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97-465: The first attempt made by Chrysler at exceeding 80 mpg was designated the Intrepid ESX . The ESX I, although a series hybrid , used what might be considered "conventional technology". Chrysler invested an estimated US$ 3 million into the project, which used exotic materials in its construction. The ESX was designed by Bob Boniface , who went on the design the 1998 production Dodge Intrepid . The engine

194-462: A diesel–electric locomotive with the addition of a battery that may power the vehicle without running the ICE and acting as an energy buffer that is used to accelerate and achieve greater speed; the generator may simultaneously charge the battery and power the electric motor that moves the vehicle. When the vehicle is stopped the ICE is switched off without idling, while the battery provides whatever power

291-495: A lithium-ion battery to achieve an average 72 miles per gallon (3.3 liters/100 km) fuel efficiency (gasoline equivalent). That is two miles per gallon better than the fuel efficiency of its predecessor, the ESX2 in 1998, and close to PNGV's goal of 80 miles per US gallon (2.9 L/100 km; 96.1 mpg ‑imp ). An electro-mechanical automatic transmission (EMAT) developed by DaimlerChrysler engineers provides

388-443: A pedal-assist e-bike with a relatively low-powered electric motor and a decent but not excessive top speed. Pedelecs are legally classed as bicycles rather than low-powered motorcycles or mopeds. The most influential definition of pedelecs comes from the EU . EU directive (EN15194 standard) for motor vehicles considers a bicycle to be a pedelec if: An e-bike conforming to these conditions

485-454: A 1.5 L 74 bhp direct-injection diesel and a 20 bhp AC-induction electric motor. Coupled with the powertrains were a 5-speed electronically shifted manual transmission, a nickel-metal hydride battery pack, and controlling equipment which included components from the Patriot hybrid race-car program. The main power came from the diesel engine. The electric motor charged the batteries, added to

582-455: A 27% improvement in combined fuel efficiency in EPA testing of the 2009 Saturn VUE. The system can also be found on the 2008–2009 Saturn Aura Green Line and the 2008–2010 Chevrolet Malibu hybrids. Another way to offer start/stop is by employing a static start engine. Such an engine requires no starter motor, but employs sensors to determine the exact position of each piston, then precisely timing

679-509: A combustion-only vehicle. A combustion-electric hybrid has batteries that are light that offer higher energy density and are far more costly. ICEs require only a battery large enough to operate the electrical system and ignite the engine. Electrical vehicles have a long history combining internal combustion and electrical transmission – as in a diesel–electric power-train – although they have mostly been used for rail locomotives . A diesel–electric powertrain fails

776-429: A compound-split design, since the addition of four clutches within the transmission allows for multiple configurations of engine power-splitting. In addition to the clutches, this transmission has a second planetary gearset. The objective of the design is to vary the percentage of mechanically vs. electrically transmitted power to cope both with low-speed and high-speed operating conditions. This enables smaller motors to do

873-504: A constant/narrow band offsets many of the perceived disadvantages of the Wankel engine in automotive applications. ) The electric propeller motor uses electricity stored in batteries, with the engines not operating, to take off and climb reducing sound emissions. The powertrain reduces the weight of the plane by 100 kilos relative to its predecessor. The DA36 E-Star first flew in June 2013, making this

970-618: A government-chartered industry group, in 2004 China's manufacturers sold 7.5 million e-bikes nationwide, which was almost twice the year 2003 sales; domestic sales reached 10 million in 2005, and 16 to 18 million in 2006. In 2016, approximately 210 million electric bikes were used daily in China. According to trade umbrella body CONEBI, electric bike sales in the EU were over 5 million in 2021, up from 2 million e-bikes in 2016, up from 700,000 in 2010 and 200,000 in 2007. In 2019,

1067-1077: A higher BMI than those using conventional bikes. By making the biking terrain less of an issue, people who would not otherwise consider biking can use the electric assistance when needed and otherwise pedal as they are able. E-bikes can be a useful part of cardiac rehabilitation programmes, since health professionals will often recommend a stationary bike be used in the early stages of these. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes can reduce deaths in people with coronary heart disease by around 27%. Schleinitz et al. (2014) concluded that e-bike users in Germany were no more likely than conventional cyclists to be involved in "safety-critical situations". However, Dozza et al. (2015) concluded (from an analysis of Swedish cyclists) that e-bikers may be involved in more critical incidents but with "lower severity". Additionally, e-bikers were less likely to have dangerous interactions with motorized vehicles. E-bikes are zero-emissions vehicles , as they emit no combustion by-products, but

