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82-555: The École normale supérieure de Lyon (also known as ENS de Lyon , ENSL or Normale Sup' Lyon ) is a French grande école located in the city of Lyon . It is one of the four prestigious écoles normales supérieures in France. The school is composed of two academic units —Arts and Sciences— with campuses in Lyon , near the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers. ENSL's students usually enjoy

164-549: A " Programme Grande École " or "PGE" (generally translated into English as " Master in Management ", or "Grande École program"), which delivers a state-accredited diploma that is considerably more prestigious than a French master's degree in management delivered by university schools of management (IAE) or management faculties in the mainstream French university system. In France, only public Grandes écoles and universities can award licences, masters and doctorates. For example,

246-571: A Greek word, this spelling initially being a literary prépa joke). The so-called "colles" are unique to the French academic education in CPGEs. They consist of oral examinations twice a week, in maths, physics, chemistry, biology and earth sciences (in BCPST classes), French and a foreign language, usually English, German or Spanish. Students, alone or in groups (generally three people), spend 20 minutes to an hour facing

328-525: A UK Bachelor's degree . The ENS de Lyon offers numerous courses which are conceived as preparations for Masters. Students prepare in two years their Master's degree . 5 research Masters are proposed in Sciences, 36 in Humanities. During this year, students can prepare the agrégation teacher recruitment examination in 16 different subjects. Students can also start their PhD, go studying for one year or more in

410-867: A beginning for executive careers in public administration or business. Many French Nobel Prize and Fields Medal laureates were educated at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, Lyon or Paris-Saclay. There are four ENS: Until recently, unlike most other grandes écoles, écoles normales supérieures (ENS) did not award specific diplomas. Students who completed their curriculum were entitled to be known as "ENS alumni" or " normaliens ". The schools encourage their students to obtain university diplomas in partner institutions while providing extra classes and support. Many ENS students obtain more than one university diploma. Normaliens from France and other European Union countries are considered civil servants in training (unless they were recruited by parallel admission), and as such are paid

492-417: A commentary. The student then has 20 minutes to present part of their prepared work to the teacher, who ends the session by asking some questions on the presentation and on the corresponding topic. "Khôlles" are important as they prepare the students, from the very first year, for the oral part of the competitive examination. They are also useful to make sure they learn and understand lessons by testing them on

574-416: A contractual form. Visiting professors are teaching staff which hold a chair along another activity, e.g. a consultant or entrepreneur giving lectures once or twice a week. Guest professors are international professors who take part in special lectures, classes or programme. Grandes écoles can be classified into following broad categories: These schools train researchers and professors and may be

656-465: A five-year curriculum directly after High school. The top three public engineering grandes écoles with standard admission fees (among 70), according to the French magazine L'Étudiant noir , are in 2023 the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse (INSA Toulouse) and École des Mines de Douai (IMT Nord Europe). However,

738-472: A foreign country, or follow during one year courses in other subjects. Between the first and fourth year, normaliens can also spend up to 2 free years called années sans solde , during which they can study other disciplines or do a long internship, sometimes in foreign countries. Each année sans solde project needs the approval of the ENSL supervisors. The ENS de Lyon welcomes over 400 PhD students from all over

820-518: A full 2nd or 3rd year degree upon graduation for CPGE students who perform well, especially in literary prépas ("khâgne"). Most of the students in these classes receive part of their education at a public university, so that the teachers' council can deliver them the corresponding grade in one or two disciplines at the end of the year (only up to a bachelor's degree for 3 years of CPGE). CPGE exist in three different fields of study: science & engineering, business, and humanities. All CPGE programs have

902-441: A monthly salary in exchange for agreeing to serve France for ten years, including those years spent as students. Many engineering schools recruit most of their students who have completed their education in scientific preparatory classes (2 years of post-baccalaureat study). Many are also joint graduate schools from several regional universities, sometimes in association with other international higher education networks. In France,

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984-474: A nominal duration of two years, but the second year is sometimes repeated once. The oldest CPGEs are the scientific ones, which can be accessed only Bacheliers having followed scientific courses during lycée . The different tracks are the following: The classes that especially train students for admission to the top schools, such as Écoles Normales Supérieures , École polytechnique and some other, have an asterisk added to their name. For example, MP* ,

