library of Birmingham owns one copy. Additional copies are owned by the Huntington Library (4), The Shakespeare Centre (3), the Victoria and Albert Museum (3), Sutro Library (2), the Morgan Library and Museum (2), Newberry Library , Fondation Martin Bodmer , the State Library of New South Wales , the Auckland Central City Library , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , and

5959-424: The aged and halting playwright in his shamble to oblivion. The accumulation of varnish and the over-painting of centuries would be stripped off and the picture shown as Shakespeare's brush had left it. Our watchword would be 'Back to Shakespeare'... our resolution would be to try and give our audience what Shakespeare had in mind when he wrote, and not some distortion or misconception based on modern ideas. In 1960

6060-551: The almost indistinguishable differences between the sexes reflected in the play's casting and characters. At Olivia's first meeting with "Cesario" (Viola) in Act I, Scene v she asks her "Are you a comedian?" (an Elizabethan term for "actor"). Viola's reply, "I am not that I play", epitomising her adoption of the role of "Cesario" (Viola), is regarded as one of the play's several references to theatricality and "playing". The plot against Malvolio revolves around these ideas, and Fabian remarks in Act III, Scene iv: "If this were play'd upon

6161-579: The book were the booksellers Edward Blount and the father/son team of William and Isaac Jaggard . William Jaggard has seemed an odd choice by the King's Men because he had published the questionable collection The Passionate Pilgrim as Shakespeare's, and in 1619 had printed new editions of 10 Shakespearean quartos to which he did not have clear rights, some with false dates and title pages (the False Folio affair). Indeed, his contemporary Thomas Heywood , whose poetry Jaggard had pirated and misattributed to Shakespeare, specifically reports that Shakespeare

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6262-436: The catalogue contained many books not yet printed by 1622, and the modern consensus is that the entry was simply intended as advance publicity. The first impression had a publication date of 1623, and the earliest record of a retail purchase is an account book entry for 5 December 1623 of Edward Dering (who purchased two); the Bodleian Library , in Oxford , received its copy in early 1624 (which it subsequently sold for £24 as

6363-439: The compositors were setting type from manuscripts (perhaps messy, revised and corrected manuscripts), their calculations would frequently be off by greater or lesser amounts, resulting in the need to expand or compress. A line of verse could be printed as two; or verse could be printed as prose to save space, or lines and passages could even be omitted (a disturbing prospect for those who prize Shakespeare's works). The First Folio

6464-689: The duke than previously seen, and the court in general being a more physically demonstrative place, particularly between males. John Barton 's 1969 production starred Donald Sinden as Malvolio and Judi Dench as Viola; their performances were highly acclaimed and the production as a whole was said to show a society crumbling into decay. Malvolio is a popular character choice among stage actors; he has been portrayed by Ian Holm many times, Simon Russell Beale ( Donmar Warehouse , 2002), Richard Cordery (2005), Patrick Stewart , ( Chichester , 2007), Derek Jacobi (Donmar Warehouse, 2009), Richard Wilson (2009), and Stephen Fry (The Globe, 2012). In 2017,

6565-447: The expanded Gemini Awards , the Earle Grey Award was transitioned into the Academy's lifetime achievement award for television acting. Twelfth Night Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written around 1601–1602 as a Twelfth Night entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian , who are separated in

6666-475: The general inversion of the order of things, most notably gender roles. The embittered and isolated Malvolio can be regarded as an adversary of festive enjoyment and community. That community is led by Sir Toby Belch, "the vice-regent spokesman for cakes and ale", and his partner in a comic stock duo, the simple and constantly exploited Sir Andrew Aguecheek. The full title of the play is Twelfth Night, or What You Will . Subtitles for plays were fashionable in

6767-410: The men who would later be involved in publishing the First Folio. But quarto was the typical format for plays printed in the period: folio was a prestige format, typically used, according to Fredson Bowers , for books of "superior merit or some permanent value". The contents of the First Folio were compiled by John Heminges and Henry Condell ; the members of the Stationers Company who published

6868-484: The multiplicity of disguise found in a female character who for a while pretended at masculinity. Her cross-dressing enables Viola to fulfil usually male roles, such as acting as a messenger between Orsino and Olivia or serving as Orsino's confidant. But she does not use her disguise to intervene directly in the plot (unlike other Shakespearean heroines, such as Rosalind in As You Like It and Portia in The Merchant of Venice ), remaining someone who allows "Time" to untangle