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1164-514: A motor more powerful than 250 W (0.34 hp) and less limited, or unlimited, pedal-assist, i.e. the motor does not stop assisting the rider once 25 km/h (16 mph) has been reached. S-Pedelec class e-bikes are therefore usually classified as mopeds or motorcycles rather than as bicycles and therefore may (depending on the jurisdiction) need to be registered and insured, the rider may need some sort of driver's license (either car or motorcycle) and motorcycle helmets may have to be worn. In

1261-414: A parallel hybrid architecture. An alternative parallel hybrid is the "through the road" type. In this system a conventional drivetrain powers one axle, with an electric motor or motors driving another. This arrangement was used by the earliest 'off track' trolleybuses. It in effect provides a complete backup power train. In modern motors batteries can be recharged through regenerative braking or by loading

1358-546: A parallel hybrid with start-stop and modest levels of engine-assist or regenerative braking. Mild hybrids generally cannot provide all-electric propulsion. Mild hybrids like the General Motors 2004–2007 Parallel Hybrid Truck (PHT) and the Honda Eco-Assist hybrids are equipped with a three-phase electric motor mounted within the bell-housing between the engine and transmission, allowing the engine to be turned off whenever

1455-427: A power-split hybrid, a smaller, less flexible, and more efficient engine can be used. The conventional Otto cycle (higher power density, more low-RPM torque, lower fuel efficiency ) is often modified to an Atkinson cycle or Miller cycle (lower power density, less low-rpm torque, higher fuel efficiency; sometimes called an Atkinson-Miller cycle). The smaller engine, using a more efficient cycle and often operating in

1552-464: A series of gears. Hub motors fell out of favor until the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s when they made a resurgence on inexpensive electric bicycles. From 1992, Vector Services Limited offered the Zike e-bike. The bicycle included NiCd batteries that were built into a frame member and included an 850 g permanent-magnet motor. Torque sensors and power controls were developed during

1649-491: A source of exercise for individuals who have trouble exercising for an extended time (due to injury or excessive weight, for example) as the bike can allow the rider to take short breaks from pedaling and also provide confidence to the rider that they'll be able to complete the selected path without becoming too fatigued or without having forced their knee joints too hard (people who need to use their knee joints without wearing them out unnecessarily may in some electric bikes adjust

1746-399: A speedometer. It is styled as a modern moped "moped-style", and is often mistaken for one. Converting a non-electric bicycle to its electric equivalent can be complicated but numerous 'replace a wheel' solutions are now available on the market. An Electric Pusher Trailer is an e-bike design which incorporates a motor and battery into a trailer that pushes any bicycle. One such trailer is

1843-689: A system named "Two-Mode Hybrid" as part of the Global Hybrid Cooperation . The technology was released in the fall of 2007 on the Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid . The system was also featured on the GMC Graphite SUV concept vehicle at the 2005 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . BYD Auto 's F3DM sedan is a series-parallel plug-in hybrid automobile, which went on sale in China in 2008. The Two-Mode Hybrid name highlights

1940-409: A vehicle giving superior weight distribution and maximizing vehicle cabin space and opening up the possibility of superior vehicle designs exploiting this flexibility. Power-split hybrid or series-parallel hybrid are parallel hybrids that incorporate power-split devices, allowing for power paths from the ICE to the wheels that can be either mechanical or electrical. The main principle is to decouple

2037-471: A wheel directly eliminates the conventional mechanical transmission elements: gearbox, transmission shafts and differential, and can sometimes eliminate flexible couplings . In 1997, Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan. Designline International of Ashburton, New Zealand produces city buses with a microturbine powered series-hybrid system. Wrightbus produces series hybrid buses including

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2134-407: A wide speed range. ICEs are most efficient when turning at a constant speed. ICEs can run optimally when turning a generator. Series-hybrid systems offer smoother acceleration by avoiding gear changes. Series-hybrids incorporate: In addition: The electric motor may be entirely fed by electricity from the battery or via the generator turned by the ICE, or both. Such a vehicle conceptually resembles

2231-435: Is a transversal categorization. Micro hybrid is a general term given to vehicles that use some type of start-stop system to automatically shut off the engine when idling . Strictly speaking, micro hybrids are not real hybrid vehicles, because they do not rely on two different sources of power. Mild hybrids are essentially conventional vehicles with some hybrid hardware, but with limited hybrid features. Typically, they are

2328-469: Is affected by factors such as motor efficiency, battery capacity, efficiency of the driving electronics, aerodynamics, hills and weight of the bike and rider. Some manufacturers, such as the Canadian BionX or American Vintage Electric Bikes, have the option of using regenerative braking , the motor acts as a generator to slow the bike down prior to the brake pads engaging. This is useful for extending

