111-539: This page is concerned with the holders of the forfeit title Earl of Douglas and the preceding feudal barons of Douglas, South Lanarkshire . The title was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1358 for William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas , son of Sir Archibald Douglas , Guardian of Scotland . The Earldom was forfeited by James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas , in 1455. The Earls of Douglas, chiefs of Clan Douglas , and their successors claimed descent from Sholto Douglas ,
222-583: A safe conduct . Douglas's brothers, James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas , Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray , Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde , and John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie went into open rebellion against the Crown, but were finally put down in a skirmish in 1455 known as the Battle of Arkinholm ; the royal forces were led by another Douglas, the "Red" George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus . The Douglas brothers were all slain, either in battle or executed afterwards, except
333-507: A Scots royal fortress occupied by the English, was under siege by the Scottish army. King Edward assembled a formidable force of soldiers to relieve it—the largest army ever to invade Scotland. The English summoned 25,000 infantry soldiers and 2,000 horses from England, Ireland and Wales against 6,000 Scottish soldiers, that Bruce had divided into three different contingents. Edward's attempt to raise
444-563: A barony was an estate of land held directly of the Crown , or the Prince and Great Steward of Scotland . It was an essential element of a barony title that there existed a Crown Charter erecting the land into a barony, recorded in the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland . Often the original Charter was later lost; however an Official Extract has the same legal status as the original Charter. From
555-658: A certain ancient stick, "The Bachuil Mór", which was once the bishop's staff of Saint Moluag in the year 562. Unlike all other barons in Scotland, the lawful possessor of the stick is the Baron of the Bachuil, regardless of landholdings. On 28 November 2004 the Abolition of Feudal Tenure Act came into force in Scotland. Prior to the Act, Scottish baronies (including lordships and earldoms ) remained
666-403: A field above a possible site of the battlefield, where the warring parties are believed to have camped, alongside a statue of Robert Bruce designed by Pilkington Jackson . The monument, along with the associated visitor centre, is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the area. Edward I had wanted to expand England to prevent a foreign power such as France from capturing territories in
777-588: A field azure; further in a document pertaining to Bricius de Douglas , William of Douglas's son and Bishop of Moray , he refers to his avunculus Freskin of Kerdal, an unusual name for the time in Scotland. This connection with the Morays can be later attested in a rhyme penned by Andrew of Wyntoun around the time of the marriage of Archibald the Grim to Johanna de Moravia the Moray heiress, of which further below: Of Murrawe and
888-456: A full-scale attack on the English forces the next day and to use his schiltrons as offensive units, as he had trained them. This was a strategy his predecessor William Wallace had not employed. The English army was defeated in a pitched battle which resulted in the deaths of several prominent commanders, including the Earl of Gloucester and Sir Robert Clifford , and capture of many others, including
999-532: A list of Lordships in the Baronage of Scotland Earl is the third degree of baronage nobility, nobler than Baron (first) and Lord (second). Click here for a list of Earldoms in the Baronage of Scotland Fourth and fifth degrees of baronage nobility, the noblest forms in the hierarchy. Click here for a list of Marquisates and Dukedoms in the Baronage of Scotland Higher dignities compared to baronage titles, erected in liberam regalitatem . Click here for
1110-505: A list of Lordships of Regality Battle of Bannockburn The Battle of Bannockburn ( Scottish Gaelic : Blàr Allt nam Bànag or Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich ) was fought on 23–24 June 1314, between the army of Robert the Bruce , King of Scots , and the army of King Edward II of England , during the First War of Scottish Independence . It was a decisive victory for Robert Bruce and formed
1221-450: A major staging point. This is supported by Herbert Maxwell who stated that "Bruce's position was taken up to bar King Edwards access to Stirling." Most medieval battles were short-lived, lasting only a few hours, so the Battle of Bannockburn is unusual in that it lasted two days. Shortly before the battle, King Robert picked a flat field flanked by woodland known as New Park to set up camp for
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#17328904823641332-521: A major turning point in the war, which ended 14 years later with the de jure restoration of Scottish independence under the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton . For this reason, the Battle of Bannockburn is widely considered a landmark moment in Scottish history. King Edward II invaded Scotland after Bruce demanded in 1313 that all supporters, still loyal to ousted Scottish king John Balliol , acknowledge Bruce as their king or lose their lands. Stirling Castle ,
1443-550: A mythical figure dated by Godscroft to 767 AD. However, it is more likely that they were descendants of Flemish immigrants to Scotland, during the reign of David I . Through the marriage of William the Hardy , grandfather of the 1st Earl, to Eleanor de Lovaine, the Earls of Douglas could trace their ancestry to the Landgraves of Brabant . In the story of Sholto Douglas, his son William Douglas
1554-467: A small horse, light armour, and a battle axe to defend himself. The Earl of Hereford's nephew Henry de Bohun spotted the king so poorly equipped and took advantage. Henry de Bohun charged forward in full combat gear with his lance , encountering Bruce's troops. Bruce and de Bohun faced off in what became a celebrated instance of single combat . Bohun charged at Bruce and, when the two passed side by side, Bruce split Bohun's head with his axe. However