6969-399: The mystery lurk, What others call a play you call a work. Publishing literary works in folio was not unprecedented. Starting with the publication of Sir Philip Sidney 's The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1593) and Astrophel and Stella (1598), both published by William Ponsonby , there was a significant number of folios published, and a significant number of them were published by

7070-460: The next several years, holding performances either outside on the quadrangle, or inside of Strachan Hall. The group began the First Canadian Shakespeare Festival, which opened on June 27, 1949, with a performance of As You Like It , at the University of Toronto's Trinity College quadrangle. Two years later, the Grey's planted a mulberry tree, alleged to have been taken from the root of the tree supposedly planted by Shakespeare at his last residence,

7171-488: The octavo The Rape of Lucrece needed five sheets, versus 12 in quarto. Whatever the motivation, the move seems to have had the intended effect: Francis Meres , the first known literary critic to comment on Shakespeare, in his Palladis Tamia (1598), puts it thus: "the sweete wittie soule of Ouid liues in mellifluous & hony-tongued Shakespeare , witnes his Venus an d Adonis , his Lucrece , his sugred Sonnets among his priuate friends". Pray tell me Ben, where does

7272-457: The other four might have been a John Shakespeare, of Warwickshire , who apprenticed with Jaggard in 1610 to 1617. ("Shakespeare" was a common name in Warwickshire in that era; John was of no known relation to the playwright.) W. W. Greg has argued that Edward Knight , the "book-keeper" or "book-holder" ( prompter ) of the King's Men , did the actual proofreading of the manuscript sources for

7373-432: The peace of Olivia's household until late into the night, prompting Malvolio to chastise them. Sir Toby famously retorts, Maria suggests taking revenge on Malvolio by convincing him that Olivia is secretly in love with him. She forges a love letter, mimicking Olivia's handwriting, and plants it in the garden. The letter asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered—a colour and fashion that Olivia hates, to be rude to

7474-455: The period of his diary on 11 September 1661, 6 January 1663, and 20 January 1669. Another adaptation, Love Betray'd, or, The Agreeable Disappointment , was acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1703. After holding the stage only in the adaptations in the late 17th century and early 18th century, the original Shakespearean text of Twelfth Night was revived in 1741, in a production at Drury Lane . In 1820 an operatic version by Frederic Reynolds

7575-458: The plays in the First Folio, including The Tempest , Twelfth Night , Macbeth , Julius Caesar and Measure for Measure among others, are not known to have been previously printed. The Folio includes all of the plays generally accepted to be Shakespeare's, except the following plays which are believed likely to have been written, at least partly, by Shakespeare; Pericles, Prince of Tyre , The Two Noble Kinsmen , Edward III , and

7676-451: The plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeare's earlier play, Henry VI, Part 2 . Most of the characters' names are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the "Illyrian" lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch. It has been noted that the play's setting has other English allusions, such as Viola's use of "Westward ho!",

7777-497: The plot. As Twelfth Night explores gender identity and sexual attraction, having a male actor play Viola enhanced the impression of androgyny and sexual ambiguity. Some modern scholars believe that Twelfth Night , with the added confusion of male actors and Viola's deception, addresses gender issues "with particular immediacy". They also accept that its depiction of gender stems from the era's prevalent scientific theory that females are simply imperfect males. This belief explains

7878-498: The price of a single play and represented almost two months' wages for an ordinary skilled worker." It is believed that around 750 copies of the First Folio were printed, of which there are 235 known surviving copies. The world's largest collection is in the possession of the Folger Shakespeare Library (82 copies) in Washington, D.C. , followed by Meisei University (12) in Tokyo ,

7979-453: The rest of the servants, and to smile constantly in Olivia's presence. Watched by Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Fabian, Malvolio finds the letter and is surprised and delighted. He starts following the letter's instructions to show Olivia his feelings. Olivia is shocked by the changes in him and, agreeing that he seems mad, leaves him to be cared for by his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane,

8080-564: The rest, absolute in their numbers as he conceived them." The paper industry in England was then in its infancy and the quantity of quality rag paper for the book was imported from France. It is thought that the typesetting and printing of the First Folio was such a large job that the King's Men simply needed the capacities of the Jaggards' shop. William Jaggard was old, infirm and blind by 1623, and died