2425-610: Is an incredibly low instance of issue among larger more established manufacturers. In 2024, the world's largest electric bike maker, Giant Manufacturing, went on record to say that it had never experienced an issue with a single battery. Gig workers who rely on using e-bikes to do their jobs may also be limited in their choice of vehicle and purchase a cheap or second-hand e-bike that is more prone to damage. Some jurisdictions, such as New York City and San Francisco , have passed laws requiring that all electric mobility devices sold have UL safety certifications. Not all e-bikes take

2522-564: Is commercially available as of 2017. One variety operated in parallel to provide power from both motors simultaneously. Another operated in series with one source exclusively providing the power and the second providing electricity. Either source may provide the primary motive force, with the other augmenting the primary. Other combinations offer efficiency gains from superior energy management and regeneration that are offset by cost, complexity and battery limitations. Combustion-electric (CE) hybrids have battery packs with far larger capacity than

2619-524: Is considered to be a pedelec in the EU and is legally classed as a bicycle . The EN15194 standard is valid across the whole of the EU and has been adopted by some non-EU European nations including the UK, and also some non-European jurisdictions (such as the state of Victoria in Australia). Pedelecs are much like conventional bicycles in use and function—the electric motor only provides assistance, for example, when

2716-429: Is eliminated. The aim is to reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 25 percent. An onboard 40 hp (30 kW) Austro Engine Wankel rotary engine and generator provides the electricity. The Wankel was chosen because of its small size, low weight and great power to weight ratio. (Wankel engines also run efficiently at a constant speed of approximately 2,000 RPM which is suited to generator operation. Keeping to

2813-423: Is needed at rest. Vehicles at traffic lights, or in slow moving stop-start traffic need not burn fuel when stationary or moving slowly, reducing emissions. Series-hybrids can be fitted with a supercapacitor or a flywheel to store regenerative braking energy, which can improve efficiency by recovering energy otherwise lost as heat through the braking system. Because a series-hybrid has no mechanical link between

2910-519: Is the Fisker Karma . The Chevrolet Volt is almost a series hybrid, but also includes a mechanical link from the engine to the wheels above 70 mph. Series-hybrids have been taken up by the aircraft industry. The DA36 E-Star, an aircraft designed by Siemens , Diamond Aircraft and EADS , employs a series hybrid powertrain with the propeller turned by a Siemens 70 kW (94 hp) electric motor. A power sapping propeller speed reduction unit

3007-406: Is the steam locomotive. Modern examples include electric bicycles and hybrid electric vehicles , which generally combine a battery (or supercapacitor ) supplemented by an internal combustion engine (ICE) that can either recharge the batteries or power the vehicle. Other hybrid powertrains can use flywheels to store energy. Among different types of hybrid vehicles, only the electric/ICE type

Dodge Intrepid ESX - Misplaced Pages Continue

3104-478: The California Air Resources Board . Electric transmissions were invented by 1903. Mechanical transmissions involve costs via their weight, bulk, noise, cost, complexity and drain on engine power with every gear-change, affecting both manual and automatic systems. Unlike ICEs, electric motors typically do not require a transmission. Compared to parallel hybrids, the mechanical transmission between

3201-511: The Gemini 2 and New Routemaster . Supercapacitors combined with a lithium ion battery bank have been used by AFS Trinity in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using supercapacitors they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement. Well known automotive series hybrid models include the variant of the BMW i3 that is equipped with a range extender. Another example of a series hybrid automobile

3298-549: The Volvo V60 plug-in hybrid , the BMW 2 Series Active Tourer , BMW i8 and the second generation Honda NSX . Series hybrids are also referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREV) or range-extended electric vehicles (REEV), or electric vehicle with extended range (EVER). All series hybrids are EREV, REEV or EVER, but not all EREV, REEV or EVER are series hybrids. Series hybrids with particular characteristics are classified as range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx) by

3395-459: The regenerative braking system, where energy normally lost through the disc brakes recharged the batteries. The second series in the ESX line completed testing in 1998, and made several improvements on its predecessor. The ESX II was dubbed a "mybrid" (mild hybrid) because its reliance on electrical power was not highly dependent on the battery. This system contained two motors that worked in parallel:

3492-486: The unsprung mass of the wheel assembly; vehicle designs may be optimized to lower the centre of gravity by locating heavier elements (including battery) at floor level; In a typical road vehicle the power-transmission setup may be smaller and lighter than the equivalent conventional mechanical power-transmission setup, liberating space; the combustion generator set only requires cables to the driving electric motors, increasing flexibility in major component layout spread across

3589-787: The EU implemented a 79.3% protective tariff on imported Chinese e-bikes to protect EU producers. In 2022, electric bikes continued to grow market share in the EU, rising to 57% of bike sales in the Netherlands, 49% in Austria, 48% in Germany and 47% in Belgium. DC motors are commonly used in electric bicycles, either brushed or brushless . Many configurations are available, varying in cost and complexity; direct-drive and geared motor units are both used. An electric power-assist system may be added to almost any pedal cycle using chain drive, belt drive, hub motors or friction drive. Brushless hub motors are