1665-457: Is William I, Lord of Douglas (c. 1174-1214), where he was witness to a charter of bishop Jocelin of Glasgow in 1198, where he signed " Will. de Dufglas " in what can only be a territorial designation. It can be deduced however, that there was a connection to the House of Moray and its progenitor, Freskin , Lord of Duffus, insofar as the later blazon of both Houses both contained three stars argent on
1776-566: Is a commander of forces sent by the mythical Scottish king Achaius (Eochaid?), to the court of Charlemagne to aid him in his wars against Desiderius , King of the Lombards . William Douglas is said to have settled in Piacenza where his descendants became powerful local magnates under the name Scotti (or Scoto), and eventual leaders of the Guelf faction of that city. The first Douglas on record in Scotland
1887-400: Is disputable. They are known as minor barons currently treated as noble titles of less than peerage rank. The Scottish equivalent of an English baron is " Lord of Parliament ". The baronial title tends to be used when a landed family is not in possession of any United Kingdom peerage title of higher rank, subsequently granted, or has been created a knight of the realm . The name recorded by
1998-408: Is estimated that no more than half the infantry actually arrived, but the English army was still by far the largest ever to invade Scotland. The Scottish army probably numbered around 7,000 men, including no more than 500 mounted troops. Unlike the English, the Scottish cavalry was probably not equipped for charging enemy lines and suitable only for skirmishing and reconnaissance. The Scottish infantry
2109-663: Is evidenced by several sources. For instance, the Lyon Court's Petition of Maclean of Ardgour for a Birthbrieve, dated 26 February 1943, finds and declares that the minor barons of Scotland are recognised as titled nobility in both the Lyon Court and the Court of Session . This confirms that the estate of the Baronage, comprising the barones minores (minor barons), is part of the ancient feudal nobility of Scotland. Sir Thomas Innes of Learney in his 'Scots Heraldry' (2nd Ed., p. 88, note 1) states that 'The Act 1672, cap 47, specially qualifies
2220-423: Is put before the name. The prefix honorific "Much Honoured" is used to distinguish Scottish Barons from honorifics attaching to peers : e.g. The Much Hon. The Baron of Inverglen / Much Hon. Baron of Inverglen / Much Hon. John Smith, Baron of Inverglen / Much Hon. John, Baron of Inverglen. The former Lord Lyon declined to award the following baronial additaments to the arms of those barons registering arms now that
2331-400: Is the title of a patriotic poem by Robert Burns . The chorus of Scotland's unofficial national anthem Flower of Scotland refers to Scotland's victory over Edward and the English at Bannockburn. Many artworks depict the battle. John Duncan and Eric Harald Macbeth Robertson both painted Bruce's encounter with de Bohun. John Phillip painted Bruce receiving the sacrament on the eve of
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#17328904823642442-660: Is unknown how many renditions de' Conti created, but there is one that resides in the Seattle Art Museum , another once owned by Henry VIII belongs to the Royal Family, and at least one belongs in a private collection. Sir William the Hardy is the first of the Douglas Lords on record to take a major part in domestic and international affairs. He partook in Wallace's uprising against English rule in Scotland and died captive in
2553-509: The caput (or property), rather than passing strictly by blood inheritance. Statutes of 1592 and the Baronetcy Warrants of King Charles I show the non-peerage Table of Precedence as: Baronets , Knights , Barons , Lairds , Esquire and Gentlemen . A General Register of Sasines was set up by statute in 1617, with entry in the Register giving the prescriptive right (right by normal or correct usage), after so many years, to
2664-565: The caput or essence of the barony. The individual who owned the said piece of land containing the caput was hence the baron or baroness. Uncertainty over armorial right was removed by the Lyon Register being set up by statute in 1672, such that no arms were to be borne in Scotland unless validly entered in Lyon Register. Until 1874, each new baron was confirmed in his barony by the Crown by Charter of Confirmation. Until 28 November 2004,
2775-613: The Foreigners' Isles ", which had preceded the kingdom of Scotland, became eligible to attend the Scots Parliament – appearing in the record of the parliament at St Andrews in 1309. Historically they have a chapeau, "gules doubled ermines", ermines being white tails on black. There is a unique exception: the Barony of the Bachuil is not of feudal origin like other baronies, but is allodial in that it predates (AD 562) Scotland itself and
2886-541: The Lord Lyon as part of any grant of arms or matriculation becomes the holder's name for all official purposes. The holder of a Scottish barony ( e.g. , "Inverglen") may add the title to their existing name ( e.g. , "John Smith, Baron of Inverglen" or "Jane Smith, Baroness of Inverglen") or add the territorial designation to their surname if still in possession of the caput ("John Smith of Inverglen, Baron of Inverglen" or "Jane Smith of Inverglen, Baroness of Inverglen"); some of
2997-461: The River Forth , near Stirling. The English appear to have advanced in four divisions. The Scots assembled defensive formations known as schiltrons , which were strong defensive squares of men with pikes. Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray , commanded the Scottish vanguard , which was stationed about a mile south of Stirling, near the church of St. Ninian, while the king commanded the rearguard at
3108-518: The Scottish Highlands . It was besieged in 1314 by Bruce's younger brother Edward Bruce , and the English decided that if the castle was not relieved by mid-summer it would be surrendered to the Scots. The English could not ignore this challenge, and prepared and equipped a substantial campaign. Edward II requested from England, Wales and Ireland 2,000 heavily armoured cavalry and 13,000 infantry. It