8181-400: The same size three times, forming 8 leaves with 16 pages—were about half as large as a quarto. Since the cost of paper represented about 50-75% of a book's total production costs, octavos were generally cheaper to manufacture than quartos, and a common way to reduce publishing costs was to reduce the number of pages needed by compressing (using two columns or a smaller typeface) or abbreviating

8282-402: The stage, particularly in musical theatre, among them Your Own Thing (1968), Music Is (1977), All Shook Up (2005), and Play On ! (1997), the last two jukebox musicals featuring the music of Elvis Presley and Duke Ellington , respectively. Another adaptation is Illyria (2002) by composer Pete Mills , which continues to perform regularly throughout the United States. In 2018,

8383-634: The text. [Publish me in] the Smallest size, Least I bee eaten vnder Pippin-pyes. Or in th’ Apothicaryes shop bee seene To wrap Drugg's: or to dry Tobacco in. First (might I chuse) I would be bound to wipe, Where he discharged last his Glister-pipe. Editions of individual plays were typically published in quarto and could be bought for 6 d (equivalent to £6 in 2023) without a binding. These editions were primarily intended to be cheap and convenient, and read until worn out or repurposed as wrapping paper (or worse), rather than high quality objects kept in

8484-462: The time exist, no visual record survives other than still photographs. The entire play was produced for television in 1939, directed by Michel Saint-Denis and starring another future Oscar-winner, Peggy Ashcroft . The part of Sir Toby Belch was taken by a young George Devine . In 1957, another adaptation of the play was presented by NBC on U.S. television's Hallmark Hall of Fame , with Maurice Evans recreating his performance as Malvolio. This

8585-463: The tormentors lock him in a dark chamber. Feste visits Malvolio to mock Malvolio's professed insanity, both as himself and disguised as a priest. Meanwhile, Viola's twin, Sebastian, has been rescued by Antonio, a sea captain who previously fought Orsino, yet who accompanies Sebastian to Illyria, despite the danger, because of his admiration for Sebastian. With their love for practical jokes, Sir Toby and Fabian convince Sir Andrew to challenge Cesario to

8686-406: The two lost plays , Cardenio and Love's Labour's Won . Some believe the last of these is an alternative title for a known published Shakespeare play. Of perhaps 750 copies printed, 235 are known to remain, most of which are kept in either public archives or private collections. More than one third of the extant copies are housed at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. , which

8787-538: The two formed the Earle Grey Players in 1946, designed to promote Shakespeare all season long for the Canadian public. The following year the company put on a production of Twelfth Night on the north terrace of Trinity College . With the success of that performance, the group began presenting Shakespearean productions at different high schools around the country. The group continued to perform at Trinity College over

8888-534: The very diplomat attending the performance, and that it is more likely that Shakespeare used the name from the 1601 diplomatic visit when writing his play, which premiered the next winter. It was again performed at Court on Easter Monday in 1618 and on Candlemas night in 1623. The earliest public performance took place at Middle Temple Hall , one of the Inns of Court , on 2 February (Candlemas night) 1602. The lawyer John Manningham wrote in his diary: At our feast we had

8989-668: Was reprinted three times in the 17th century, each time by different groups of stationers; these editions are referred to as the Second Folio , Third Folio, and Fourth Folio. Jean-Christophe Mayer, in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's First Folio (2016), estimates the original retail price of the First Folio to be about 15 s (equivalent to £174 in 2023) for an unbound copy, and up to £ 1 (equivalent to £232 in 2023) for one bound in calfskin . In terms of purchasing power , "a bound folio would be about forty times

9090-416: Was dedicated to the "incomparable pair of brethren" William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke , and his brother Philip Herbert , Earl of Montgomery (later 4th Earl of Pembroke). Although 19 of Shakespeare's plays had been published in quarto before 1623, the First Folio is arguably the only reliable text for about 20 of the plays, and a valuable source text for many of those previously published. Eighteen of

9191-444: Was "much offended with M. Jaggard (that altogether unknown to him) presumed to make so bold with his name." Heminges and Condell emphasised that the Folio was replacing the earlier publications, which they characterised as "stol'n and surreptitious copies, maimed and deformed by frauds and stealths of injurious impostors", asserting that Shakespeare's true words "are now offer'd to your view cured, and perfect of their limbes; and all