3686-430: The ICE and the wheels, the engine can run at a constant and efficient rate regardless of vehicle speed, achieving higher efficiency (37%, rather than the ICE average of 20% ) and at low or mixed speeds this could result in ~50% increase in overall efficiency (19% vs 29%). Lotus offered an engine/generator set design that runs at two speeds, giving 15 kW of electrical power at 1,500 rpm and 35 kW at 3,500 rpm via

3783-499: The ICE can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging. This makes them more efficient in urban 'stop-and-go' conditions. They use a smaller battery pack than other hybrids. Honda 's early Insight, Civic , and Accord hybrids using IMA are examples of production parallel hybrids. General Motors Parallel Hybrid Truck (PHT) and BAS Hybrids such as the Saturn Vue and Aura Greenline and Chevrolet Malibu hybrids also employ

3880-501: The Prius c). The Generation 4 HSD eliminates the second planetary gear set, and places the electric motors on parallel axes, with a combining gear in between these axes, and transfers the combined result to the final drive differential. This is quite similar to Toyota-affiliated Aisin Seiki 's hybrid system, and saves significant space. General Motors , BMW , and DaimlerChrysler collaborated on

3977-672: The US. By 2007, e-bikes were thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major Chinese cities. A typical unit requires eight hours to charge the battery, which provides the range of 25 to 30 miles (40 to 48 km), at the speed of around 20 km/h (12 mph). In the 2010s electric bicycles attracted considerable traction in Europe led by government policies and environmental awareness encouraging sustainable technologies. Some countries such as Germany and Netherlands turned into significant e-bikes markets with

Dodge Intrepid ESX - Misplaced Pages Continue

4074-518: The United States, many states have adopted S-Pedelecs into the Class 3 category, limited to not more than 750 W (1.01 hp) of power and 28 mph (45 km/h) speed. In Europe they are likely to be classed as mopeds requiring a registration plate and a licensed driver. Some newer electric bikes include a pedal assist system (PAS) with or without throttle, allowing riders to pedal while using

4171-604: The acceleration, and powered the reverse gear. To cut down on cost and weight, Chrysler fit the car with an unpainted thermoplastic body attached to an aluminum frame. The shape had low aerodynamic drag . Inside, trim was constructed of carbon fiber and the seats were constructed from tube frame. The final cost: only $ 15,000 more than a regular Intrepid, or about $ 37,000. The ESX III progress in fuel efficiency and costs stem from several major improvements in technology: The ESX3's mild hybrid electric (or "mybrid") powertrain combines an efficient diesel engine, an electric motor and

4268-412: The aim to reduce urban congestion and carbon emissions. Moreover, the evolution of lithium-ion battery technology contributed to e-bikes adoption. They provided faster charging times, lighter weight and longer range in order to make e-bikes more efficient and practical for daily use. E-bikes are classed according to the power that their electric motor can deliver and the control system, i.e., when and how

4365-644: The battery, which can also be charged from external sources. Nissan 's e-Power line ( Note , Serena , Kicks , X-Trail , and Qashqai ) using the engine to drive a generator and the EM57 traction motor. Mazda 's MX-30 , is optionally equipped with a range extender. BMW's i3 attached the generator only to the battery. ThunderVolt hybrid transit buses and transit buses fitted with BAE Systems (formerly Lockheed Martin ) HybriDrive powertrains are also serial hybrids. Electric motors are more efficient than ICEs, with high power-to-weight ratios providing torque over

4462-562: The benefit of additional low speed stability and are often favored by people with disabilities. Cargo carrying tricycles are also gaining acceptance, with a small but growing number of couriers using them for package deliveries in city centres. Latest designs of these trikes resemble a cross-between a pedal cycle and a small van. E-bike use was shown to increase the amount of physical activity. E-bike users in seven European cities had 10% higher weekly energy expenditure than other cyclists because they cycled longer trips. E-bikes can also provide

4559-424: The car or both coupled up jointly giving drive. This is the most common hybrid system as of 2016. If they are joined at an axis (in parallel) , the speeds at this axis must be identical and the supplied torques will add together (most electric bicycles are of this type). When only one of the two sources is in use, the other must be connected via a one-way clutch or freewheel so it can rotate freely. With cars

4656-562: The car's electronic and electrical systems cut several pounds from the weight of electronics while providing driver controls, vehicle monitoring and diagnostic indicators, audio and video systems, and a telemetrics package. There are no plans to produce any of the ESX series of vehicles; the Intrepid nameplate has been retired, and Dodge has no immediate plans to produce a hybrid sedan. Series hybrid Hybrid vehicle drivetrains transmit power to

