Eagle Claw ( Chinese : 鷹爪派 ; pinyin : yīng zhǎo pài; eagle claw school ) is a style of Chinese martial arts known for its gripping techniques, system of joint locks , takedowns , and pressure point strikes, which is representative of Chinese grappling known as Chin Na . The style is normally attributed to the famous patriotic Song dynasty General Yue Fei . Popular legends states that he learned martial arts from a Wudang Monk named Zhou Tong and later created Eagle Claw to help his armies combat the invading armies of the Jin dynasty . It was passed down until the Ming dynasty . Thus, the style took on long range strikes and aerial jumps. During the Qing dynasty , the military instructor Liu Shi Jun became known as the modern progenitor of Eagle Claw and taught many students. His student Liu Cheng You later taught Chen Zizheng who was invited to teach the style in the prestigious Chin Woo Athletic Association during the Republican era . The style spread as Chin Woo opened sister schools in other provinces. Today, it is practiced around the world.
97-517: While the details of the history alter according to the teller, with names and places shifting as they tend to do in any oral history, in essence the story of Eagle Claw began in the Shaolin Temple and in Chinese military training, became a family tradition passed on from parent to child for generations and eventually shed its air of secrecy with the advent of public martial arts schools. The creation of
194-545: A 17th-century qigong manual known as the Yijin Jing . The oldest available copy was published in 1827. The composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624. Even then, the association of Bodhidharma with martial arts only became widespread as a result of the 1904–1907 serialization of the novel The Travels of Lao Ts'an in Illustrated Fiction Magazine : One of the most recently invented and familiar of
291-466: A United Nations World Heritage site in order to obtain annual funding for maintenance and development from the UN. After repeated submissions, their application was finally accepted by the 34th World Heritage Committee on 1 August 2010. UNESCO reviewed and approved eight sites and eleven architectural complexes, including Shaolin's Resident Hall, Pagoda Forest, and Chuzu Temple as World Cultural Heritage. In 1994,
388-502: A balance between historical authenticity and tourist sustainability. UNESCO was not far behind this change in management technique. It took an interest and was invited to participate. In 2010, several ancient sites around Dengfeng were united into a single UNESCO World Heritage Site, with eight distinct scenic spots. The Shaolin Scenic spot contained three of the WHS components, collectively called
485-560: A basic foundation for use of weapons." However, he doesn't venture to guess if either of his teachers or someone else taught him boxing. Despite this, many modern day martial arts masters have assigned Zhou Tong this position. For instance, the internalist Yang Jwingming claims Zhou was a scholar who trained at the famed Shaolin temple and later taught Yue other skills beyond archery, such as various forms of internal and external martial arts. Yang believes this later led to Yue's creation of Eagle Claw and xingyi , another style associated with
582-907: A means of foreign cultural exchange. Batuo , also referred to in the Chinese sources as Fotuo and in Sanskrit as Buddhabhadra, had enjoyed the sponsorship of the Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei since arriving in Pingcheng via the Silk Road , around the year 490. Yang Xuanzhi , in the Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang (AD 547), and Li Xian, in the Ming Yitongzhi (1461), concur with Daoxuan's location and attribution. The Jiaqing Chongxiu Yitongzhi (1843) specifies that this monastery, located in
679-551: A popular contemporary boxing manual, Secrets of Shaolin Boxing Methods, and the first Chinese physical culture history published in 1919. As a result, it has enjoyed vast oral circulation and is one of the most "sacred" of the narratives shared within Chinese and Chinese-derived martial arts. That this story is clearly a twentieth-century invention is confirmed by writings going back at least 250 years earlier, which mention both Bodhidharma and martial arts but make no connection between
776-672: A regular basis. At the end of the Sui dynasty , the Shaolin Temple, with its huge monastery properties, became the target of thieves and bandits. The monks organized forces within their community to protect the temple and fight against the intruders. At the beginning of the Tang dynasty , thirteen Shaolin monks helped Li Shimin , the future second emperor of the Tang dynasty, in his fight against Wang Shichong . They captured Shichong's nephew Wang Renze, whose army
873-563: A set of boxing and staff fighting techniques to be used against Japanese pirates. Owing to the monks' merits in fighting against the Japanese, the government renovated the temple on a large scale, and Shaolin enjoyed certain privileges, such as food tax exemption, granted by the government. Afterward, Shaolin monks were recruited by the Ming government at least six times to participate in wars. Due to their outstanding contribution to Chinese military success,
970-509: A student of Liu Shi Jun when stationed in Beijing. He continued his instruction under other prominent martial artist of the region such as "Dong Xianzhou (Ba Shan Fan) and Yang Jingshan nicknamed "flying Legs". He later received advanced training under Liu Shi Jun when he retired to his home village. Liu Chen You turned out to be a very strict teacher and only accepted a few students. The main 2 were Liu Qi Wen (劉啟文) & Chen Zizheng (陳子正). From them