9292-528: Was acquitted of the theft itself. A July 2010 BBC programme about the affair, Stealing Shakespeare , portrayed Scott as a fantasist and petty thief. In 2013, Scott killed himself in his prison cell. In November 2014, a previously unknown First Folio was found in a public library in Saint-Omer , Pas-de-Calais in France , where it had lain for 200 years. Confirmation of its authenticity came from Eric Rasmussen of

9393-547: Was broadcast on PBS Live From Lincoln Center. It starred Helen Hunt as Viola, Paul Rudd as Orsino, Kyra Sedgwick as Olivia, Philip Bosco as Malvolio, Brian Murray as Sir Toby, Max Wright as Sir Andrew, and David Patrick Kelly as Feste. A 2003 tele-movie adapted and directed by Tim Supple is set in the present day. It features David Troughton as Sir Toby, and is notable for its multi-ethnic cast including Parminder Nagra as Viola and Chiwetel Ejiofor as Orsino. Its portrayal of Viola and Sebastian's arrival in Illyria

9494-422: Was done with pages 3 and 10, and 4 and 9, on the second sheet, and pages 5 and 8, and 6 and 7, on the third. Then the first quire could be assembled with its pages in the correct order. The next quire was printed by the same method: pages 13 and 24 on one side of one sheet, etc. This meant that the text being printed had to be "cast off"—the compositors had to plan beforehand how much text would fit onto each page. If

9595-551: Was held in 1959. A fundamental principle of the Grey festival was to produce historical accurate plays according to the author's intentions, a concept which was a significant addition to the post-war discussion on theater. As far as possible twentieth-century notions would not be permitted. Stunts, fashionable slants, Freudian implications, and silly-clever ideas which are the bane of the contemporary Shakespeare theatre would be ruled out. Arrogant directors would not provide crutches to help

9696-453: Was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas , the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio . Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and comes ashore with a captain's help. She has lost contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, who she believes has drowned, and with the aid of the Captain, she disguises herself as

9797-578: Was part of the BBC Television Shakespeare series and featured Felicity Kendal in the role of Viola, Sinéad Cusack as Olivia, Alec McCowen as Malvolio, and Robert Hardy as Sir Toby Belch. In 1988, Kenneth Branagh 's stage production of the play, starring Frances Barber as Viola and Richard Briers as Malvolio, was adapted for Thames Television . In 1998 the Lincoln Center Theater production directed by Nicholas Hytner

9898-532: Was partly due to the publisher, John Harrison 's, desire to capitalize on the poems' association with Ovid : the Greek classics were sold in octavo, so printing Shakespeare's poetry in the same format would strengthen the association. The octavo generally carried greater prestige, so the format itself would help to elevate their standing. Ultimately, however, the choice was a financial one: Venus and Adonis in octavo needed four sheets of paper, versus seven in quarto, and

9999-503: Was probably commissioned for performance as part of the Twelfth Night celebrations held by Queen Elizabeth I at Whitehall Palace on 6 January 1601 to mark the end of the embassy of the Italian diplomat, the Duke of Orsino. Others dispute this, arguing that the "rigid etiquette of Queen Elizabeth's court" would have made it "impossible" for Shakespeare to name a main character in a comedy for

10100-462: Was staged, with music by Henry Bishop . Influential productions were staged in 1912, by Harley Granville-Barker , and in 1916, at the Old Vic . Lilian Baylis reopened the long-dormant Sadler's Wells Theatre in 1931 with a notable production of the play starring Ralph Richardson as Sir Toby and John Gielgud as Malvolio. The Old Vic Theatre was reopened in 1950 (after suffering severe damage in

10201-621: Was the first colour version ever produced on TV. Dennis King , Rosemary Harris , and Frances Hyland co-starred. In 1964, there was a Canadian TV version directed by George McCowan with Martha Henry as Viola , then in 1966 there was an Australian TV version . Another version for UK television was produced in 1969, directed by John Sichel and John Dexter . The production featured Joan Plowright as Viola and Sebastian, Alec Guinness as Malvolio, Ralph Richardson as Sir Toby Belch, and Tommy Steele as an unusually prominent Feste. Yet another TV adaptation followed in 1980. This version

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