4753-405: The conventional internal gear hubs. The main advantage mid-drive motors have over hub motors is that power is applied through the chain (or belt) and thus it uses the existing rear gears (either external or internal). This allows for the motor to operate more efficiently at a wider range of vehicle speeds. Without using the bicycle's gears, equivalent hub motors tend to be less effective propelling

4850-428: The different motors are at providing motive power: the ICE may be dominant (engaging the electric motor only in specific circumstances) or vice versa; while in others can run on the electric system alone but because current parallel hybrids are unable to provide electric-only or internal combustion-only modes they are often categorized as mild hybrids (see below). Parallel hybrids rely more on regenerative braking and

4947-415: The drive-train's ability to operate in all-electric (Mode 1, or Input-Split ) as well as hybrid (Mode 2, or Compound-Split ) modes. The design allows for operation in more than two modes. Two power-split modes are available, along with several fixed-gear (essentially parallel hybrid) regimes. Such a design can be referred to as a multi-regime design. The Two-Mode Hybrid powertrain design can be classified as

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5044-404: The drivetrain. An electric mid-drive combined with an internal gear hub at the back hub may require care due to the lack of a clutch mechanism to soften the shock to the gears at the moment of re-engagement. A continuously variable transmission or a fully automatic internal gear hub may reduce the shocks due to the viscosity of oils used for liquid coupling instead of the mechanical couplings of

5141-469: The driving wheels for hybrid vehicles . A hybrid vehicle has multiple forms of motive power, and can come in many configurations. For example, a hybrid may receive its energy by burning gasoline, but switch between an electric motor and a combustion engine . A typical powertrain includes all of the components used to transform stored potential energy . Powertrains may either use chemical, solar, nuclear or kinetic energy for propulsion. The oldest example

5238-403: The e-bike's motor assists the rider using a pedal-assist system or by a power-on-demand one. Definitions of these are as follows: Therefore, very broadly, e-bikes can be classed as: E-bikes with pedal-assist only are usually called pedelecs but can be broadly classified into pedelecs proper and the more powerful S-Pedelecs. The term " pedelec " (from ped al ele ctric c ycle) refers to

5335-550: The early 20th century in racing cars, including the Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid . Porsche named the system System Mixte, which had a wheel hub motor arrangement, with a motor in each of the two front wheels, setting speed records. This approach isolates the engine from demand, allowing it to operate only at its most efficient speed. The engine can be much smaller, since it does not have to accommodate high speed/acceleration. Traction motors are typically powered only by

5432-408: The ebike slowly up steep hills and also propelling the ebike fast on the flat. E-bikes use rechargeable batteries in addition to electric motors and some form of control. Battery systems in use include sealed lead–acid (SLA), nickel–cadmium (NiCad), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) or lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion). Batteries vary according to the voltage, total charge capacity (amp hours), weight,

5529-713: The electric mains . The bicycles were then charged from the mains, as is common today. While e-bike batteries were produced mainly by bigger companies in past, many small to medium companies have started using new methods for creating more durable batteries. Lithium ion batteries used in e-bikes and related vehicles such as electric scooters have been under scrutiny since 2019 due to their susceptibility to overheating and catching fire. A rise in incidents where e-bike batteries were implicated in fires has been attributed to increases in popularity and lack of regulations. Lower-quality batteries are more likely to be manufactured with defects that can cause bulging or bursting, however, there

5626-447: The electric motor to increase range. There are electric propulsion conversion kits for ordinary bicycles. Some e-bikes have an electric motor that operates on a power-on-demand basis only; the motor is engaged and operated manually using a throttle, with control usually on the handgrip as on a motorbike or scooter. These sorts of e-bikes often, but not always, have more powerful motors than pedelecs. With power-on-demand only e-bikes

5723-541: The electrically driven wheels during cruise. This allows a simpler approach to power-management. This layout also has the advantage of providing four-wheel-drive in some conditions. (An example of this principle is a bicycle fitted with a front hub motor, which assists the cyclist's pedal power at the rear wheel.) Vehicles of this type include the Audi 100 Duo II and Subaru VIZIV concept cars, Peugeot 3008 , Peugeot 508 , 508 RXH , Citroën DS5 (all using PSA 's HYbrid4 system),

5820-629: The electronic accessories. General Motors then introduced their BAS Hybrid system, another mild-hybrid implementation officially released on the 2007 Saturn Vue Green Line . Its "start-stop" functionality operates similarly to the Silverado, although via a belted connection to the motor/generator unit. However the GM BAS Hybrid System can also provide modest assist under acceleration and during steady driving, and captures energy during regenerative (blended) braking. BAS Hybrid offered as much as