1067-522: A traceable lineage of Eagle Claw comes from the Liu Family of Hebei Province. Liu Shi Jun (劉士俊劉仕俊(1827？-1910) ( fl. 19th century) of Xiong County, Baoding City, Hebei is considered the Sijo (founder/ancestor) of the yīng zhǎo fān zi quán (鷹爪翻子拳). He took up martial arts at an early age and studied under several exponents of Shaolin kungfu , Fanzi , and possibly Chuojiao and Liuhe boxing which were around at
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#17330932466481164-448: A water mill are granted. The Tang dynasty also established several Shaolin branch monasteries throughout the country and formulated policies for Shaolin monks and soldiers to assist local governments and regular military troops. Shaolin Temple also became a place where emperors and high officials would come for temporary reclusion. Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Empress Wu Zetian often visited
1261-467: Is 160 by 360 meters (520 ft × 1,180 ft), or 57,600 square meters (620,000 sq ft). The buildings are arranged in three lengthwise strips. It has seven main halls on the central axis and seven other halls around, with several yards around the halls. These halls are primarily museums containing Buddhist artifacts. Memorials and monuments are scattered freely around the place, as are ancient ginkgo trees. The architecture below follows
1358-630: Is a fighting technique which emphasizes the imitation of the offensive and defensive actions of a certain animal characteristic or celestial personage. In the relevance of the Ying Zhao Fan Tzi system the Xiang refers to moving or movement within the walking fist routine Xiang Quan Shi Lu Xiang Xing Quan is an umbrella term for any martial arts that mimics characteristic/ forms/ movement/ action from anything other than human, and there are more than one school of kungfu practicing imitation boxing. Example of
1455-603: Is a monastic institution recognized as the birthplace of Chan Buddhism and the cradle of Shaolin kung fu . It is located at the foot of Wuru Peak of the Songshan mountain range in Dengfeng County, Henan province, China. The name reflects its location in the ancient grove ( 林 ; lín ) of Mount Shaoshi, in the hinterland of the Songshan mountains. Mount Song occupied a prominent position among Chinese sacred mountains as early as
1552-545: Is also used today by Isaac B's minions. During the Qing dynasty , one of the most famous exponents of the style was Li Gongran from Xiong county in Hebei province. During that time he became a famed boxer, and it was claimed that "from Nanjing to Beijing , all fanzi under heaven belongs to Li Gong (Grandmaster Li)". This indicated how key he was to the spread and development of the style. His son Li Erlou, and disciple Feng Zhenyuan, taught
1649-426: Is considered the first patriarch of Chan tradition. Using the teachings of Batuo and his disciples as a foundation, Bodhidharma introduced Chan Buddhism, and the Shaolin Temple community gradually grew to become the center of Chinese Chan Buddhism. Bodhidharma's teaching was transmitted to his disciple Huike, who the legend says cut off his arm to show his determination and devotion to the teachings of his master. Huike
1746-589: Is located. The mountains around the valley, forming an upside-down U, have been defined as the Songshan Scenic Area. The pass over the U is located directly north of the valley. On the western side is the Shaolin Scenic Spot, accessed by China National Highway 207 (G207), which winds over the pass from the direction of Luoyang and runs past the scenic spot, before descending into the valley and joining other roads leading to Zhengzou. The north entrance of
1843-670: Is manifested through a system of different skills that are based on attack and defense movements with the form ( 套路 ; tàolù ) as its unit. One form is a combination of different movements. The structure of movements is founded on ancient Chinese medical knowledge, which is compatible with the laws of body movement. Within the temple, the forms are taught with a focus on integration of the principles of complementarity and opposition. This means that Shaolin kung fu integrates dynamic and static components, yin and yang, hardness and softness, etc. The Shaolin community invests great effort in safeguarding, developing, and innovating its heritage. Following
1940-498: Is no evidence that Zhou was ever associated with the Shaolin Temple, though. The general's biographies are also silent about him creating any styles of his own. The historian Meir Shahar notes Yue's mention in the second preface of the Sinew-Changing Classic (1624) is what "spurred a wave of allusions to the patriotic hero in later military literature". He continues, "By the eighteenth century, Yue Fei had been credited with
2037-475: Is rarely practiced today. The Dongbei Style of fanziquan is the most popular and was also the basis on which the Modern Wushu fanziquan routines have been based. Elements or parts of Old bafanmen have been spread under many banners. Throughout history, bafanmen's techniques have been admired by many masters and as a result it is often recognized as Muquan , or Mother Fist, in representing how essential it
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#17330932466482134-640: Is rooted in Mahayana Buddhism, while the practice of Chan is its nucleus and finally, the martial arts, traditional medicine, and art are its manifestations. Thanks to the efforts of the abbot Shi Yongxin, the monastic community, and the temple's disciples from all over the world, Shaolin culture continues to grow. During its historical development, Shaolin culture has also integrated the essential values of Confucianism and Taoism. The contemporary temple establishment offers to all interested individuals and groups, regardless of cultural, social, and religious values,