1066-446: A professor in a room, answering questions and solving problems. Similarly, in "ECE/ECS classes", students generally undergo 2 khôlles a week, each subject being regularly tested. Weekly exams often happen on Saturday mornings and last 3 to 4 hours, depending on the subject being tested. In "hypokhâgne/khâgne", the system of "colles" is a bit different. They are taken every quarter in every subject. Students usually have one hour to prepare

1148-457: A regular basis. A student (in a scientific CPGE) who repeats the second year obtains the status of cinq demis ("five halves"). They were only trois demis ("three halves") during their first second-year and un demi ("one half") in the first year. The explanation behind these names is that the most coveted engineering school is the École polytechnique , nicknamed the "X" (as the mathematical unknown). A student who enrolls in (the word for which

1230-474: A salary for their studies during 4 years. A second entrance examination is also open to students who have not gone through the classes préparatoires system. In return of their salary, they have to serve in public services for 10 years. Entry to ENSL is not restricted to normaliens-élèves . Students may also apply through a separate admissions process based on academic prowess. The normaliens-étudiants are not public servants, but their training and diploma are

1312-467: A short presentation that takes the form of a French-style dissertation (a methodologically codified essay, typically structured in three parts: thesis, counter-thesis, and synthesis) in history, philosophy, etc. on a given topic, or that of a commentaire composé (a methodologically codified commentary) in literature and foreign languages; as for the Ancient Greek or Latin, they involve a translation and

1394-520: A special civil servant status in the wake of highly competitive exams, providing they pursue careers in public service. Although it maintains extensive connections with the University of Lyon and external research institutions, including the CNRS , the school remains independent. L'École normale supérieure de Lyon is the descendant of two top educational institutions founded by Jules Ferry : Recruiting among

1476-453: A student's involvement in the community. In June 2007, 534,300 students passed the "Baccalauréat", and 40,000 (7.5%) of them were admitted to CPGE. On a given class at one of the prep schools listed above, around 1500 application files will be examined for only 40 places. Students are selected according to their grades in High school and the first part of "Baccalauréat" (equivalent to A-levels in

1558-407: A two-year preparatory program in one of the CPGEs (see below) before taking a set of competitive national exams. Different exams are required by groups (called "banques") of different schools. The national exams are sets of written tests, given over the course of several weeks, that challenge the student on the intensive studies of the previous two years. During the summer, those students who succeed in

1640-456: A unique dual higher education system, with small and middle-sized specialized graduate schools operating alongside the traditional university system. Some fields of study are nearly exclusive to one part of this dual system, such as medicine in universités only, or architecture in écoles only. The grande école (and "prépa") system also exists in former French colonies, Switzerland, and Italy (Napoleon, as king of Italy for ten years, established

1722-539: Is "integrates" in French) this school after the second year of preparatory class is traditionally called a "3/2" because this is the value of the integral of x from 1 to 2. ∫ 1 2 x d x   = 2 2 2 − 1 2 2 = 3 2 {\displaystyle \int _{1}^{2}\!x\,\mathrm {d} x\ ={\frac {2^{2}}{2}}-{\frac {1^{2}}{2}}={\frac {3}{2}}} The same idea

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1804-690: Is a French network of 15 graduate schools of engineering within France's leading technological universities. All schools in the Group offer Master of Engineering degrees in various specialities: Classes pr%C3%A9paratoires The Classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles ( CPGE ) ('Higher school preparatory classes'), commonly called classes prépas or prépas , are part of the French post-secondary education system. They consist of two years of study (extendable to three or exceptionally four years) which act as an intensive preparatory course (or cram school ) with

1886-575: Is a non-profit organization. It uses a broad definition of grande école , which is not restricted to the school's selectivity or the prestige of the diploma awarded. The members of CGE have not made an official or "accepted" list of grandes écoles. For example, some engineering school members of the CGE cannot award state-recognized engineering degrees. The admissions process for grandes écoles differs greatly from those of other French universities. To be admitted into most French grandes écoles, most students study in

1968-571: Is divided into two different branches, known as "Chartes A", with an emphasis on medieval history and ancient languages, and "Chartes B", with an emphasis on contemporary history. The followed curricula vary from year 1 to year 2: The CPGE Chartes curricula are specifically tailored to prepare students for the entrance exam of the Ecole Nationale des Chartes , but students can also apply to CELSA and several Instituts d'études politiques . Those CPGEs, which are focused on economics (which prepare