5917-564: The engine and wheels is discarded. The engine instead acts as an electric generator, attached to the battery via cable. The linkage is engine to battery to electric motor to wheels. In some cases, the generator also directly links to the motor. This serial arrangement is common in diesel–electric locomotives and ships (the Russian river ship Vandal , launched in 1903, was the world's first diesel-powered and diesel–electric powered vessel). Ferdinand Porsche successfully used this arrangement in

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6014-461: The favorable region of the brake specific fuel consumption map, significantly contributes to the higher overall efficiency of the vehicle. Interesting variations of the simple design (pictured at right) found, for example, in the well-known Toyota Prius are the: The Toyota Hybrid System THS / Hybrid Synergy Drive has a single power-split device (incorporated as a single three-shaft planetary gearset) and can be classified as an Input-Split, since

6111-429: The first ever flight of a series hybrid powertrain. Diamond Aircraft state that the technology is scalable to a 100-seat aircraft. If the motors are attached to the vehicle body, flexible couplings are required but not if the traction motors are integrated into the wheels . One disadvantage is that the unsprung mass increases and suspension responsiveness decreases, which impacts ride and potentially safety. However

6208-573: The form of conventional push-bikes with an incorporated motor, such as the Cytronex bicycles which use a small battery disguised as a water bottle. Some are designed to take the appearance of low capacity motorcycles "moto-style", but smaller in size and consisting of an electric motor rather than a petrol engine. For example, the Sakura e-bike incorporates a 200 W motor found on standard e-bikes, but also includes plastic cladding, front and rear lights, and

6305-410: The front hub, and with a rear-drive the motor sits in the rear hub. Hub motors were common in 19th century electric bicycle designs but fell out of favor until their resurgence in the 2000s. Another type of electric assist motor is the mid-drive system, where the electric motor is not built into the wheel but is usually mounted beside or under the bottom bracket shell. The propulsion is provided at

6402-440: The fuel efficiency of a manual transmission with the convenience of an automatic. The lightweight body uses injection-molded thermoplastics to achieve significant improvements in weight and cost. The ESX3 weighs in at just 2,250 pounds (1020 kg) while meeting all federal safety standards and providing the roominess and comfort of today's family sedan. The entire vehicle is more than 80 percent recyclable. A total rethinking of

6499-686: The impact should be minimal as electric motors in wheel hubs such as Hi-Pa Drive , may be very small and light having exceptionally high power-to-weight ratios and braking mechanisms can be lighter as the wheel motors brake the vehicle. Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplified traction control , all wheel drive if required and a lower floor (useful for buses and other specialised vehicles (some 8x8 all-wheel drive military vehicles use individual wheel motors). Diesel–electric locomotives have used this concept (individual motors driving axles of each pair of wheels) for 70 years. Other measures include lightweight aluminium wheels to reduce

6596-412: The injection and ignition of fuel to turn over the engine. Electric bicycle An electric bicycle , e-bike , electrically assisted pedal cycle , or electrically power assisted cycle is a motorized bicycle with an integrated electric motor used to assist propulsion. Many kinds of e-bikes are available worldwide, but they generally fall into two broad categories: bikes that assist

6693-573: The integrated electrical generator, used in the Nissan concept Infiniti Emerg-e . This operating profile allows greater scope for alternative engine designs, such as a microturbine , rotary Atkinson cycle engine or linear combustion engine . The ICE is matched to the electric engine by comparing the output rates at cruising speed . Generally, output rates for combustion engines are provided for instantaneous (peak) output rates, but in practice these can't be used. The use of an electric motor driving

6790-530: The job of larger motors when compared to single-mode systems, because the derived electrical peak power is proportional to the width of the continuous variation range. The four fixed gears enable the Two-Mode Hybrid to function like a conventional parallel hybrid under high continuous power regions such as sustained high speed cruising or trailer towing. Full electric boost is available in fixed-gear modes. These contain two different energy recovery systems. This

6887-505: The late 1990s by Giant Lafree e-bikes.) By 1898, a rear-wheel drive electric bicycle, which used a driving belt along the outside edge of the wheel, was patented by Mathew J. Steffens. An 1899 patent by John Schnepf ( U.S. patent 627,066 ) depicted an electric bicycle with a rear-wheel friction, "roller-wheel"-style drive. In 1969, Schnepf's invention was expanded by G. A. Wood Jr. ( U.S. patent 3,431,994 ). Wood's device used four fractional horsepower motors connected through

6984-411: The late 1990s. For example, a Japanese patent ( 6163148 ) was granted in 1997 to a team led by Yutaka Takada, for a "Sensor, drive force auxiliary device ... and torque sensor zero point adjusting mechanism". American car executive Lee Iacocca founded EV Global Motors in 1997, a company that produced an electric bicycle model named E-bike SX, and it was one of the early efforts to popularize e-bikes in