2231-519: Is the primary Weapon associated with the Eagle Claw Style. There is no consensus as to what the original spear routine was as numerous diverse sets exist in the different branches. It is felt that there were mainly loose skills that one would practice singularly then against an opponent. Legend tells us that Yue Fei's was called Lì Quán Qiāng (沥泉枪; Trickling Fountain Spear ) which is still taught as part of
2328-914: Is their knowledge of the 3 core Hand sets of the style and the Spear. Other Hand Forms: Sì Liù Quán (四六拳)、 Four Six Fist Bā Bù Liánhuán Quán (八步連環拳)、 Eight Step Linked Fist Shàolín Chuí (少林捶)、 Young Forest Hammers Wǔ Hǔ Quán (五虎拳)、 Five Tiger Fist Wǔ Huā Bào (五花豹)、 Five Flower Leopard Liùhé Quán (六合拳)、 Six Harmony Fist Bā Bù Chuí (八步捶)、 Eight Step Hammers Tài zǔ Quán (太祖拳)、 Great Ancestor Fist Dà Xióng Quán (大雄拳)、 Great Hero Fist Xiǎo Xióng Quán (小雄拳)、 Small Hero Fist Dà Mián Zhǎng (大綿掌)、 Great Cotton Fist Xiǎo Mián Zhǎng (小綿掌) 、 Small Cotton Fist Dà Bā Miàn (大八面)、 Great Eight Expanses Xiǎo Bā Miàn (小八面)、 Small Eight Expanses Yàn Háng Quán (雁行拳)、 Flying Goose Fist Qián Liū Shì (前溜勢)、 Slip Forward Power Méihuā Quán (梅花拳)、 Plum Blossom Boxing Luóhàn Quán (羅漢拳)、 Arhat Boxing Zuì Liù Tǎng (醉六躺)、 Drunk Six Laying etc... Qiang/Cheung (枪) -Spear
2425-399: Is why the chuojiao/fanziquan combination is known as Wen Wu or Martial-Scholar . Both fanziquan and chuojiao are associated with the 12th century Song dynasty general Yue Fei , and the association between the two may date that far back. However, as a legendary figure, Yue Fei has had many martial arts attributed to him. Nonetheless, the association between the two is very old. By
2522-1102: The Kangxi Emperor , or in 1728 or 1732 under the Yongzheng Emperor , this destruction is also supposed to have helped spread Shaolin martial arts throughout China by means of the five fugitive monks . Some accounts claim that a supposed southern Shaolin Temple was destroyed instead of, or in addition to, the temple in Henan: Ju Ke, in the Qing bai lei chao (1917), locates this temple in Fujian . These stories commonly appear in legendary or popular accounts of martial history and in wuxia fiction. While these latter accounts are popular among martial artists and often serve as origin stories for various martial arts styles, they are viewed by scholars as fictional. The accounts are known through often inconsistent 19th-century secret society histories and popular literature, and also appear to draw on both Fujianese folklore and popular narratives, such as
2619-588: The Tang dynasty . If true, this would have made Shaolin the only temple in China that did not prohibit alcohol. Regardless of historical veracity, these rituals are not practiced today. This legend is not corroborated in any period documents, such as the Shaolin Stele, erected in AD 728. The stele does not list any such imperial dispensation as reward for the monks' assistance during the campaign against Wang Shichong; only land and
2716-678: The UNESCO World Heritage List . Apart from its contribution to the development of Chinese Buddhism, as well as for its historical, cultural, and artistic heritage, the temple is famous for its martial arts tradition. Shaolin monks have been devoted to research, creation, and continuous development and perfecting of Shaolin Kung Fu . The main pillars of Shaolin culture are Chan Buddhism ( 禅 ; chán ), martial arts ( 武 ; wǔ ), Buddhist art ( 艺 ; yì ), and traditional Chinese medicine ( 医 ; yī ). This cultural heritage, still constituting
2813-475: The Yellow River . The massif is terminated by Luoyang on the west side and Zhengzhou on the east. The straight-line distance from Luoyang to Shaolin is about 50 km (31 mi); from Zhengzhou, about 73 km (45 mi). Either city is a popular starting point for a bus or automobile tour to the site. Mount Song is divided by an extensive valley on its south-central side, where much of Dengfeng
2910-551: The animal style : Dragon, Tiger, Panther, Snake, Crane style (that falls under Hung Gar) Eagle Style Chin Na, horse, Mantis Boxing and so on. According to legend, in the late Ming dynasty Yue Fei's material is said to have made a re-appearance at one of the sister schools of the Shaolin temple. Lai Chin/Liquan Seng (麗泉僧), an expert in the Bashanfan boxing method, encountered soldiers practicing
3007-644: The "architectural complex". By this, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) of UNESCO designated three ancient sites: the Shaolin Temple compound, assigned the name "Kernel Compound"; its cemetery, the Pagoda Forest; and its subsidiary, the Chuzu Temple. The Shaolin Temple Scenic Spot is located approximately in the middle of Mount Song , an E–W trending massif on the right bank of
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3104-744: The 1970s, cultural exchanges between Shaolin Temple and the rest of the world have continuously improved in terms of content, scale, frequency, and scope. The temple has been visited by European and American dancers, martial artists, NBA players, Hollywood movie stars, but also renowned monks from traditional Buddhist countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Also, a number of political leaders, such as Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf, British Queen Elizabeth II, Spanish King Juan Carlos I, Australia's former prime minister John Howard, South Africa former president Nelson Mandela, Russian president Vladimir Putin, former US secretary of state Henry Kissinger, and Taiwanese politician James Soong have met with
3201-559: The 19th century, when Western explorers and missionaries first started to come into contact with Buddhist monks in Asia. The monks were typically romanticized as otherworldly, enigmatic individuals who had achieved a profound spiritual perception of reality. Despite being a poor oversimplification of the variety of beliefs, practices, and experiences among Buddhist monks, the stereotype has persisted. Jane Iwamura calls this phenomenon "virtual Orientalism" and states that it "declares an independence from