3219-687: The Scottish Parliament all refer to the noble title of a Scottish baron. A Scottish barony is the only UK title of nobility which can be legally alienated from the bloodline of its previous possessor. It is not subject to the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 , a law for new grants and these are existing titles and Scottish baronies by their nature were erected in crown charters as free baronies and are thus freely assignable. Crown charters refer to "heirs and assignees" , unlike other hereditary noble titles with rules of succession. That said, titles in
3330-670: The Tower of London . His son Sir James Douglas , his estates forfeit to the English crown, swore allegiance to Robert the Bruce in 1306 prior to the latter's coronation, and was to share the deprivations and small victories of Bruce during the years leading up to Bannockburn . Afterwards he was appointed Warden of the Western March on the Scottish Border . Following Bruce's death, Sir James Douglas, now known as either "the Black Douglas" to
3441-563: The Treaty of Union of 1707 until 1999, a unified Parliament of Great Britain (since January, 1801, the Parliament of the United Kingdom ), at Westminster , was responsible for passing legislation affecting private law both north and south of the Scottish border. In 1999, the devolved Scottish Parliament was established, and private law measures can now be passed at Holyrood , the seat of
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3552-526: The feudal system . On 28 November 2004, the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 came into full force and effect, putting an end to Scotland's feudal system. Under Scots law , a Scottish Prescriptive Barony by Tenure is now an incorporeal hereditament , no longer a feudal title, not attached to the land and remains the only genuine, prescriptive , degree of title of UK nobility capable of being transferred or conveyed – since under Section 63(1) of
3663-438: The 1930s and 2004, when new arms were granted or a matriculation of existing arms took note of a barony, the owner was given a chapeau or cap of maintenance as part of his armorial achievement on petitioning for the same. This chapeau is described as "gules doubled ermine" for barons in possession of the caput of the barony. An azure chapeau is appropriate for the heirs of ancient baronial families who are no longer owners of
3774-670: The 1st Earl, Archibald the Grim and both his son the 4th Earl and grandson, the 5th Earl fought in France as well as the along the Anglo-Scottish Border, during what would become known as the Hundred Years War . The 1st Earl and the 3rd were both present at the Battle of Poitiers , and the future 5th Earl Archibald, Earl of Wigtown was a deputy of John Stewart, Earl of Buchan at the Battle of Baugé and elsewhere. Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas , had fought at Homildon Hill ,
3885-505: The 25 January where he is described as "William, Lord of Douglas, Knight", and another of the 27th of the month as the Earl of Douglas. The power of Douglas was further increased by the marriage of the 2nd Earl to Princess Isabel, daughter to Robert II of Scotland . The acme of Douglas territorial power came when Archibald the Grim , Lord of Galloway a bastard son of the Good Sir James inherited
3996-495: The 4th Earl sailed for France with an army some 6,500 strong, was created Duke of Touraine and Lieutenant General of France by a grateful Dauphin. Douglas was killed at Battle of Verneuil in 1424. The 5th Earl of Douglas upon his accession was sometime regent of Scotland during the minority of James II of Scotland and Lieutenant-General of Scotland. The 5th Earl's sons, the sixteen-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas and his brother David Douglas, were to be victim to
4107-617: The 7th Earl of Douglas; known as "James the Gross" he inherited all the Douglas patrimony and died in 1443. Far from breaking Douglas power, the death of the 6th Earl consolidated it into the hands of the five formidable sons of James the Gross. James II of Scotland, exasperated at his overmighty vassal, William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas , and his refusal to break a league entered into with the Earl of Crawford and John of Islay , stabbed him to death with his own hands, even though Douglas had been issued
4218-547: The 9th Earl who was in England at the time. The 9th Earl was forfeited, but continued to foment unrest in Scotland from England, until his capture at the Battle of Lochmaben Fair in 1484. The aged Douglas was forced to spend the rest of his days at Lindores Abbey , his estates being divided up between the King's supporters, most notably Angus. Following the death of the 2nd Earl at the Battle of Otterburn in 1388 without legitimate issue,
4329-484: The Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 is in force. However, the current Lord Lyon has confirmed in a recent policy statement that he will officially recognise barons or those possessing the dignity of baron who meet certain conditions and will grant them arms with a helmet befitting their degree. Scottish Barons rank below Lords of Parliament; while noble, they are not conventionally considered peerage titles. The status of Scottish barons as titled nobility
4440-493: The Act, the dignity of baron is preserved after the abolition of the feudal system. However, the Abolition Act did end the ability to obtain feudal land privileges by inheriting or acquiring the caput (land or castle) in Scotland. In common law jurisdictions, land may still be owned and inherited through a barony if the land is titled in "the Baron of X" as baron rather than in the individual's name. In America, it passes with
4551-503: The Bannockburn. This story is important because it was a reflection of Robert the Bruce's leadership. It is stated in an article by Sidney Dean that "While controversial among his peers, Bruce earned the respect of his soldiers by leading from the front and displaying physical courage." The second English cavalry force was commanded by Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont. Their forces included Sir Thomas de Grey of Heaton , father of