7081-567: The level of motor assistance according to the terrain). A University of Tennessee study provides evidence that energy expenditure (EE) and oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) for e-bikes are 24% lower than that for conventional bicycles, and 64% lower than for walking. Further, the study notes that the difference between e-bikes and bicycles are most pronounced on the uphill segments. There are individuals who claim to have lost considerable amounts of weight by using an electric bike. A recent prospective cohort study however found that people using e-bikes have

7178-608: The more stringent laws regarding the certification and operation of more powerful two-wheelers which are often classed as electric motorcycles, such as licensing and mandatory safety equipment. E-bikes can also be defined separately and treated under distinct electric bicycle laws . Bicycles , e-bikes, and e-scooters , alongside e-cargo bikes, are commonly classified as micro-mobility vehicles. When comparing bicycles, e-bikes, and e-scooters from active and inclusiveness perspectives, traditional bicycles, while promoting physical activity, are less accessible to certain demographics due to

7275-403: The most common in modern designs. The motor is built into the wheel hub itself, while the stator is fixed solidly to the axle, and the magnets are attached to and rotating with the wheel. The bicycle wheel hub is the motor. The power levels of motors used are influenced by available legal categories and are often, but not always limited to under 750 watts. With a front-drive the motor sits in

7372-498: The need for greater physical exertion, which also limits the distances bicycles can cover compared to e-bikes and e-scooters. E-scooters, however, cannot be categorised as an active transport mode, as they require minimal physical effort and, therefore, offer no health benefits. Additionally, the substantial incidence of accidents and injuries involving e-scooters underscores the considerable safety concerns and perceived risks associated with their use in urban settings. E-bikes stand out as

7469-411: The number of charging cycles before performance degrades, and ability to handle over-voltage charging conditions. The energy costs of operating e-bikes are small, but there can be considerable battery replacement costs. The lifespan of a battery pack varies depending on the type of usage. Shallow discharge/recharge cycles help extend the overall battery life. Range is a key consideration with e-bikes, and

7566-410: The only option that combines the benefits of active transport with inclusivity, as their electric-motor, pedal-assist feature helps riders cover greater distances. The motor helps users overcome obstacles such as steep inclines and the need for high physical effort, making e-bikes suitable for a wide variety of users. This feature also allows e-bikes to traverse distances that would typically necessitate

7663-457: The pedals rather than at the wheel, being eventually applied to the wheel via the bicycle's standard drive train. Freewheel crank , that is a freewheel in the bottom bracket, is a necessary part in mid-drive systems to allow the electric motor to work inside its optimal rotational speed range ( r/min ). Because the power is applied through the chain and sprocket, power is typically limited to around 250–500 watts to protect against fast wear on

7760-410: The power from the motor is applied. Also the classification of e-bikes is complicated as much of the definition is due to the legality of what constitutes a bicycle and what constitutes a moped or motorcycle. As such, the classification of these e-bikes varies greatly across countries and local jurisdictions. Despite these legal complications, the classification of e-bikes is mainly decided by whether

7857-636: The power of the engine is split at the input to the transmission. This in turn makes this setup very simple in mechanical terms, but has drawbacks of its own. For example, in Generation 1 and Generation 2 HSDs maximum speed is mainly limited by the speed of the smaller electric motor (often functioning as a generator). The Generation 3 HSD separates the ICE-MG1 path from the MG2 path, each with its own, tailored gear ratio (1.1:1 and 2.5:1, respectively, for late Priuses, including

7954-417: The power supplied by the primary source from the power demanded by the driver. ICE torque output is minimal at lower RPMs and conventional vehicles increase engine size to meet market requirements for acceptable initial acceleration. The larger engine has more power than needed for cruising. Electric motors produce full torque at standstill and are well-suited to complement ICE torque deficiency at low RPMs. In

8051-585: The range and the life of brake pads and wheel rims. There are also experiments using fuel cells . e.g. the PHB . Some experiments have also been undertaken with super capacitors to supplement or replace batteries for cars and some SUVS. E-bikes developed in Switzerland in the late 1980s for the Tour de Sol solar vehicle race came with solar charging stations but these were later fixed on roofs and connected so as to feed into

8148-407: The rear wheel" ( U.S. patent 552,271 ). There were no gears and the motor could draw up to 100 amperes from a 10-volt battery. Two years later, in 1897, Hosea W. Libbey of Boston invented an electric bicycle ( U.S. patent 596,272 ) that was propelled by a "double electric motor". The motor was designed within the hub of the crankset axle. (This model was later re-invented and imitated in

