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62-567: The AN/PSQ-20 Enhanced Night Vision Goggle ( ENVG ) is a third-generation passive monocular night vision device developed for the United States Armed Forces by ITT Exelis . It fuses image-intensifying and thermal-imaging technologies, enabling vision in conditions with very little light. The two methods can be used simultaneously or individually. The ENVG was selected by the US Army 's Program Executive Office Soldier (PEO Soldier) as

124-483: A micro-channel plate (MCP) with an S-25 photocathode . This produced a much brighter image, especially around the edges of the lens. This led to increased clarity in low ambient-light environments, such as moonless nights . Light amplification was around 20,000 . Image resolution and reliability improved. Examples: Later advances brought GEN II+ devices (equipped with better optics, SUPERGEN tubes, improved resolution and better signal-to-noise ratios ), though

186-443: A 97° FoV. Examples: Foveated night vision (F-NVG) uses specialized WFoV optics to increase the field of view through an intensifier tube. The fovea refers to the part of the retina which is responsible for central vision. These devices have users look "straight through" the tubes so light passing through the center of the tube falls on the foveal retina, as is the case with traditional binocular NVGs. The increased FoV comes at

248-558: A binocular apparatus called 'Design E'. This was bulky, needing an external power pack generating 7,000 volts, but saw limited use with amphibious vehicles of 79th Armoured Division in the 1945 crossing of the Rhine. Between May and June 1943, 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division trialled man-portable night vision sets, and the British later experimented with mounting the devices to Mark III and Mark II(S) Sten submachine guns. However, by January 1945

310-777: A former radio-guided missile. At that time, infrared was commonly called black light , a term later restricted to ultraviolet . Zworykin's invention was not a success due to its large size and high cost. First-generation passive devices developed by the US Army in the 1960s were introduced during the Vietnam War . They were an adaptation of earlier active technology and relied on ambient light instead of using an extra infrared light source. Using an S-20 photocathode , their image intensifiers amplified light around 1,000 -fold, but they were quite bulky and required moonlight to function properly. Examples: 1970s second-generation devices featured an improved image-intensifier tube using

372-438: A limited field of view (FoV); the commonly used AN/PVS-14 has a FoV of 40, less than the 95° monocular horizontal FoV and humans' 190° binocular horizontal FoV. This forces users to turn their heads to compensate. This is particularly evident when flying, driving, or CQB , which involves split second decisions. These limitations led many SF/SOF operators to prefer white light rather than night vision when conducting CQB. As

434-429: A lower cost. At the higher end, SiOnyx has produced digital color NVGs. The "Opsin" of 2022 has a form factor and helmet weight similar to an AN/PVS-14 , but requires a separate battery pack. It offers a shorter battery life and lower sensitivity. It can however tolerate bright light and process a wider range of wavelengths. Ceramic Optical Ruggedized Engine (CORE) produces higher-performance Gen 1 tubes by replacing

496-423: A martial art he called " defendu ". The aim of defendu was to be as brutally effective as possible, while also being relatively easy for recruits and trainees to learn compared to other martial arts. The method incorporated both less-lethal and lethal fighting tactics, such as point shooting , firearm combat techniques, and the use of more ad hoc weapons such as chairs or table legs. During World War II , Fairbairn

558-753: A police anti-gang unit may be trained in CQB against multiple enemies that may be difficult to identify. Unlike their military counterparts, PTUs, as law enforcement officers, are tasked with ideally apprehending suspects alive; for this reason, they are often trained in arrest procedures, non-lethal takedowns, and standoff negotiation instead of solely combat. They may be equipped with less-lethal weaponry such as tasers , pepper spray , and riot guns to fire tear gas , rubber bullets , plastic bullets , or beanbag rounds . Private security and private military companies may maintain units that are trained in CQB. These teams may be responsible for responding to an incident at

620-709: A processor on the back of the helmet that wirelessly communicates with the weapon-mounted FWS-I; because of the systems' short range and low power, jamming the wireless connection is not a concern. Connecting with the ENVG-III also expands the field of vision from a scope's 18-26 degrees to the goggle's 40 degrees. By seeing what the scope sees through the goggles, soldiers during close-quarters combat (CQC) can point their weapons out of defilade positions like over walls and around corners and fire accurately without exposing their head or torso to enemy fire. The US Army first experimented with aiming and shooting weapons behind cover during