3298-621: The 1st century BC, when it was proclaimed one of the Five Holy Peaks ( 五岳 ; wǔyuè ). It is located some 48 km (30 mi) southeast of Luoyang , the former capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386–534), and 72 km (45 mi) southwest of Zhengzhou , the modern capital of Henan Province. As the first Shaolin abbot, Butuo Buddhabhadra devoted himself to translating Buddhist scriptures and preaching doctrines to hundreds of his followers. According to legend, Bodhidharma ,
3395-598: The 28th patriarch of Mahayana Buddhism in India, arrived at the Shaolin Temple in 527. He spent nine years meditating in a cave of the Wuru Peak and initiated the Chinese Chan tradition at the Shaolin Temple. Thereafter, Bodhidharma was honored as the first patriarch of Chan Buddhism. The Temple's historical architectural complex, standing out for its great aesthetic value and its profound cultural connotations, has been inscribed in
3492-527: The 43rd year of the Kangxi Emperor 's reign (1704), the emperor gifted a tablet to the temple, with the characters 少林寺 ( shàolín sì ) engraved on it in his calligraphy (originally hung in the Heavenly King Hall and later moved by the Mountain Gate). In the 13th year of the Yongzheng Emperor 's reign (1735), important reconstructions were financed by the court, including the rebuilding of the gate and
3589-590: The Chin Woo Association. In time, Eagle Claw was being taught in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guandong, Futsan, Singapore, Malaysia etc. There are 3 main Eagle Claw lineages known that most teachers/schools can trace their style to. United States: Brazil: Greece United Kingdom: How the Eagle Claw system is taught varies between each teacher's skill and experiences. What is consistent of an Eagle Claw Master
3686-640: The Eagle Claw method is normally attributed to General Yue Fei (1103–1141) who lived at a time of conflict between the Southern Song dynasty and the Jurchen tribes of the Jin dynasty . Despite being literate, young Yue Fei chose the military path because there had never been any tradition of full-fledged Confucian civil service in his family history. However, the Yue family was much too poor to afford military lessons for their son, so
3783-525: The Mount Song region. Around AD 710, Da Mo is identified specifically with the Shaolin Temple (Precious Record of Dharma's Transmission or Chuanfa Baoji) and writes of his sitting facing a wall in meditation for many years. It also speaks of Huike's many trials in his efforts to receive instruction from Da Mo. In the 11th century (1004), a work embellishes the Da Mo legends with great detail. A stele inscription at
3880-659: The People's Republic of China was passed. The Songshan Scenic Area , established that year, came to include the Shaolin Temple Scenic Spot. "Scenic areas" were created by the 1982 law as protected regions valuable to the public for their natural or cultural assets. The Songshan Scenic Area covered the mountains around Denfeng. In 1990, the Ministry of Construction and Tongji University proposed that scenic areas be divided into subregions called "Scenic Spots". When this measure
3977-572: The Red Turban attacks returned. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, the government did not advocate martial arts. During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor , Japanese pirates harassed China's coastal areas, and generals Yu Dayou and Qi Jiguang led their troops against the pirates. During his stay in Fujian, Qi Jiguang convened martial artists from all over China, including local Shaolin monks, to develop
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4074-469: The Shaolin Monastery dated to 728 AD reveals Da Mo residing on Mount Song. Another stele from AD 798 speaks of Huike seeking instruction from Da Mo. Another engraving dated to 1209 depicts the barefoot saint holding a shoe, according to the ancient legend of Da Mo. A plethora of 13th- and 14th-century steles feature Da Mo in various roles. One 13th-century image shows him riding a fragile stalk across
4171-464: The Shaolin Monastery to send a message to other temples and the Chinese Catholic Church . The monastery was historically led by an abbot . However, Communist restrictions on religious expression and independence have changed this ancient system. The monastery is currently led by a committee composed primarily of government officials. The treasurer is appointed by the government and as such,
4268-435: The Shaolin Temple for good luck and made large donations. Empress Wu also paid several visits to the Shaolin Temple to discuss Chan philosophy with high monk Tan Zong. During the Tang and Song dynasties, the Shaolin Temple was extremely prosperous. It had more than 14,000 acres of land, 540 acres of temple grounds, more than 5,000 rooms, and more than 2,000 monks. The Chan Buddhist School founded by Bodhidharma flourished during
4365-528: The Shaolin Temple officially became a Chan Buddhist Temple, while up to that point it was a Lǜzōng temple specialized in Vinaya, with a Chan Hall. At the beginning of the Yuan dynasty , Emperor Shizu of Yuan installed the monk Xueting Fuyu ( 雪庭福裕 , 1203–1275) as the abbot of Shaolin and put him in charge of all the temples in the Mount Song area. During this period, the abbot undertook important construction work, including
4462-481: The Shaolin historical narratives is a story that claims that the Indian monk Bodhidharma, the supposed founder of Chinese Chan (Zen) Buddhism, introduced boxing into the monastery as a form of exercise around a.d. 525. This story first appeared in a popular novel, The Travels of Lao T'san , published as a series in a literary magazine in 1907. This story was quickly picked up by others and spread rapidly through publication in