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4662-565: The Baronage of Scotland ) on petition. The Lord Lyon King of Arms now prefers the approach of recognising the particular dignity as expressed in the Crown Charter that the petitioner presents. Scottish baronies may be passed to any person, of either sex, by inheritance or assignation. Scotland has a distinct legal system within the United Kingdom . Historically, in the Kingdom of Scotland ,
4773-530: The Baronage of Scotland are often passed down through the generations, staying within the family lineage. The dignity of baron is protected in law by the Scottish Parliament after the abolition of the feudal system in the Abolition of Feudal Tenure, etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 , which came into force in 2004. After this date extant feudal titles ceased to be feudal, becoming personal titles, no longer attached to
4884-526: The British Isles. But he needed Scotland's allegiance, which led to his campaign to capture Scotland. The Wars of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in 1296. Initially, the English were successful under the command of Edward I: they won victories at the Battle of Dunbar (1296) and at the Capture of Berwick (1296) . The removal of John Balliol from the Scottish throne also contributed to
4995-599: The Bruce enough time to decide whether to move northwards beyond the Forth or westwards up the river into a district of mosses and hills. Robert knew that the latter decision would influence the plans of Edward II and his lords. Given the declared objective and the advancing march the previous week, it was obvious that the English would continue their advance on Stirling. In an effort to "rescue" Stirling, Edward II continued to hurry his troops: they marched seventy miles in one week. Many historians criticise Edward II for this move, as he
5106-416: The Douglas, How that thare begynnyng was, Syn syndry spekis syndryly I can put that in na story. But in thare armeyis bath thai bere The sternys[stars] set in lyke manere; Til mony men it is yhit sene Apperand lyk that had bene Of kyn be descens lyneale Or be branchys collaterele It is also attested to by the fact that Archibald the Grim and Johanna de Moravia had to receive permission from
5217-549: The Earl of Hereford. The victory against the English at Bannockburn is one of the most celebrated in Scottish history, and for centuries the battle has been commemorated in verse and art. The National Trust for Scotland operates the Bannockburn Visitor Centre (previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre). Though the exact location for the battle is uncertain, a modern monument was erected in
5328-558: The Earldom following the 2nd Earl's death at the Battle of Otterburn . "Black Archibald" as he was also known, was by right of conquest Lord of Galloway; and by right of his wife, the Moray heiress Joanna de Moravia, the Lord of Bothwell and its vast entail. Already one of the largest landowners in the realm, Archibald the Grim was now the greatest Tenant-in-chief of the Scottish Crown. William,
5439-551: The Earldom passed to a bastard son of "The Good Sir James", the poetically named Archibald the Grim , the Lord of Galloway . This occurred through articles of special entail in the resignation of title by Hugh the Dull, Lord of Douglas . George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus the bastard son of the 1st Earl by his sister-in law Margaret Stewart, Dowager Countess of Mar & Countess of Angus , inherited his mother's Earldom of Angus. Retrospectively
5550-417: The English on the other side of the wood, thought that he must have his share, and issuing from the wood with his division marched across the open ground towards the two afore-named lords. Sir Henry de Beaumont called to his men: "Let us wait a little; let them come on; give them room". "Sir," said Sir Thomas Gray, "I doubt that whatever you give them now, they will have all too soon". "Very well" exclaimed
5661-400: The English success. However, the Scots defeated the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. This was countered by Edward I's victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1298) . By 1304, Scotland had been conquered, but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened. After the death of Edward I in 1307, his son Edward II of England was crowned as king, but
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#17328904823645772-519: The English, or the "Good Sir James" to the Scots, took the King's heart on crusade, and died fighting the Moors in Spain. The Good Sir James's nephew William, Lord of Douglas was created 1st Earl of Douglas in 1358, and greatly increased Douglas territory by marrying Margaret, Countess of Mar . The creation of the Earldom can be accurately dated to 26 January that year, because of a charter witnessed by Douglas on
5883-553: The Lord Lyon King of Arms, as the Sovereign's minister in matters armorial, was at once herald and judge . The Scottish baronage predates the Scottish peerage and they coexist to this day. The Scottish equivalent of an English baron is a Lord of Parliament . A "Scottish Prescriptive Barony by Tenure " was, until 2004, the description of the only genuine degree of title of British nobility capable of being disponed along with
5994-707: The Lord Lyon for a grant of arms , as he falls under the jurisdiction of the Lyon's Court . A policy statement has been made to this effect by the Lord Lyon. The Lyon Court has no jurisdiction in relation to the assignation, or legal transfer of, baronial titles. An English barony is a peerage (yet Article 10 of the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 allows for some remaining non-peer baronies not converted by writ to remain as feudal baronies of free socage "incorporeal hereditament"); but whether Scottish barons rightfully rank as peers
6105-461: The Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh . Using a "prescriptive feudal grant" allowed developers to impose perpetual conditions affecting the land. The courts became willing to accept the validity of such obligations, which became known as "real burdens". In practical and commercial terms, these real burdens were like English leasehold tenure. The first Scottish Executive was committed to abolishing