682-596: A range of up to 600 m, had a 30 cm infrared searchlight and an image converter operated by the tank commander. From late 1944 to March 1945 the German military conducted successful tests of FG 1250 sets mounted on Panther Ausf. G tanks (and other variants). During the war, approximately 50 (or 63) Panthers were equipped with the FG 1250 and saw combat on both the Eastern and Western Fronts . The "Vampir" man-portable system for infantry

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744-491: A resonance superstructure to orient more of the electric field parallel, so that it can be absorbed. Although cryogenic cooling between 77 K and 85 K is required, QWID technology may be appropriate for continuous surveillance viewing due to its claimed low cost and uniformity in materials. Materials from the II–VI compounds , such as HgCdTe , are used for high-performance infrared light-sensing cameras. An alternative within

806-410: A resonant non-local lithium niobate metasurface with a pump beam. The metasurface boosts the photons' energy, pushing them into the visible spectrum without converting them to electrons. Cooling is not required. Visible and infrared light appear in a single image. Traditionally, night-vision systems capture side-by-side views from each spectrum, so they can't produce identical images. Its frequency range

868-402: A result, much time and effort has gone into research to develop a wider FoV solution. Panoramic night vision goggles (PNVG) increase FoV by increasing the number of sensor tubes. This solution adds size, weight, power requirements, and complexity. An example is GPNVG-18 (Ground Peripheral Night Vision Goggle). These goggles, and the aviation AN/AVS-10 PNVG from which they were derived, offer

930-493: A room, and using different types of grenades. Police tactical units (PTU) are the primary units that engage in CQB domestically. Situations involving the potential for CQB generally involve threats outside of conventional police capabilities, and thus PTUs are trained, equipped, and organized to handle these situations. Additionally, police action is often within what can be considered "close quarters", so members of PTUs are often well-trained in or already experienced with CQB, to

992-708: A steady illumination level in the user's view that improves the ability to keep "eyes on target" in spite of temporary light flashes. These functions are especially useful for pilots, soldiers in urban environments , and special operations forces who may be exposed to rapidly changing light levels. OMNI, or OMNIBUS, refers to a series of contracts through which the US Army purchased GEN III night vision devices. This started with OMNI I, which procured AN/PVS-7A and AN/PVS-7B devices, then continued with OMNI II (1990), OMNI III (1992), OMNI IV (1996), OMNI V (1998), OMNI VI (2002), OMNI VII (2005), OMNI VIII, and OMNI IX. However, OMNI

1054-586: A supporting device for the Future Force Warrior program in 2004, and is intended to replace the older AN/PVS-7 and AN/PVS-14 systems. Although more expensive and heavier than previous models, US Special Forces began using the goggles in 2008 and the US Army's 10th Mountain Division began fielding the AN/PSQ-20 in 2009. Improvements to the goggles have been attempted to make them lighter, as well as enabling

1116-653: A training facility in Scotland, and adopted the program for the training of Allied operatives at Camp X in Ontario, Canada. Applegate published his work in 1943, called Kill or Get Killed . During the war, training was provided to British Commandos , the First Special Service Force , OSS operatives, U.S. Army Rangers , and Marine Raiders . Other military martial arts were later introduced elsewhere, including European Unifight , Chinese sanshou , Soviet sambo , and

1178-552: A unit cost of US$ 18,000 and with a weight of almost 2 pounds (0.91 kg), the AN/PSQ-20 is more expensive and heavier than the devices it is intended to replace. In 2019, the Army plans to begin fielding the Family of Weapon Sights-Individual (FWS-I), an optic that can be mounted on various weapons like the M4 carbine , M16A4 rifle , M249 SAW , M136 AT4 , and M141 Bunker Defeat Munition . The FWS-I

1240-403: Is 1550-nm infrared to visible 550-nm light. Close-quarters combat Close-quarters battle ( CQB ), also called close-quarters combat ( CQC ), is a close combat situation between multiple combatants involving ranged (typically firearm -based) or melee combat. It can occur between military units, law enforcement and criminal elements, and in other similar situations. CQB