4559-635: The Tang dynasty and was the largest Buddhist school of that time. Information about the first century of the Northern Song dynasty is scarce. The rulers of Song supported the development of Buddhism, and Chan established itself as dominant over other Buddhist schools. Around 1093, Chan master Baoen ( 报恩 ; bào'ēn ) promoted the Caodong School in the Shaolin Temple and achieved what is known in Buddhist history as "revolutionary turn into Chan". This meant that
4656-623: The Ten Stages Sutra (Sanskrit: Daśabhūmika Sūtra ; simplified Chinese: 十地经 ), an early, influential Mahayana Buddhist scripture. After that, Huiguang promoted the Vinaya in Four Parts ( 四分律 ; sì fēn lǜ ; Sanskrit: Dharmagupta-Vinaya ), which formed the theoretical basis of the Luzong ( 律宗 ; lǜzōng ) School of Buddhism, formed during the Tang Dynasty by Dao Xuan (596–667). In the third year of
4753-658: The Thousand Buddha's Hall. In the 15th year of his rule (1750), the Qianlong Emperor personally visited Shaolin Temple, stayed at the abbot's room overnight, and wrote poems and tablet inscriptions. A well-known story of the temple from this period is that it was destroyed by the Qing government for supposed anti-Qing activities. Variously said to have taken place in 1647 under the Shunzhi Emperor , in 1674, 1677, or 1714 under
4850-503: The US and England. Official Shaolin cultural centers exist in numerous countries in Europe, the US, Canada, and Russia. Every year, the temple hosts more than thirty international events with the aim to promote cultural exchange. Shaolin Temple is an important religious and cultural institution, both in China and internationally. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and especially since
4947-520: The World Heritage Site (WHS) arrangement. Fanzi Fanziquan ( Chinese : 翻子拳 ; pinyin : fānziquán ; lit. 'Rotating fist') is a Chinese martial art that emphasizes offense and defense with the hands. Its movements have been described as: Fanziquan routines are usually quite short and very fast. Until at least the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), fanziquan
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#17330932466485044-514: The Xiaochang era (527) of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei , Bodhidharma ( 达摩 ; dá mó ), the 28th patriarch of Mahayana Buddhism in India, came to the Shaolin Temple. The Indian arrived as a Chan Buddhist missionary and traveled for decades throughout China before, settling on Mount Song in the 520s. Bodhidharma's teachings were primarily based on Lankavatara Sutra, which contains the conversation between Gautama Buddha and Bodhisattva Mahamatti, who
5141-437: The Yangtze River. In 1125, a special temple was constructed in his honor at the Shaolin Monastery. Emperor Wen of Sui , who was a Buddhist himself, returned the temple's original name and offered to its community 100 hectares of land. Shaolin thus became a large temple with hundreds of hectares of fertile land and large properties. It was once again the center of Chan Buddhism, with eminent monks from all over China visiting on
5238-421: The Yuan dynasty and the establishment of the Ming dynasty brought much unrest, in which the temple community needed to defend itself from rebels and bandits. During the Red Turban Rebellion in the 14th century, bandits ransacked the monastery for its real or supposed valuables, destroying much of the temple and driving the monks away. The monastery was likely abandoned from 1351 or 1356 (the most likely dates for
5335-583: The Yuèjiā (岳家) System preserved by Zhang Lan Yei, 26th generation inheritor of Yue Family Fist. Various sets and routines that exist(ed) are: Sān Bù Qiāng (三步槍)、 Three Step Spear Liùhé Qiāng (六合槍)、 Six Harmony Spear Méihuā Qiāng (梅花槍)、 Plum Flower Spear Luóhàn Qiāng (羅漢槍)、 Arhat Spear Shàolín Qiāng (少林槍)、 Young Forest Spear Líhuā Qiāng (梨花槍)、 Pear Blossom Spear Liánhuán Qiāng (連環槍)、 Linked Spear Liùhé Dà Qiāng (六合大槍)、 Six Harmony Great Spear Shaolin Monastery Shaolin Monastery ( 少林寺 ; shàolínsì ), also known as Shaolin Temple ,
5432-586: The abbot has little control over monastery finances. The monastery splits its profits with Dengfeng : the municipality takes two thirds of the profits, and the monastery retains one third. Shaolin Temple has developed numerous complementary cultural aspects that permeate and mutually reinforce each other and are inseparable, when it comes to presenting the temple's material and intangible cultural heritage. The most prominent aspects are those of Chan ( 禅 ; chán ), martial arts ( 武 ; wǔ ), traditional medicine ( 中医 ; zhōngyī ), and art ( 艺 ; yì ). Shaolin culture
5529-410: The ancient Chinese principle of harmony between heaven and humans, temple masters work on the development of the most natural body movement in order to achieve the full potential of human expression. Shaolin has developed activities related to the international promotion of its cultural heritage. In 2012, the first international Shaolin cultural festival was organized in Germany, followed by festivals in
5626-416: The attack) to at least 1359, when government troops retook Henan. The events of this period would later figure heavily in 16th-century legends of the temple's patron saint Vajrapani , with the story being changed to claim a victory for the monks, rather than a defeat. With the establishment of the Ming dynasty by mid-14th century, Shaolin recovered, and a large part of the monastic community that fled during
5723-498: The boy's maternal grandfather Yao Dewang hired Chen Guang (陈广) to teach the eleven-year-old how to wield the Chinese spear . Then a local knight errant named Zhou Tong (周同) was brought in to continue Yue's military training in archery after he had quickly mastered the spear by the age of thirteen. None of Yue Fei's biographies mention him learning boxing as a child, but martial researcher Stanley Henning states "[Yue] almost certainly did practice some form of bare handed fighting as