6216-699: The Vita Edwardi Secundi gives a different account: 'On Sunday, which was the vigil of St John's day, as they [the English] passed by a certain wood and were approaching Stirling Castle, the Scots were seen straggling under the trees as if in flight, and a certain knight, Henry de Boune pursued them with the Welsh to the entrance of the wood. For he had in mind that if he found Robert Bruce there he would either kill him or carry him off captive. But when he had come thither, Robert himself came suddenly out of his hiding-place in
6327-537: The advance of the knights, but were ordered to stop shooting to avoid additional friendly fire . The English then attempted to deploy their English and Welsh longbowmen to flank the advancing Scots, but they were dispersed by 500 Scottish cavalry under the marischal Sir Robert Keith . (Although the Scottish cavalry is sometimes described as light cavalry, this appears to be a misinterpretation of Barbour's statement that these were men-at-arms on lighter horses than those of their English counterparts. ) The English cavalry
6438-417: The applicant to include the territorial designation as part of their surname (Surname of territorial designation e.g. Smith of Inverglen ). The Observation would then show the holder's full name, followed by their baronial title, e.g. The holder is John Smith, Baron of Inverglen . Sometimes (for example on the envelope of a letter or place name) the prefix honorific style The Much Hon. ( The Much Honoured )
6549-456: The attractions created by a £9m redevelopment of the centre and the nearby battlefield memorial is a computerised multiplayer game. On 11 June 2020, during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom , the statue was defaced with graffiti. In 2016 Swedish metal band Sabaton released a song, "Blood of Bannockburn", on their album The Last Stand about this battle. " Scots Wha Hae "
6660-498: The available evidence, Reese concludes that "it seems doubtful if even a third of the foot soldiers returned to England." If his estimate is accurate, of 16,000 English infantrymen, about 11,000 were killed. The English chronicler Thomas Walsingham gave the number of English men-at-arms who were killed as 700, while 500 more men-at-arms were spared for ransom. The Scottish losses appear to have been comparatively light, with only two knights among those killed. The immediate aftermath
6771-455: The barony as a fee simple appurtenance to an otherwise incorporeal hereditament , the barony being treated like a landowning corporation . In Scotland, the practice has not been tested in a Court of Session case since the Act. One of the oldest baronage titles in Scotland, the Baron of the Bachuil , has not depended on land ownership for centuries; the barony passes along with the possession of
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#17328904823646882-549: The battle. There is first-hand evidence in a poem, written just after the battle by the captured Carmelite friar Robert Baston, that one or both sides employed slingers and crossbowmen. The exact site of the Battle of Bannockburn has been debated for many years, but most modern historians agree that the traditional site, where a visitor centre and statue have been erected, is not correct. A large number of alternative locations have been considered, but modern researchers believe only two merit serious consideration: This battle
6993-582: The cabal of Sir William Crichton , Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar , and their great uncle James Douglas, Earl of Avondale who wished to break the power of the Black Douglases. The boys were summoned to Edinburgh Castle , and where at what is known as the "Black Dinner" the Earl and his brother were taken into the Castleyard and executed before the young king. The Earl of Avondale, the boys' great uncle and supposed conspirator into their deaths, became
7104-407: The captured nobles, Edward II released Robert's wife Elizabeth de Burgh , sisters Christina Bruce , Mary Bruce and daughter Marjorie Bruce , and Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, ending their eight-year imprisonment in England. Following the battle, King Robert rewarded Sir Gilbert Hay of Erroll with the office of hereditary Lord High Constable of Scotland . The defeat of the English opened up
7215-414: The chronicler Thomas Grey . The younger Grey described the battle: Robert Lord de Clifford and Henry de Beaumont, with three hundred men-at-arms , made a circuit upon the other side of the wood towards the castle, keeping the open ground. Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray , King Robert's nephew, who was the leader of the Scottish advanced guard, hearing that his uncle had repulsed the advanced guard of
7326-451: The degrees thus: Nobles (i.e. peers, the term being here used in a restricted seventeenth-century English sense), Barons (i.e. Lairds of baronial fiefs and their "heirs", who, even if fiefless, are equivalent to heads of Continental baronial houses) and Gentlemen (apparently all other armigers).' Baronets and knights are evidently classed as 'Gentlemen' here and are of a lower degree than Barons. The Scottish Head of Baronial Houses, includes all
7437-451: The end of her name, e.g. "Sandra Smith, Maid of Inverglen". The husband of a Baroness is not afforded a courtesy title. The United Kingdom policy of using titles on passports requires that the applicant provides evidence that the Lord Lyon has recognised a barony, or the title is included in Burke's Peerage . If accepted (and if the applicant wishes to include the title), the correct form is for
7548-559: The entrance to the New Park. His brother Edward led the third division. The fourth division was nominally under the youthful Walter the Steward , but actually under the command of Sir James Douglas . The Scottish archers used yew-stave longbows and, while these were equal to English longbows in strength, there were probably fewer Scottish archers, possibly only 500 although there is no evidence as to their number. These archers played little part in