1302-481: Is designed to work with the ENVG-III by transmitting data from the scope to the goggles, so the soldier can aim the weapon without needing to raise it to their eye. Both systems were brought together under the Rapid Target Acquisition (RTA) capability that combined two separate programs of record with separate devices together to make them interoperable. The goggles are connected through fiber optic wires to

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1364-520: Is known as I ( image intensification ). By comparison, viewing of infrared thermal radiation is referred to as thermal imaging and operates in a different section of the infrared spectrum. A night vision device usually consists of an image intensifier tube, a protective housing, and an optional mounting system. Many NVDs also include a protective sacrificial lens, mounted over the front/ objective lens to prevent damage by environmental hazards, while some incorporate telescopic lenses . An NVD image

1426-417: Is not a specification. The performance of a particular device generally depends upon the tube which is used. For example, a GEN III OMNI III MX-10160A/AVS-6 tube performs similarly to a GEN III OMNI VII MX-10160A/AVS-6 tube, even though the former was manufactured in ~1992 and the latter ~2005. One particular technology, PINNACLE is a proprietary thin-film microchannel plate technology created by ITT that

1488-491: Is not enough for practical use. The Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate (SEDD) of the US Army Research Laboratory developed quantum-well infrared detector (QWID). This technology's epitaxial layers use a gallium arsenide (GaAs) or aluminum gallium arsenide system (AlGaAs). It is particularly sensitive to that are mid-length infrared waves. The Corrugated QWIP (CQWIP) broadens detection capacity by using

1550-508: Is part of PEO Soldier, has been working on making the AN/PSQ-20 more rugged by using tougher housing material. Efforts have also been made to make the device lighter, as well as to produce and transmit digital images of the view provided. As a result, a prototype named Digital Enhanced Night Vision Goggle or ENVG (D) was provided to the US Army for evaluation in June 2009, which enables digitally fused images to be exported and imported. As of July 2015,

1612-479: Is roughly the same size as the AN/PVS-14 with similar controls, and is powered by four AA type batteries allowing continuous combined use of II and IR for 7.5 hours. The device can be used for a further 7.5 hours in image intensifier mode. Classified as a third-generation passive night vision device, the AN/PSQ-20 can provide vision through thermal imaging even in situations where there isn't enough ambient light for

1674-407: Is to use an I² device over one eye and a thermal device over the other eye, relying on the human visual system to provide a binocular combined view . Out of Band (OOB) refers to night vision technologies that operate outside the 500-900 nm NIR (near infrared) frequency range. This is possible with dedicated image intensifier tubes or with clip-on devices. Night vision devices typically have

1736-437: Is typically monochrome green, as green was considered to be the easiest color to see for prolonged periods in the dark. Night vision devices may be passive, relying solely on ambient light, or may be active, using an IR (infrared) illuminator. Night vision devices may be handheld or attach to helmets . When used with firearms, an IR laser sight is often mounted to the weapon. The laser sight produces an infrared beam that

1798-550: Is typically defined as a short duration, high intensity conflict characterized by sudden violence at close range. Close-quarters battle has occurred since the beginning of warfare, in the form of melee combat, the use of ranged weaponry (such as slings , bows , and muskets ) at close range, and the necessity of bayonets . During World War I , CQB was a significant part of trench warfare , where enemy soldiers would fight in close and narrow quarters in attempts to capture trenches. The origins of modern close-quarters battle lie in

1860-925: Is visible only through an NVD and aids with aiming. Some night vision devices are made to be mounted to firearms. These can be used in conjunction with weapon sights or standalone; some thermal weapon sights have been designed to provide similar capabilities. These devices were first used for night combat in World War II and came into wide use during the Vietnam War . The technology has evolved since then, involving "generations" of night-vision equipment with performance increases and price reductions. Consequently, though they are commonly used by military and law enforcement agencies, night vision devices are available to civilian users for applications including aviation, driving, and demining . In 1929 Hungarian physicist Kálmán Tihanyi invented an infrared-sensitive electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in

1922-518: The III–V family of compounds from InAsSb , a III–V compound, which is common in opto-electronics in items such as DVDs and phones. A graded layer with increased atomic spacing and an intermediate layer of the GaAs substrate trap any potential defects. Metasurface -based upconversion technology provides a night-vision film that weighs less than a gram and can be placed across ordinary glasses. Photons pass through