2050-505: Is slight, and many prépas have mixed classes with many students preparing for both ENS (or even the three for students specialising in English). Khâgneux can apply to many grandes écoles , other high schools and all universities, among which are the following: Similar but distinct to Khâgne, the Classe préparatoire à l'École des chartes is the second literary and humanities CPGE. This prépa

2132-513: Is that students choose their speciality more according to their interests and less according to their rank. (Indeed, the rank obtained after standard preparatory classes determines a list of schools with their specialities). On another note, the selection process during the first preparatory year is considered less stressful than in a standard first preparatory class, and the first year often offers broader scientific training since it does not specifically prepare students for competitions. Nevertheless,

2214-648: Is usually called MP étoile ("MP star") (except for the BCPST2 and TB2 classes, which don't make this disctinction). Both the first and second year programmes include as much as ten to twelve hours of mathematics teaching per week, ten hours of physics, two hours of literature and philosophy, two to four hours of (one or two) foreign language(s) teaching and two to eight hours of minor options: either SI, engineering industrial science, chemistry or theoretical computer science, biology-geology, biotechnologies. Added to this are several hours of homework, which can amount to as much as

2296-591: Is valid for cinq demis : the integral of x from 2 to 3 is "5/2". ∫ 2 3 x d x   = 3 2 2 − 2 2 2 = 5 2 {\displaystyle \int _{2}^{3}\!x\,\mathrm {d} x\ ={\frac {3^{2}}{2}}-{\frac {2^{2}}{2}}={\frac {5}{2}}} Students in their first year of literary and business CPGEs are called bizuths and, in their second year, carrés ("squares"). Students enrolled in their "second" second year are also called "cubes" or "khübes", it being

2378-411: The grandes écoles . These grandes écoles are higher education establishments (graduate schools) delivering master's degrees and rarely doctorates. They include science and engineering schools , business schools , the four veterinary colleges, the four écoles normales supérieures and the École Nationale des Chartes but do not include medical or law schools, nor architecture schools. Because of

2460-565: The Central School of Arts and Manufactures produced 3,000 engineers and served as a model for most of the industrialized countries. Until 1864, a quarter of its students came from abroad. Conversely, the quality of French technicians astonished southeastern Europe, Italy, the Near East, and even Belgium. The system of grandes écoles expanded, enriched by the Ecole des Eaux et Forêts at Nancy in 1826,

2542-462: The Ecole des Arts industriels at Lille in 1854, the Ecole centrale lyonnaise in 1857, and the National Institute of Agronomy , reconstituted in 1876 after a fruitless attempt between 1848 and 1855. Finally, the training of the lower grades of staff, who might today be called ‘production engineers’, was assured to an even greater extent by the development of Ecoles d’Arts et métiers , of which

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2624-583: The French Revolution , when the National Convention created the École normale supérieure , the mathematician Gaspard Monge and Lazare Carnot created the École centrale des travaux publics (later the École polytechnique ), and the abbot Henri Grégoire created the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers . The model was probably the military academy at Mézières , of which Monge

2706-606: The Grandes écoles award an " Diplôme d'Ingénieur ", similar to a Master of Engineering degree. This engineer's degree , required to use the engineer title in France, is strictly protected and can only be awarded by state-accredited Grandes écoles , via the Engineering Accreditation Commission (CTI). In France, the majority of business schools are private or semi-private. For their programs, business schools that are Grandes écoles (like HEC or ESCP ) offer

2788-710: The Ivy League in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, Grandes Écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process. Grandes Écoles typically they have much smaller class sizes and student bodies than public universities in France, and many of their programs are taught in English. While most Grandes Écoles are more expensive than French universities, ENS de Lyon charges

2870-860: The Lycée Saint-Louis (these three are known as les trois lycées de la montagne ), the Lycée Hoche , the Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat , the Lycée Pasteur , the Lycée Stanislas and the Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève . The CPGE are located within high schools for historical reasons ( Napoleon created them at first as fourth to sixth year of high school) but pertain to tertiary education, which means that each student must have successfully passed their baccalauréat (or equivalent) to be admitted to CPGE. Moreover,

2952-495: The classes préparatoires which prepare high-level students – previously selected on the basis of their academic record – for the competitive entrance examination that is taken after two years of pluridisciplinary undergraduate-level study. Students who succeed in the entrance examinations, which attract some 6000 candidates for 228 positions, are known as normaliens-élèves ; those who are from France or another European Union country are considered trainee public servants, and receive