7659-480: The estates. This chapeau was a relatively recent armorial invention of the late Lord Lyon, Sir Thomas Innes of Learney . Accordingly, a number of ancient arms of barons do not display the chapeau, and now it is no longer granted. By the Treaty of Perth in 1266, Norway relinquished its claim to the Hebrides and Man, and they became part of Scotland. In 1292, Argyll was created a shire, and "The Barons of all Argyll and
7770-462: The feudal system, dating from the Gaelic Kingdom of Dál Riata . In recognition as allodial Barons par la grâce de Dieu not barons by a feudal crown grant, the Baron of the Bachuil has the only chapeau allowed to have a vair ( squirrel fur) lining. Below is an incomplete list of Baronies created in the baronage, you can help by suggesting edits on the Talk page with evidence links. Titles in italics are subsidiary baronial titles held by
7881-399: The flemish footman shattered the chivalry of France—and more than either of these it initiated the change which was to come over the mediaeval art of war, in demonstrating the superiority of infantry properly handled to the mounted men-at-arms upon whom the entire stress of fighting had hitherto been laid. The defeated were quick to learn their lesson and apply it in their own way. This shows
7992-556: The holder of a barony, formerly a feudal superiority ( dominium directum ) or prescriptive barony attached to land erected into a free barony by Crown Charter, this being the status of a minor baron, recognised by the crown as noble, but not a peer. The Court of the Lord Lyon representing the monarch in Scotland, institutional writers, the registry of Scots Nobility, the Scottish Law Commission Government Website, UK Government Legislation Website and
8103-547: The husband is the holder of the Barony, the wife receives a courtesy title. Therefore, they may be styled "The Baron and Baroness of Inverglen", "Inverglen and Madam Smith of Inverglen", "Inverglen and Lady Inverglen", or "The Baron of Inverglen and Lady Inverglen." The oldest son of a baron/baroness may be known by the territorial designation with the addition of "yr" (abbreviation for "younger"), e.g. "John Smith of Inverglen, yr". The eldest daughter may be known as "Maid of Inverglen" at
8214-510: The land. Therefore, it is incorrect to refer to them as "feudal barons" today. The correct term is simply "baron." Heraldry for Scottish baronies is governed by the Court of the Lord Lyon . This court issued a ruling in April 2015 that may recognise a person possessing a barony (and other titles that are but nobler titles of baron within the Baronage of Scotland lord/earl/marquis/duke see lordships in
8325-542: The most popular tourist attractions in the area. The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011. The National Trust for Scotland operates the Bannockburn Visitor Centre (previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre), which is open daily from March through October. On 31 October 2012
8436-407: The night, the English forces crossed the stream known as the Bannockburn, establishing their position on the plain beyond it. A Scottish knight, Alexander Seton , who was fighting in the service of Edward II of England, deserted the English camp and told Bruce that English morale was low and encouraged him to attack. In the morning, the Scots advanced from New Park. Not long after daybreak, Edward
8547-561: The north of England to Scottish raids and allowed the Scottish invasion of Ireland . These finally led, after the failure of the Declaration of Arbroath to secure diplomatic recognition of Scotland's independence by the Pope, to the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton in 1328. Under the treaty, the English crown recognised the independence of the Kingdom of Scotland, and acknowledged Robert the Bruce as
8658-499: The oldest Scottish families prefer to be styled by the territorial designation alone ("Smith of Inverglen"). Formally and in writing, they are styled as The Much Honoured Baron/Baroness of Inverglen. A baron/baroness may be addressed socially as "Inverglen" or "Baron/Baroness" and introduced in the third person as "John Smith of Inverglen, Baron of Inverglen" or "The Baron of Inverglen" or "Jane Smith, Baroness of Inverglen" or "The Baroness of Inverglen". When referred to informally in
8769-448: The only noble titles in the UK that were transferable following the sale of land containing a caput ( i.e. superiority) . With the implementation of the Act, all Scottish baronage titles became incorporeal heritable property , meaning they existed but without any physical attributes (e.g. land ownership which is corporeal property). Most baronies were created (erected) prior to 1745, but one
8880-750: The original building was closed for demolition and replacement by a new design, inspired by traditional Scottish buildings, by Reiach and Hall Architects. The project is a partnership between the National Trust for Scotland and Historic Environment Scotland , funded by the Scottish Government and the Heritage Lottery Fund . The battlefield's new visitor centre—now rebranded as the Bannockburn Visitor Centre—opened in March 2014. One of
8991-477: The place of honour at his side in his own schiltron with the men of Carrick and Argyll. After Robert Bruce killed Sir Henry de Bohun on the first day of the battle, the English withdrew for the day. That night, Sir Alexander Seton, a Scottish noble serving in Edward's army, defected to the Scottish side and informed King Robert of the English camp's low morale, telling him they could win. Robert Bruce decided to launch
9102-447: The pope to marry because of consanguinity. In the early 16th century Charles II D'Amboise commissioned Bernardino de' Conti to do a portrait painting for him in 1505 AD. Although a friend and patron of Leonardo Da Vinci , D'Amboise picked de' Conti for his traditional style of oil painting. Prominently inscribed on the top left the painting reads, "The Earl of Douglas surnamed Black Dudley" (referring to James, Lord of Douglas). It
9213-414: The remaining troops, turning their defeat into a rout . King Edward, with about 500 men, first fled for Stirling Castle where Sir Philip de Moubray, commander of the castle, turned him away as the castle would shortly be surrendered to the Scots. Then, pursued by James Douglas and a small troop of horsemen, Edward fled to Dunbar Castle , from which he took a ship to Berwick. From the carnage of Bannockburn,