5820-415: The building of the Bell Tower and the Drum Tower. He also introduced the generational lineage system of the Shaolin disciples through a 70-character poem—each character in line corresponding to the name of the next generation of disciples. In 1260, Fuyu was honored with the title of the Divine Buddhist Master and in 1312 posthumously named Duke of Jin ( 晉國公 ; jìn guó gōng ) by the Yuan emperor. The fall of
5917-587: The chance to experience Shaolin culture through the Shaolin cultural exchange program. This program offers an introduction to Chan meditation, Shaolin kung fu, Chan medicine, calligraphy, art, archery, etc. Chan practice is supposed to help the individual in attaining calm and patience necessary for living optimistically, meaningfully, wisely, and with compassion. Ways of practicing Chan are numerous, and they range from everyday activities such as eating, drinking, walking, or sleeping, to specialized practices such as meditation, martial arts, and calligraphy. Shaolin kung fu
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#17330932466486014-408: The classical novel Water Margin . Modern scholarly attention to the tales is mainly concerned with their role as folklore. In the early days of the Republic of China , the Shaolin Temple was repeatedly hit by wars. In 1912, monk Yunsong Henglin from the Dengfeng County Monks Association was elected by the local government as the head of the Shaolin Militia (Shaolin Guarding Corps). He organized
6111-400: The daily temple life, is representative of Chinese civilization. A large number of prominent people, eminent monks, Buddhist disciples, and many others, visit the temple for pilgrimage and cultural exchanges. In addition, owing to the work of official Shaolin overseas cultural centers and foreign disciples, Shaolin culture has spread around the world as a distinctive symbol of Chinese culture and
6208-531: The fire. Japan's activities in Manchuria in the early 1930s made the National Government very worried. The military then launched a strong patriotic movement to defend the country and resist the enemy. The Nanjing Central Martial Arts Center and Wushu Institute, together with other martial arts institutions, were established around the country as part of this movement. The government also organized martial arts events such as "Martial arts returning to Shaolin". This particular event served to encourage people to remember
6305-463: The general. The history that Yang presents does not mention the spearplayer Chen Guang and erroneously casts Zhou as Yue's only teacher. Eagle Claw proponent Leung Shum does this as well and goes so far as to claim Zhou was a full-fledged Shaolin monk who trained Yue Fei inside of the temple itself. Leung believes Zhou taught him "Elephant Style" which the general later expanded to create the "'108 Locking Hands Techniques' or Ying Sao (Eagle Hand)." There
6402-400: The government of Dengfeng had reconstructed or restored fourteen architectural items, mostly buildings. By 2010, it was obvious that management decisions were beyond merely the government. A new management was created that year to operate a joint venture between the government, a private company from Hong Kong, and the abbot of a newly constituted body of monks. They were empowered to maintain
6499-430: The guards and trained them in combat skills to maintain local order. In the autumn of 1920, famine and drought hit Henan province, which led to thieves surging throughout the area and endangering the local community. Henglin led the militia to fight the bandits on different occasions, thus enabling dozens of villages in the temple's surroundings to live and work in peace. In the late 1920s, Shaolin monks became embroiled in
6596-412: The hand techniques that was called Yue Shi San Shou (岳家拳). After taking the time to learn and master these skills he undertook the daunting task of assimilating them into his pre-existing Fanziquan sets. Some earlier exponents nicknamed it "Ying Quan/Eagle Fist" due to the numerous grabbing skills present. In 1644 the Ming dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the Qing dynasty . The earliest mention of
6693-418: The imperial court built monuments and buildings for Shaolin Temple on numerous occasions. This also contributed to the establishment of the legitimacy of Shaolin kung fu in the national martial arts community. During the Ming Dynasty (in mid-16th century), Shaolin reached its apogee and held its position as the central place of the Caodong School of Chan Buddhism. In 1641, rebel forces led by Li Zicheng sacked
6790-470: The importance of patriotism by celebrating the contribution of Shaolin martial arts to the country's defense from foreign invasion at numerous occasions throughout history. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the state officially became atheist, with roughly half of the population identifying as nonreligious or atheist. Some state-monitored religions and practices were allowed, while others, like Tibetan Buddhism, were persecuted after
6887-540: The inventions of xingyiquan , and by the nineteenth century the ' Eight Section Brocade ' and weapon techniques were attributed to him as well." The Ten Compilations on Cultivating Perfection (Xiuzhen shi-shu) (c. 1300) assigns the creation of the Eight Section Brocade to two of the Eight Immortals , namely Zhongli Quan and Lü Dongbin . In Chinese, xiang ( Chinese : 象 ; pinyin : xiàng ) means "shape, form, or appearance". Xiang Xing Quan (象形拳), literally means "Imitation Boxing" or "Shape-Mimicking Fist". It