3034-742: The maths sup , or hypotaupe (sup for "classe de mathématiques supérieures", superior in French, meaning post-high school), and second year maths spé , or taupe, (spés for "classe de mathématiques spéciales", special in French). The students of these classes are called taupins , which is a French word for "mole", referring to the lifestyle of students in classes preparatoires whose workload obliges them to spend most of their time studying instead of going out to enjoy social life. There are unique entrance exams for each school, but there are also common exams, grouping several engineering schools, designed for students in preparatory science classes. Across all streams, students in preparatory science classes can register for

3116-566: The piston engine , one of the centrepieces of the Industrial Revolution ): 3. Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) network is the largest engineer training group in France, with 16,700+ students, administered by the French Ministry of National Education . It consists of grandes écoles distributed throughout mainland France: 4. National Polytechnic Institutes ( INP ) 5. Réseau Polytech schools of engineering ,

3198-599: The "ECS" section. The same applies to the "ECE" section, the difference being that students study for 8 hours Economics and Sociology with a historical focus instead of geopolitics. There is also the D1 and D2 CPGE, also known as ENS Cachan CPGE: D1 and D2 are very rare but offer a complete and multidisciplinary training. The amount of work required from the students is exceptionally high. In addition to class time and homework, students spend several hours each week completing exams and colles (very often written "khôlles" to look like

3280-428: The "hypokhâgneux" and the "khâgneux". These classes prepare for the entrance exam of the elite schools called Écoles Normales Supérieures , which are considered among the most difficult exams of the French system. Nevertheless, the students can now also apply for many other entrance exams. There are three types of Khâgne : Now, the grouping of many examinations make the difference between khâgnes "Lyon" and "Ulm"

3362-462: The 17th century in France, such as the école de l'artillerie de Douai (established in 1697) and the later école du génie de Mézières (established in 1748), wherein mathematics, chemistry and sciences were already a major part of the curriculum taught by first-rank scientists such as Pierre-Simon Laplace , Charles Étienne Louis Camus , Étienne Bézout , Sylvestre-François Lacroix , Siméon Denis Poisson , Gaspard Monge (most of whom were later to form

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3444-644: The ENS Ulm and Sèvres. As part of France's process of decentralisation, the Schools' scientific departments moved in 1987 to Gerland, an old industrial district of Lyon, in the premises of the current Monod campus. The relocated institution was named ENS Lyon . Humanities students remained in the Parisian suburbs within the coeducational École normale supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud . In 2000, this school, informally renamed École normale supérieure lettres et sciences humaines ,

3526-445: The ENS are small institutions favouring education quality rather than research productivity. For instance, some French universities are better ranked than the ENS, even though the different écoles normales supérieures are considered to be among the highest French academic institutions due to their endowment, prestige and selectivity. Grande %C3%A9cole Similar to the Ivy League in

3608-468: The ENS de Lyon is organised through twelve main departments, spread over the two campuses: 23 of ENSL's research groups have contractual ties to major research organizations, notably the CNRS and INSERM . ENSL is a member of several advanced research networks and competitive clusters, including Lyon BioPôle, and hosts an Institute for Advanced Study, the Collegium de Lyon. ENSL retains its close links to

3690-579: The European Bologna system . In 2007, the OECD remarked in a report that "their diplomas do not fit easily into the increasingly standardised international nomenclature for academic study ... Instead, students effectively study for five years and are then awarded a masters degree, with no intermediate diploma". However, some Grandes écoles have decided to adopt the standard, European Bologna system of diplomas recently in order to better integrate themselves in

3772-659: The French system there). The influence of this system was strong in the 19th century throughout the world, as can be seen in the original names of many world universities (Caltech was originally "Polytechnic Institute", as was ETH Zürich—"the Polytechnicum"—in addition to the Polytechnique in Montréal. Some institutions in China, Russia, the UK, and the US also have names of some French grandes écoles, adapted to their languages). The success of

3854-671: The German and Anglo-Saxon university models from the late 19th century reduced the influence of the French system in some of the English-speaking world. There is no standard definition or official list of grandes écoles. The term grande école is not employed in the French education code, with the exception of a quotation in the social statistics. It generally employs the expression of " écoles supérieures " to indicate higher educational institutions that are not universities. The Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE) ( Grandes Écoles Conference)

3936-518: The Parisian elites. Following a reform of normal schools, the decree of February 19, 1945 granted both institutions the title of Écoles normales préparatoires à l'enseignement secondaire . The schools' purpose changed with the growth of the French education system. By 1956, the length of studies was increased to four years in order to institute a preparation for the agrégation – a prestigious teaching qualification. Increasingly opening up to research, they aligned their development strategies with those of