9324-492: The rest of the army tried to escape to the safety of the English border, 90 miles (140 km) south. Many were killed by the pursuing Scottish army or by the inhabitants of the countryside they passed through. Historian Peter Reese wrote that "only one sizeable group of men—all foot soldiers—made good their escape to England." These were a force of Welsh spearmen who were kept together by their commander, Sir Maurice de Berkeley . The majority of them reached Carlisle . Weighing
9435-547: The rightful king. The following are the notable casualties and captives of the battle. In 1932 the Bannockburn Preservation Committee, under Edward Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, presented lands to the National Trust for Scotland . Further lands were purchased in 1960 and 1965 to facilitate visitor access. A modern monument was erected in a field above the possible site of the battle, where
9546-428: The royal bodyguard. Once they were clear of the battle, d'Argentan turned to the king and said: " Sire, your protection was committed to me, but since you are safely on your way, I will bid you farewell for never yet have I fled from a battle, nor will I now. " He turned his horse to charge back into the ranks of Scottish, where he was overborne and slain. Edward fled with his personal bodyguard and panic spread among
9657-419: The said Henry, "if you are afraid, be off". "Sir," answered the said Thomas, "it is not from fear that I shall fly this day." So saying, he spurred in between Beaumont and Sir William Deyncourt and charged into the thick of the enemy. William was killed, Thomas was taken prisoner, his horse being killed on the pikes, and he himself carried off with the Scots on foot when they marched off, having utterly routed
9768-452: The same baron. Titles linked and with The before the name is the holder's primary title. a: The creation date is the earliest known date for the barony and subject to revision. b: C before the date is circa around this date of before. C after the date = century. The second degree of baronage nobility. If a Barony has been raised to a Lordship then it will not be listed with baronies on this page, see Lordship list: Click here for
9879-452: The sheer importance of the Scottish spearman on the European stage as many countries began to adapt to this infantry dominated medieval battleground. They were moving away from cavalry and more towards the domination of the foot soldier. Another aspect is that this battle was for the rights to Stirling Castle essentially. Robert the Bruce did not want to give the castle up to the English as it was
9990-561: The siege failed when he found his path blocked by a smaller army commanded by Bruce. The Scottish army was divided into four divisions of schiltrons commanded by (1) Bruce, (2) his brother Edward Bruce , (3) his nephew, Thomas Randolph, the Earl of Moray and (4) one jointly commanded by Sir James Douglas and the young Walter the Steward. Bruce's friend, Angus Og Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, brought thousands of Islesmen to Bannockburn, including galloglass warriors, and King Robert assigned them
10101-405: The siege on Stirling. The Hereford-Gloucester force was the first to cross over the Bannockburn and marched toward the woodlands that hid the Scots and stood in the way of the English on their way to Stirling. Little did the English know that Bruce had ventured ahead away from his natural protection. King Robert was not then fully armed for combat, but was instead armed for reconnaissance with only
10212-414: The squadron of the said two lords. Some of the English fled to the castle, others to the king's army, which having already left the road through the wood had debouched upon a plain near the water of Forth beyond Bannockburn, an evil, deep, wet marsh, where the said English army unharnessed and remained all night, having sadly lost confidence and being too much disaffected by the events of the day. During
10323-412: The third person it is incorrect to refer to them as "Baron/Baroness Inverglen" or "Lord Inverglen", as these would imply a peerage title (i.e. Lord of Parliament). However female barons, either the substantive holder or wife, can be interchangeably "Baroness of Inverglen" or "Lady Inverglen" without the "of" similarly to the social custom for female lairds or wives. In a heterosexual married couple, if
10434-510: The two branches of Douglas and Angus were described as the Black and Red lines respectively. The Black Douglases fell from power and were attainted by King James II in 1455. The seventh Earl was created Earl of Avondale and Lord Balveny in 1437, also in the Peerage of Scotland . These titles also became forfeit in 1455. The title of Douglas was restored in 1633 for the "Red" Douglas line, when William Douglas, 11th Earl of Angus (1589–1660),
10545-404: The upcoming battle. This was because the woodland gave Bruce and his foot soldiers an advantage since the English were very adept at cavalry. The Scots split their army into four divisions and the Bruce commanded the four divisions to form a diamond formation. Bruce covered the rear to the south, Douglas to the east, Randolph to the north (the direction of Stirling), with 500 horsemen under Keith to
10656-450: The vanguard into battle. He had also tried to persuade the king that the battle should be postponed. This led the king to accuse him of cowardice. Goaded by the accusation, Gloucester advanced to meet the Scots. Few accompanied Gloucester and, when he reached the Scottish lines, he was quickly surrounded and killed. The English were gradually pushed back and ground down by the Scots' schiltrons . The English longbowmen attempted to support
10767-415: The various styles and titles which designate the territorial nobility i.e. baron of X. Barons may also wear two eagle feathers when in traditional dress. If the baron is a member of a clan, it is advisable to consult the clan chief on clan customs and traditions. The Lord Lyon only gives guidance and not governance on the wearing of feathers and recommends consulting with a clan chief. Previously, between