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1984-590: The Land Warrior program, but it relied on connecting wires between the helmet-mounted display and weapon-mounted thermal sight that could get caught, and early sights were too heavy and bulky. The AN/PSQ-20 ENVG was first issued to the US Army in April 2008. The 10th Mountain Division received about 300 units in February 2009, making it the first non-special forces unit to use the device. PM Soldier Sensors and Lasers, which

2046-1297: The War in Afghanistan , a proper approach to infantry in urban warfare became crucial, and CQB tactics began to be more widely taught to infantry. According to scholar Anthony King, some special forces units express disdain at regular infantry being taught CQB, especially in organizational politics and internal matters such as securing budgets; a unit with CQB training requires expensive equipment and training facilities, using up funding that could be used for other units or purposes. Military uses of close-quarters battle vary by unit type, branch, and mission. Military operations other than war (MOOTW) may involve peacekeeping or riot control . Specialized forces may adapt MOUT tactics to their own needs, such as marine naval boarding teams being trained specifically to search ships and fight CQB within them. Hostage rescue or extraction units may involve even more esoteric adaptations or variations, depending on environments, weapons technology, political considerations, or personnel. Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in basic CQB doctrine as it relates to common tasks such as building entry, clearing

2108-414: The 1980 Iranian Embassy siege . CQB tactics soon reached police tactical units and similar paramilitaries , such as American SWAT teams, by the 1980s and 1990s. However, CQB was still not widely taught to regular infantry , as it was considered a hostage rescue tactic. As late as the 1990s, some infantry manuals on urban combat described close-quarters room clearing essentially the same basic way it

2170-588: The British had only made seven infra-red receiver sets. Although some were sent to India and Australia for trials before the end of 1945, by the Korean War and Malayan Emergency the British were using night vision equipment supplied by the United States. Early examples include: After World War II, Vladimir K. Zworykin developed the first practical commercial night-vision device at Radio Corporation of America , intended for civilian use. Zworykin's idea came from

2232-882: The Israeli kapap and Krav Maga . For a lengthy period following World War II, urban warfare and CQB had barely changed in infantry tactics. Modern firearm CQB tactics were developed in the 1970s as "close-quarters battle" by Western counterterrorist special forces units following the 1972 Munich massacre . The units trained in the aftermath of the massacre, such as the Special Air Service , Delta Force , GSG 9 , GIGN , and Joint Task Force 2 , developed CQB tactics involving firearms to quickly and precisely assault structures while minimizing friendly and hostage casualties; these CQB tactics were shared between these special forces units, who were closely-knit and frequently trained together. The Special Air Service used CQB tactics during

2294-565: The PAU-2 was field-tested in 1942. In 1938 the British Admiralty assumed responsibility for British military infra-red research. They worked first with Philips until the fall of the Netherlands , then with Philips' UK subsidiary Radio Transmission Equipment Ltd., and finally with EMI , who in early 1941 provided compact, lightweight image converter tubes. By July 1942 the British had produced

2356-627: The UK. Night vision technology prior to the end of World War II was later described as Generation 0. Night-vision devices were introduced in the German Army as early as 1939 and were used in World War II . AEG started developing its first devices in 1935. In mid-1943, the German Army began testing infrared night-vision devices and telescopic rangefinders mounted on Panther tanks . Two arrangements were constructed. The Sperber FG 1250 ("Sparrow Hawk"), with

2418-459: The US Army had bought about 9,000 ENVG-I and 16,000 ENVG-II units. Beginning in FY 2017, the ENVG-III is expected to begin fielding, with a total of 41,000 to be produced by BAE Systems and DRS Technologies . Like previous versions, the ENVG-III allows soldiers to choose between night vision, thermal, hybrid, and a hybrid where thermal images show up with an outline, but extends the thermal capacity out to

2480-411: The amount of voltage supplied to the microchannel plate (rather than the photocathode) in response to ambient light. Together, BSP and ABC (alongside autogating) serves to prevent temporary blindness for the user and prevent damage to the tube when the night vision device is exposed to sudden bright sources of light, like a muzzle flash or artificial lighting. These modulation systems also help maintain