4018-534: The United Kingdom or Advanced Placement in the United States). Preparatory classes are officially not authorized to deliver any degrees, but they give ECTS credits that can be used to fulfill university degree requirements since the 2009-2010 academic year, and students who decide to carry on their studies at a public university. However, many prépas also establish conventions with universities to validate

4100-703: The United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, Grandes écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process. Grandes écoles primarily admit students based on their national ranking in written and oral exams called concours , which are organized annually by the French Ministry of Education . While anyone can register for concours , successful candidates have almost always completed two or three years of dedicated preparatory classes ( classes préparatoires ) prior to admission. As they are separate from universities, most of them do not deliver

4182-623: The admission to Top French business schools such as HEC Paris , ESSEC , ESCP , EMLYON , EDHEC Business School , etc.), are known as Prépa HEC (preparing for the Hautes Ecoles de Commerce) and are split into three parts: Hours/week Since 2021, ECE and ECS classes have been merged into a single "ECG" course, the French baccalauréat having been reformed (notably, the iconic "S", "ES" and "L" filières, which until now served to divide students between ECS and ECE classes, have been abolished). Classe préparatoire ECS are for those who graduated with

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4264-476: The admission to the CPGE is usually based on performance during the last two years of high school, called première and terminale . Thus, each CPGE receives thousands of applications from around the world every April and May, and selects its new students under its own criteria (mostly excellence). A few CPGE programmes, mainly the private CPGEs (which account for 10% of CPGEs), also have an interview process or look at

4346-414: The campus life and representing the school during symposia. Their contractual number of working hours is defined at the beginning of each academic year in a lump sum workload timetable. Full-time faculty/teaching are in charge of giving lectures, but also shoulder pedagogic coordination. As such, they are deeply involved in their respective campus' life and accountable for the teaching quality as well as

4428-837: The competitive entrance exams, having attended one of the grandes écoles is often regarded as a status symbol , as they have traditionally produced most of France's scientists, executives and intellectuals ( Écoles Normales Supérieures , École Polytechnique , Écoles des Mines , École nationale des ponts et chaussées , Télécom Paris , Écoles Centrales , Arts et Métiers ParisTech , European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) , INSA Hauts-de-France , HEC Paris , ESSEC Business School , ESCP Business School , Audencia Business School , NEOMA Business School , Emlyon Business School , EDHEC Business School , SKEMA Business School , Toulouse Business School , ...). Hence, there are three kinds of different prépas : scientific, economic and literary CPGE . Each of them prepare to pass

4510-521: The competitive exams of those grandes écoles . Some preparatory classes are widely considered "elite", being extremely selective, and recruiting only the best students from each high school, if not the best student from each high school. These schools practically guarantee their students a place in one of the top grandes écoles . Among them are the Lycée Louis-Le-Grand , the Lycée Henri-IV ,

4592-462: The entrance exams. This method of recruitment is proving increasingly popular, with many students choosing to first go to a university and then enroll in a grande école. Some grandes écoles have a dual diploma arrangement in which a student can switch establishments in the last year to receive diplomas from both establishments. The French Grandes écoles mostly do not fit into the international, Anglo-American framework regarding their diplomas, nor in

4674-957: The first was established at Châlons-sur-Marne in 1806 and the second at Angers in 1811 (both reorganized in 1832), with a third at Aix-en-Provence in 1841. Each had room for 300 pupils. There is no doubt that in the 1860s France had the best system of higher technical and scientific education in Europe. During the latter part of the 19th century and in the 20th century, more grandes écoles were established for education in businesses as well as newer fields of science and technology, including Rouen Business School ( NEOMA Business School ) in 1871, Sciences Po Paris in 1872, École nationale supérieure des télécommunications in 1878, Hautes Études commerciales in 1881, École supérieure d'électricité in 1894, Ecole des hautes Etudes commerciales du Nord in 1906 , Ecole Supérieure des Sciences économiques et commerciales in 1907, and Supaero in 1909. Since then, France has had

4756-409: The following common exams or exam banks: There are two literary and humanities CPGEs. The first of these prépas , nicknamed "hypokhâgne" for the first year and " khâgne " for the second year, is focused on a strong pluri-disciplinary course, including all humanities: philosophy, literature, history, geography, foreign languages, and ancient languages (Latin and Ancient Greek). The students are called