8245-586: The rider can: Some power-on-demand only e-bikes are very different from, and cannot be classified as, bicycles. For example, the Noped is a term used by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario for e-bikes which are not fitted with pedals. E-bike usage worldwide has experienced rapid growth since 1998. China is the world's leading producer of e-bikes. According to the data of the China Bicycle Association,

8342-539: The rider is climbing or struggling against a headwind. Pedelecs are therefore especially useful for people in hilly areas where riding a bike would prove too strenuous for many to consider taking up cycling as a daily means of transport. They are also useful for riders who more generally need some assistance, e.g. for people with heart, leg muscle or knee joint issues. More powerful pedelecs which are not legally classed as bicycles are dubbed S-Pedelecs (short for Schnell-Pedelecs , i.e. Speedy-Pedelecs) in Germany. These have

8439-572: The rider's pedal-power (i.e. pedelecs ) and bikes that add a throttle , integrating moped -style functionality. Both retain the ability to be pedaled by the rider and are therefore not electric motorcycles . E-bikes use rechargeable batteries and typically are motor-powered up to 25 to 32 km/h (16 to 20 mph). High-powered varieties can often travel up to or more than 45 km/h (28 mph). Depending on local laws, many e-bikes (e.g., pedelecs ) are legally classified as bicycles rather than mopeds or motorcycles . This exempts them from

8536-465: The road, but may be legal to use on the sidewalk . They are the cheapest electric cycles and used by the last mile commuters , for urban use and to be combined with public transport , including buses. They are not legal for use on the public highway (including footways and cycle paths) in the United Kingdom. Electric trikes have also been produced that conform to the e-bike legislation. These have

8633-463: The strict definition of hybrid because the electric drive transmission directly replaces the mechanical transmission rather than being a supplementary source of motive power. One of the earliest forms of hybrid land vehicle was the 'trackless' trolleybus experiment in The United States (New Jersey) that ran from 1935 to 1948, which normally used traction current delivered by wire. The trolleybus

8730-608: The transportation of children without using a car. There are many e-bikes design variations available, some with batteries attached to the frame, some housed within the tube. Some use fat tires for improved stability and off-road capability. Various designs (including those mentioned above) are designed to fit inside most area laws, and the ones that contain pedals can be used on roads in the United Kingdom, among other countries. Folding e-bikes are also available. Electric self-balancing unicycles do not conform to e-bike legislation in most countries and therefore cannot be used on

8827-402: The truck is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly to provide power. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the engine is off, and as in other hybrid designs, regenerative braking recaptures energy. The large electric motor spins up the engine to operating-speeds before injecting fuel. The 2004–2007 Chevrolet Silverado PHT was a full-size pickup truck . Chevrolet

8924-399: The two sources may be applied to the same shaft (for example with the electric motor connected between the engine and transmission), turning at equal speeds and the torques adding up with the electric motor adding or subtracting torque to the system as necessary. (The first two generations of Honda Insight use this system.) Parallel hybrids can be further categorized by the balance between

9021-457: The two-wheeled Ridekick. Other, rarer designs include that of a 'chopper' styled e-bike, which are designed as more of a 'fun' or 'novelty' e-bike than as a purposeful mobility aid or mode of transport . Electric cargo bikes allow the rider to carry large, heavy items which would be difficult to transport without electric power supplementing the human power input. These bikes can also allow for adults to continue biking into parenthood, enabling

9118-454: The use of private cars or multi-modal travel, such as both a bicycle and local public transport , establishing them as not only an active and inclusive mode but also a standalone travel option. In the 1890s, electric bicycles were documented within various U.S. patents. For example, on 31 December 1895, Ogden Bolton Jr. was granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in

9215-399: Was able to get a 10% efficiency improvement by shutting down and restarting the engine on demand and using regenerative braking. The electrical energy was used only to drive accessories such as power steering. The GM PHT used a 42 volt system via three 12 volt vented lead acid batteries connected in series (36V total) to supply the power needed for the startup motor, as well as to power

9312-554: Was derived from a series hybrid-drive propulsion system meant to use 40% of gasoline's potential energy while at optimum RPM (the typical car only uses 15% of gasoline's potential energy due to wide ranges of RPMs). The car was powered by a VM Motori 1.8 L three-cylinder turbocharged diesel, whose energy was diverted to a 180 lb (82 kg), 300 V TMF battery developed by Bolder Technologies in Golden, Colorado and two oil-cooled electric wheel motors . The electric motors were also part of

9409-544: Was fitted with an internal combustion engine to power the mechanical drivetrain directly, not to generate electricity for the traction motor. This enabled the vehicle to be used for revenue service where there was no contact wire. Since the 1990s trolleybus hybrids have been introduced with small power plants to provide a low speed capability for emergency and maintenance but not to support general revenue service. Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that can both individually drive

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