2542-603: The combat methods pioneered by Assistant Commissioner William E. Fairbairn of the Shanghai Municipal Police , the police force of the Shanghai International Settlement (1854–1943). After the 1925 May Thirtieth Movement , Fairbairn was tasked with developing a dedicated auxiliary squad for riot control and aggressive policing. After absorbing the most appropriate elements from a variety of martial arts experts, Fairbairn condensed these arts into

AN/PSQ-20 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-404: The devices in a particular OMNI classification. Any postnominals appearing after a generation type (i.e., Gen II+, Gen III+) indicate improvement(s) over the original specification's requirements. Examples: Figure of merit (FoM) is a quantitative measure of a NVD's effectiveness and clarity. It is calculated using the number of line pairs per millimeter that a user can detect multiplied by

2666-646: The entire 40-degree field of view rather than just a circle in the middle, and has a sleeker design for the device and battery pack, improved resolution, is lighter at less than 2 pounds (0.91 kg), and is designed to work with the FWS-I. Plans are to equip 24 ENVGs per platoon , with each costing an estimated US$ 10,000, cheaper than previous versions due to competition and improved technology. Night-vision device#Generation 3 (GEN III) The device enhances ambient visible light and converts near-infrared light into visible light which can then be seen by humans; this

2728-595: The fact that the technology itself makes little difference, as long as an operator can see clearly at night. Consequently, the United States bases export regulations directly on the figure of merit. ITAR regulations specify that US-made tubes with a FOM greater than 1400 are not exportable; however, the Defense Technology Security Administration (DTSA) can waive that policy on a case-by-case basis. Fusion night vision combines I² ( image intensification ) with thermal imaging , which functions in

2790-473: The fovea. Examples: Some night vision devices, including several of the ENVG ( AN/PSQ-20 ) models, are "digital". Introduced in the late 2000s, these allow transmission of the image, at the cost of increased size, weight, power usage. High-sensitivity digital camera technology enables NVGs that combine a camera and a display instead of an image intensifier . These devices can offer Gen-1-equivalent quality at

2852-502: The glass plate with a ceramic plate. This plate is produced from specially formulated ceramic and metal alloys. Edge distortion is improved, photo sensitivity is increased, and the resolution can be as high as 60  lp /mm. CORE is still considered Gen 1, as it does not utilize a microchannel plate. A night-vision contact lens prototype places a thin strip of graphene between layers of glass that reacts to photons to brighten dark images. Prototypes absorb only 2.3% of light, which

2914-487: The human eye and peak voltage supplied to the night vision device is maintained. This reduces the " duty cycle " (ie. the amount of time that the tube has power running through it) which increases the device's lifespan. Autogating also enhances the Bright-Source Protection (BSP), which reduces the voltage supplied to the photocathode in response to ambient light levels. Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) modulates

2976-454: The image intensifier's signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. In the late 1990s, innovations in photocathode technology significantly increased the SNR, with new tubes surpassing Gen 3 performance. By 2001, the United States federal government concluded that a tube's generation was not a determinant performance factor, obsoleting the term as a basis of export regulations. The US government has recognized

3038-526: The image intensifiers, thus eliminating the need for infra-red illumination (active night vision). It can also see through battlefield obscurants such as smoke and fog. The combined technologies allow better target identification and recognition, thereby improving the soldier's mobility and situational awareness. The center of gravity of the device is close to the face of the wearer, making the helmet-mounted use more comfortable, as well as increasing stability. Aiming lasers can also be integrated with it. However, at

3100-414: The ion barrier allowed fewer electrons to pass through. The ion barrier increased the "halo" effect around bright spots or light sources. Light amplification (and power consumption) with these devices improved to around 30,000 – 50,000 . Examples: Autogating (ATG) rapidly switches the power supply's voltage to the photocathode on and off. These switches are rapid enough that they are not detectable to

3162-550: The label is not formally recognized by the NVESD. Third-generation night-vision systems, developed in the late 1980s, maintained the MCP from Gen II, but used a gallium arsenide photocathode, with improved resolution. GA photocathodes are primarily manufactured by L3Harris Technologies and Elbit Systems of America and imaged light from 500-900  nm . In addition, the MCP was coated with an ion barrier film to increase tube life. However,