4838-524: The general Baccalauréat S (Scientific), Classe préparatoire ECE are for those who graduated with the general Baccalauréat ES (Economics and Social sciences), while the Classe préparatoire ECT are for those who obtained a Baccalauréat Technologique . Both the first and second year programms include ten hours of mathematics teaching per week completed by 6 hours of geopolitics, six hours of French and philosophy, and three hours of each language (2 languages) in

4920-413: The grande école of their choice often repeat the second year of preparatory classes and attempt the exam again the following year. There are five categories of prépas : Some schools are accessible after a selection based on the grades of the two last years of lycée (High school) and/or the baccalaureate (High school diploma) results. For example, in engineering, the most attractive and selective ones are

5002-497: The international academic competition. In their 2008 book European Universities in Transition , Carmelo Mazza, Paolo Quattrone and Angelo Riccaboni underlined that "the vast majority of Grandes Ecoles do not give any degree" upon completion of undergraduate studies, but that "[i]n practice, for accreditation or student exchange purposes, they grant a certificate of 'equivalence to a bachelor's degree'". For their engineering programs,

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5084-434: The main goal of training students for enrolment in one of the grandes écoles . The workload is one of the highest in Europe (29 to 45 contact hours a week, with up to 10 hours of guided tutorials and oral exam sessions). Unlike most students in France who enroll in public universities directly after receiving a high school diploma, students from CPGE have to take national competitive exams to be allowed to enroll in one of

5166-409: The most brilliant French students, these two schools used to train the professors of the French normal schools . Whereas these schools were largely regarded as meritocratic, their sisters – the eldest, l' École Normale Supérieure de la Rue d'Ulm , and her feminine counterpart, l'École normale supérieure de jeunes filles de Sèvres -, which trained academics, were de facto dedicated to the heirs of

5248-401: The official hours of class. The BCPST classes prepare for exams of engineering schools of life sciences (agronomy, forestry, environmental and food sciences) but also to veterinary schools, engineering schools of earth sciences, and the three Ecoles Normales Supérieures . Compare to the other classes, it teaches biology and geology. In scientific CPGE, the first year of CPGE is usually called

5330-558: The pedagogic continuous improvement of the School. Prominent professors: according to L'Etudiant , a prominent professor is permanent professor, holding a PhD from a French or foreign Higher Education Institution which is AACSB - or EQUIS -accredited and ranked amongst the Shanghai 2019 top 500 ranking . Adjunct Professors hold chair in another Higher Education Institution . Their teaching conditions are various, but not always stipulated in

5412-545: The rankings may differ significantly between years, magazines, and the metric of interest (academic excellence, employability, diversity, ...). Most of them simply include the two-year preparatory class in their program while others like INSA Toulouse chose the Bachelor's master's doctorate system (BMD or LMD in French) to start the specialization earlier. Most students choose to get their licence, master or doctorate close to home. These years of preparation can be highly focused on

5494-494: The recruitment is based on a contest or the student results. Most of these five-year grandes écoles are public, with very low admission fees (between 601€ and 2,350€ per year), and are free for national scholarship holders. A few others are either private or public with very high admission fee (up to 10,000€ per year, without exoneration for scholarship holders). These are usually the least selective ones and offer five-year training to students who otherwise could not have enrolled in

5576-399: The same as those of the normaliens-élèves . An auditeur de master is someone who has been admitted at the ENSL at the master level. By opposition to the normaliens-élèves and the normaliens-étudiants , they don't have the title of Normalien and are just eligible to a master's degree. They can't obtain the ENSL diploma. Students prepare the third year of Licence , the equivalent of

5658-730: The same tuition fees: €243 annually for the master's degree in 2021–2022; €184 for the Bachelor's. International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the Grandes Écoles . Degrees from École normale supérieure are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France) ( French : Le Ministère de L'éducation Nationale ). Alums go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France. Teaching at

5740-453: The school program so students have a greater chance of succeeding in the admission exam or contest in their school if there is one, but they are not prepared to take the examinations for other schools so their chance of success in these other examinations is low. The advantage is that instead of studying simply to pass the admission exams, the student will study topics more targeted to their training and future specialization. The main advantage

5822-568: The schools of the following first four groups train the so-called 'generaliste' engineers: 1. ParisTech alliance (it is an alliance of the best French engineering schools in Paris. Some of these schools are now part of collegiate universities such as Paris-Saclay University, PSL University or the Polytechnic Institute of Paris. Also some of these schools teach only a specific area): 2. Centrale Graduate Schools of engineering ; its students are commonly known as pistons (a reference to