6984-593: The mid-19th century, Zhao Canyi, a general in the failed Taiping Rebellion , was a master of both styles. After the failure of the rebellion, Zhao went into seclusion in Raoyang, Hebei Province, where he taught fanziquan , which emphasizes the hands, to the Wang family and chuojiao , which emphasizes the feet, to the Duan family. During practice, the families would exchange techniques. The complete system of fanziquan of Hebei province
7081-401: The monastery due to the monks' support of the Ming dynasty and the possible threat they posed to the rebels. This effectively destroyed the temple's fighting force. The temple fell into ruin and was home to only a few monks until the early 18th century, when the government of the Qing dynasty patronized and restored it. During the Qing dynasty, Shaolin Temple was favored by Qing emperors. In
7178-608: The monastery, destroying some of its ancient towers and halls. The flames partially damaged the "Shaolin Monastery Stele" (which recorded the politically astute choice made by other Shaolin clerics fifteen hundred years earlier), the Dharma Hall, the Heavenly King Hall, Mahavira Hall, Bell Tower, Drum Tower, Sixth Ancestor Hall, Chan Hall, and other buildings, causing the death of a number of monks. A large number of cultural relics and 5,480 volumes of Buddhist scriptures were destroyed in
7275-537: The province of Henan, was built in the twentieth year of the Taihe era of the Northern Wei dynasty, that is, the monastery was built in AD 495. Thanks to Batuo, Shaolin became an important center for the study and translation of original Buddhist scriptures. It also became a place of gathering for esteemed Buddhist masters. Historical sources on the early origins of Shaolin kung fu show that at this time, martial arts practice
7372-527: The real but also co-opts or colonizes the real". The original Shaolin Temple was burned to the ground in 1928 by Shi Yousan , a renegade nationalist warlord. The monks were either killed or deported. The ground lay more or less abandoned, and under Mao Zedong 's Cultural Revolution , it suffered additional damage. However, in 1982, six years after Mao's death in 1976, the Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage of
7469-412: The reconstruction of the monastery as a tourist site. They were to rebuild nine halls, restore ten, and construct eight new ones. However, all documentation on the temple had been destroyed. Already familiar with the type of structure, the architects interviewed elders who had been at the monastery before 1928 for details. The task became greater than simply restoring the monastery of 1928. That monastery
7566-478: The scenic spot adjoins G207. The North Gate is an entirely new complex built to facilitate the arrival and departure of visitors along the main point of entry, Highway G207. The local highway representing G207 in this case is East Ring Road, Dengfeng. The Shaolin bus stop is at the minimum of the southward-curving highway, at 34°30′59″N 112°56′56″E / 34.51641°N 112.94883°E / 34.51641; 112.94883 . The temple's inside area
7663-548: The style in Sunning county. Their students founded many "Security Logistics Bureaus". In modern times, fanziquan is often taught in conjunction with chuojiao , not unlike how xingyiquan and baguazhang are often taught together. The routines of chuojiao , with its kicks, wide open stances and focus on hard power, were known as Martial Routines and those of fanziquan , with their more compact movements combining soft and hard power, were known as Scholarly Routines , which
7760-524: The system expanded and became popular when associated with the famous Chin Woo Association. Many of their students became prolific teachers that helped spread the system throughout Asia were: Zhang Zhan Wen (张詹文) Liu Zhi Xiang, Liu Zhan Wu, Lei Peixian, Bao Xi Yong, Chen Go Qing, Guo Cheng Yao, Li Bao Ying, Liu Shu Yan 劉書彦, Liu Fa Meng, Zhang Jung Ting, etc. The Chin Woo Athletic Association
7857-543: The takeover of Tibet by the Chinese military, in 1959. During the Cultural Revolution, the monks of Shaolin Temple were forced to return to secular life, Buddha statues were destroyed, and temple properties were invaded. After this period ended, Shaolin Temple was repaired and rebuilt. The buildings and other material heritage that was destroyed, including the Mahavira Hall and the stone portraying "Bodhidharma facing
7954-411: The temple registered its name as a trademark. In the late 2000s, Shi Yongxin began authorizing Shaolin branches outside of mainland China in what has been called a franchise scheme. The branches are run by current and former monks and allow dispersion of Shaolin culture and study of Shaolin kung fu around the world. As of January 2011, Yongxin and the temple operated over forty companies in cities across
8051-477: The temple's abbot. Currently, there are more than forty overseas cultural institutions established by the temple's leadership and its disciples in dozens of countries around the world. Shaolin monks come to the centers to teach Buddhist classics, martial arts, meditation, etc. Another way of promoting Shaolin's intangible cultural heritage in the world is through Shaolin Cultural Festivals, the first of which
8148-486: The time. Around middle age, he learned Yue Shi San Shou and Fanzi from Fa Cheng - Fa Seng (法成僧) and Dao Ji Seng (道濟僧). He later was appointed as the military arts instructor for one of the barracks in the capital city of Beijing . He taught the troops fist and spear skills. His students were Liu Cheng You (劉成有), Liu Dekuan (劉德寬), Ji Zixiu (纪子修), Xu Liu, Ji De, Li Zhengsheng and others. Liu Cheng You (劉成有) first learned martial arts from his uncle Liu Dekuan (劉德寬), who had been