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3224-698: The medium (MWIR 3-5  μm ) and/or long (LWIR 8-14 μm) wavelength range. Initial models appeared in the 2000s. Dedicated fusion devices and clip-on imagers that add a thermal overlay to standard I² night vision devices are available. Fusion combines excellent navigation and fine details (I²), with easy heat signature detection (imaging). Fusion modes include night vision with thermal overlay, night vision only, thermal only, and others such as outline (which outlines objects that have thermal signatures) or "decamouflage", which highlights all objects that are of near-human temperature. Fusion devices are heavier and more power hungry than I²-only devices. One alternative

3286-448: The point that some PTUs may train military service members in CQB principles such as breaching and room clearing. Police CQB doctrine is often specialized by unit type and mission. Depending on the unit or agency's jurisdiction or scope, PTUs may have different goals with different tactics and technology; for example, prison guards may maintain a unit trained in CQB in compact indoors areas such as cells without using lethal force, while

3348-412: The price of image quality and edge distortions . Examples: Diverging image tube (DIT) night vision increases FoV by angle the tubes slightly outward. This increases peripheral FoV but causes distortion and reduced image quality. With DIT, users are no longer looking through the center of the tubes (which provides the clearest images) and light passing through the center of the tubes no longer falls on

3410-447: The transmission of digital images to and from the battlefield. In August 2003, PEO Soldier, the acquisition agency of the US Army, started evaluating designs from ITT Industries and Northrop Grumman for an advanced night vision device that could support the planned Future Force Warrior program. Of the two competing designs, the ITT design which was developed in association with Raytheon ,

3472-447: The view of replacing the existing AN/PVS-7 and AN/PVS-14 . The AN/PSQ-20 Enhanced Night Vision Goggle combines image intensifier (I or II) and infra-red (IR, also called thermal imaging ) technologies, and is the first night vision device to do so. Before this "fusing", these two technologies could only be used separately. The AN/PSQ-20 allows both methods to be used together or individually, and can be helmet-mounted or hand held. It

3534-435: The watershed moments for infantry CQB, when U.S. Marines , under pressure to capture the city of Fallujah , Iraq from insurgents , used conventional combined arms and fire support against the city, and lacked proper CQB training and equipment to effectively clear buildings, causing numerous civilian and allied casualties and severely damaging the city. With similar struggles in towns and cities among ABCA Armies during

3596-518: Was chosen for development in July 2004 with an initial order for 75 systems. Development testing of the ENVG with the US Army, designated AN/PSQ-20, began by mid-2006, and was completed in March 2007. Operational testing started in June 2007, with low-rate initial production of the device beginning around the same time. ITT were given a five-year contract in April 2005 with a potential value of US$ 560 million, with

3658-628: Was described 60 years prior: a grenade being thrown into an enclosed area, followed by an infantry assault with automatic fire. The special forces "monopoly" on CQB was broken following the experiences of urban warfare and close-quarters battles in the 1990s, during the Battle of Mogadishu , the Bosnian War , and the First Chechen War . The First and Second Battles of Fallujah during the Iraq War were

3720-573: Was included in the OMNI VII contract. The thin-film improves performance. GEN III OMNI V–IX devices developed in the 2000s and onward can differ from earlier devices in important ways: The consumer market sometimes classifies such systems as Generation 4, and the United States military describes these systems as Generation 3 autogated tubes (GEN III OMNI V-IX). Moreover, as autogating power supplies can be added to any previous generation of night-vision devices, autogating capability does not automatically put

3782-468: Was recruited to train Allied special forces in defendu. During this period, he expanded defendu's lethality for military purposes, calling it the "Silent Killing Close Quarters Combat method"; this became standard combat training for British special forces. He also published a textbook for CQB training called Get Tough . U.S. Army officers Rex Applegate and Anthony Biddle were taught Fairbairn's methods at

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3844-697: Was used with StG 44 assault rifles. Parallel development occurred in the US. The M1 and M3 infrared night-sighting devices, also known as the "sniperscope" or "snooperscope", saw limited service with the US Army in World War II and in the Korean War , to assist snipers . These were active devices, using an infrared light source to illuminate targets. Their image-intensifier tubes used an anode and an S-1 photocathode , made primarily of silver , cesium , and oxygen , and electrostatic inversion with electron acceleration produced gain. An experimental Soviet device called

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