5904-518: The selection percentage are often the same order as during standard preparatory classes. The top-ranking five year grandes écoles also recruit some of the best students who followed one or two years of CPGE, through parallel admission procedures. The prépa years are not required to sit the entrance exams. Moreover, in many schools, there is also the possibility of “parallel admission” to a grande école. Parallel admissions are open to university students or students from other schools that decide not to take

5986-538: The semi-private ESCP Business School has signed a partnership agreement to award a PhD in management from Panthéon-Sorbonne University . The semi-private school HEC has done the same, along with the Polytechnic Institute of Paris (a public research university which consists of six public grandes écoles ). Full-time faculty researchers to assume their responsibility as teaching staff by giving lectures, accompanying students in their projects, participating in

6068-413: The seven schools composing the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA network), but there are dozens of selective and less selective engineering schools accessible directly after the baccalaureate. Some other famous highly selective engineering school are the three Universités de Technologie . It is also possible to join these schools in third year after a preparatory class or university and then

6150-766: The teaching corps of École Polytechnique during the Napoleonic era). In 1802, Napoleon created the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr , which is also considered a grande école , although it trains only army officers. During the 19th century, a number of higher-education grandes écoles were established to support industry and commerce, such as École nationale supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne in 1816, École supérieure de Commerce de Paris (today ESCP Business School , founded in 1819), L'institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement (Agro ParisTech) in 1826, and École centrale des Arts et Manufactures ( École centrale Paris ) in 1829. Between 1832 and 1870,

6232-403: The term 'engineer' has a broader meaning compared to the one understood in most other countries and can imply a person who has achieved a high level of study in both fundamental and applied sciences, as well as business management, humanities and social sciences. The best engineering schools will often provide such a general and very intensive education, although this is not always the case. Most of

6314-418: The traditional way in which most students prepare to pass the competitive recruitment examination of the main grandes écoles. Most are held in state lycées (high schools); a few are private. Admission is competitive and based on the students' lycée grades. Preparatory classes with the highest success rates in the entrance examinations of the top grandes écoles are highly selective. Students who are not admitted to

6396-814: The undergraduate degree of the Licence (the bachelor's degree in France) but deliver master's grande école degrees such as the Engineer's Diploma and the Accredited Diploma (for example, delivered with a Programme Grande École in business schools). Admission to the grandes écoles is extremely selective. Grandes écoles are generally publicly funded and therefore have limited tuition costs. Some, especially business schools ( Écoles de commerce ), are organised privately and therefore have more costly tuition. The term grande école originated in 1794 after

6478-488: The world. Normaliens can apply to specific doctoral contracts, as long as the thesis is undertaken within a French research institution. This list is sortable. Click on the boxes next to the attribute names to sort the list by year The 2023 QS World University Rankings ranked the ENSL 111th university in the world. However, international rankings do not suit well the French academic system, where research organizations are often independent from universities. Moreover,

6560-590: The written exams then take a further set of exams, usually one-hour oral exams, during which they are given a problem to solve. After 20 minutes of preparation, the candidate presents the solution to a professor, who challenges the candidate on the answer and the assumptions being made. Afterwards, candidates receive a final national ranking, which determines admission to their grande école of choice. Classes préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles (CPGE), or prépas (preparatory classes for grandes écoles), are two-year classes, in either sciences, literature, or economics. These are

6642-778: Was an alumnus. The selective admission opens up to higher education based on academic merit. Some schools included in the category have roots in the 17th and 18th centuries and are older than the term grande école , which dates to 1794. Their forerunners were schools aimed at graduating civil servants, such as technical officers (École d'Arts et Métiers, renamed Arts et Métiers ParisTech , established in 1780), mine supervisors ( École des mines de Paris , established in 1783), bridge and road engineers ( École royale des ponts et chaussées , established in 1747), and shipbuilding engineers ( École des ingénieurs-constructeurs des vaisseaux royaux , established in 1741). Five military engineering academies and graduate schools of artillery were established in

6724-466: Was transferred to the new Descartes Campus also located in Gerland. On the first of January 2010, the two branches merged to become a single institution, retaining the name École normale supérieure de Lyon . ENS de Lyon is a Grande École , a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the French public university system . Similar to

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