8245-511: The turn of the 17th century. It is said that Wang was an accomplished warrior but had become injured in battle in a remote part of what is currently Shandong province. There, the wanderer assisted with Wang's injuries and instructed him in the methods of bafanquan to improve his already good martial skills. The style then passed down through various generations in the Northern provinces such as Henan , Hebei and Shandong . This form of fighting
8342-493: The two. Other scholars see an earlier connection between Da Mo and the Shaolin Monastery. The monk and his disciples are said to have lived at a spot about a mile from the Shaolin Temple that is now a small nunnery. In the 6th century, around AD 547, The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries says Da Mo visited the area near Mount Song . In AD 645, The Continuation of the Biographies of Eminent Monks describes him as being active in
8439-495: The wall", were reconstructed according to their originals. Others, such as the ancient martial arts training ground, the Pagoda Forest, and some stone carvings that survived, still remain in their original state. In December 1996, Chuzu Temple and Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest (No. 4-89) were listed as national key cultural relic protection units. Shaolin Temple leadership aimed for its historical architectural complex to become
8536-410: The warlords' feuds that swept the plains of northern China. They sided with General Fan Zhongxiu (1888–1930), who had studied martial arts at Shaolin Temple as a child, against Shi Yousan (1891–1940). Fan was defeated and, in the spring of 1928, Yousan's troops entered Dengfeng and Shaolin Temple, which served as Fan Zongxiu's headquarters. On 15 March, Feng Yuxiang 's subordinate Shi Yousan set fire to
8633-623: The world, including London and Berlin, which have purchased land and property. In 2018, for the first time in its 1,500-year history, the Shaolin Monastery raised the national flag of China as part of a "patriotism drive" under the new National Religious Affairs Administration, a part of the United Front Work Department , which "oversees propaganda efforts as well as relations with the global Chinese diaspora". Senior theology lecturer Sze Chi Chan of Hong Kong Baptist University interpreted this move as Xi Jinping making an example of
8730-728: Was existent in the temple. Batuo's teaching was continued by his two disciples, Sengchou ( 僧稠 ; sēngchóu , 480–560) and Huiguang ( 慧光 ; huìguāng , 487–536). In the first year of the Yongping era (506), Indian monks Lenamoti ( 勒那摩提 , in Sanskrit: Ratnamati ) and Putiliuzhi ( 菩提流支 , in Sanskrit: Bodhiruci ) came to Shaolin to set up a scripture translation hall. Together with Huiguang, they translated master Shiqin's ( 世親 ; shìqīn ; in Sanskrit: Vasubandhu ) commentary on
8827-403: Was forced to leave the temple during the persecution of Buddhism and Daoism (574–580) by Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou . In 580, Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou restored the temple and renamed it Zhi‘ao Temple ( 陟岵寺 ; zhìhù sì ). The idea that Bodhidharma founded martial arts at the Shaolin Temple was spread in the 20th century. However, martial arts historians have shown this legend stems from
8924-603: Was fronted by the famed martial artist Huo Yuanjia in Shanghai. Its purpose was the dissemination of not only Martial Arts but sports and other educational systems to the public. The Eagle Claw system remained relatively restricted to the Xiong County, Baoding City in Hebei until Chen Zizheng was invited to teach at the Chin Wu. After initial success with the first School in Shanghai, Chen went to his training brother Liu Qi Wen to offer his students careers as Martial Arts instructors in
9021-515: Was held in North America. These festivals and similar events convey the spiritual connotation of Chinese culture and Eastern values to societies internationally. Asian monks are typically portrayed in Western culture as being knowledgeable, at peace, as well as spiritual individuals. Additionally, they are depicted as wise mystics who offer spiritual advice. This stereotype's beginnings can be traced to
9118-416: Was known as ' bashanfan ( Chinese : 八閃翻 ; literally "8 flash tumbles"), or "8 evasive tumbles" and is attributed to General Qi Jiguang . Whereas in the Qing dynasty it art is known as BāfānMén ( Chinese : 八翻门 ; lit. '8 Rotations School'). According to the bafanquan manuals, during the Ming dynasty a master named Wang Zhiyuan had been taught the boxing by a mountain wanderer in
9215-559: Was passed by the state council (central government), the "Songshan National Scenic Area" (SNSA) acquired the "Shaolin Temple Scenic Spot" (STSS), consisting of the Shaosi side of the Scenic Area. Though named after the famous monastery in the south of the spot, it also included the north, where the government established a kung fu academy, the largest in China. The scenic spot consists of the entire park. The government promptly allocated funds for
9312-469: Was stationed in the Cypress Valley. In 626, Li Shimin, later known as Emperor Taizong, sent an official letter of gratitude to the Shaolin community for the help they provided in his fight against Shichong and thus the establishment of the Tang Dynasty. According to legend, Emperor Taizong granted the Shaolin Temple extra land and a special "imperial dispensation" to consume meat and alcohol during reign of
9409-532: Was the end point of a long line of development, which included reconstruction after some twenty or more previous destructions, and variations in size from twenty monks during the Tang dynasty (619–907) to more than 1,800 monks living in 5,000 rooms during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). No single configuration representative of the entire span of the monastery was apparent. Multiple possibilities existed, and deliberations about what to restore were complex and prolonged. By 1998,
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