10878-548: The warring parties are believed to have camped on the night before the battle. The monument consists of two semicircular walls depicting the opposing parties. Nearby stands the 1960s statue of Bruce by Pilkington Jackson . Although the statue was conceived by Pilkington Jackson he commissioned Thomas Taylor Bowie of the Ontario College of Art in Toronto to create the statue. The monument, and the associated visitor centre, are some of
10989-499: The west, in reserve. On 23 June 1314, two English cavalry formations advanced. The first was commanded by the Earl of Gloucester and by the Earl of Hereford . They followed behind a smaller detachment of roughly 300 soldiers led by Sir Robert Clifford and Sir Henry de Beaumont who marched closer to the River Forth. Both of these detachments marched in front of the main fighting force. These two detachments were tasked with lifting
11100-443: The wood, and the said Henry seeing that he could not resist the multitude of Scots, turned his horse with the intention of regaining his companions; but Robert opposed him and struck him on the head with an axe that he carried in his hand. His squire, trying to protect or rescue his lord, was overwhelmed by the Scots.' The Scots then rushed the English forces under Gloucester's and Hereford's command, who retreated, struggling back over
11211-499: Was a battle that Robert the Bruce hoped would confirm his place on the throne of Scotland and force Edward II to recognize him King. Bruce also faced internal struggles for the crown of Scotland among the "Balliols, Bruces, and the Scottish political nation in a decades-long contest for the crown." As stated by W. M. Mackenzie, "The victory at Bannockburn is of more than national interest and had other results than those immediately affecting Scotland. With Falkirk and Courtrai (1302), where
11322-420: Was an attempt by Robert the Bruce to legitimise his kingship through combat. An article by Medieval Warfare states, "Robert Bruce, King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329 aged around 55, was no stranger to the battlefield. He waged war to wear down his Scottish opponents and the English regime in Scotland, culminating in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, to legitimise his kingship and free his kingdom." It
11433-524: Was captured there and then joined the rebel Northern English Barons to fight at Battle of Shrewsbury where he was again captured. It was during this episode of his life that Douglas makes an appearance as one of the characters in William Shakespeare 's Henry IV, Part 1 . In 1423 Douglas's son Wigtown, returned to Scotland to raise more troops for the French war and managed to enlist his father's support,
11544-417: Was created First Marquess of Douglas by Charles I . Lordship of Douglas, and other estates and title devolved upon: George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus The following titles were held by the Earl of Douglas, at various times. Scottish feudal barony In Scotland, " baron " or "baroness" is a rank of the ancient nobility of the Baronage of Scotland , a hereditary title of honour , and refers to
11655-471: Was erected as late as 1824. Since the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 came into effect, the Lord Lyon, who is the Chief Herald of Scotland, has restored a more traditional form to the coat of arms of a baron. Barons are now identified by the helm befitting their degree. A new policy statement has been made by the Lord Lyon to this effect. The holder of the dignity of a barony may petition
11766-481: Was hemmed in against the Bannockburn, making it difficult for them to manoeuvre. Unable to hold their formations, they broke rank. It soon became clear to Aymer de Valence and Giles d'Argentan (reputedly the third-best knight in Europe) that the English had lost the battle and Edward II needed at all costs to be led to safety. Seizing the reins of the king's horse, they dragged him away, closely followed by 500 knights of
11877-412: Was incapable of providing the determined leadership his father had shown, and the English position soon became more difficult. In 1313, Bruce demanded the allegiance of all remaining Balliol supporters, under threat of losing their lands. He also demanded the surrender of the English garrison at Stirling Castle , one of the most important castles held by the English, as it commanded the route north into
11988-450: Was likely armed with axes, swords and pikes, and included only a few bowmen. The precise numerical advantage of the English forces relative to the Scottish forces is unknown, but modern researchers estimate that the Scottish faced English forces one-and-a-half to three times their number. On the morning of 23 June 1314 it was still not certain if a battle was going to take place. The armies were still eight miles apart, giving King Robert
12099-511: Was not acting as a leader of a well-trained army but was instead acting like a pilgrim. This bad decision-making by Edward II led to horses, horsemen, and infantry becoming extremely worn out with toil and hunger. Now Edward II was within reach of Stirling. Edward II and his advisors began to make plans for the upcoming battle. Edward and his advisors knew the places where the Scots were likely to challenge them, and sent orders for their troops to prepare for an enemy established in boggy ground near
12210-420: Was surprised to see the Scottish pikemen emerge from the cover of the woods and advance towards his position. As Bruce's army drew nearer, they paused and knelt in prayer. Edward reportedly said in surprise, "They pray for mercy!" "For mercy, yes," one of his attendants replied, "but from God, not you. These men will conquer or die." The Earl of Gloucester had argued with the Earl of Hereford over who should lead
12321-535: Was the surrender of Stirling Castle, one of Scotland's most important fortresses, to King Robert. He then slighted (razed) it to prevent it from being retaken. Nearly as important was the surrender of Bothwell Castle , where a sizeable party of English nobles, including the Earl of Hereford, had taken refuge. At the same time, the Edwardian strongholds of Dunbar and Jedburgh were also being captured. By 1315, only Berwick remained outside of Robert's control. In exchange for
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