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61-498: Altogether the high school has an enrollment of 900 high school sophomore, junior and senior students from about 16 different associate school districts. Upon graduation, students earn a certificate from EHOVE, along with a high school diploma from their home high school. source In the 1960s with the completion of the Ohio Turnpike and other local growths in the economy and infrastructure, Ohio government officials began to consider

122-549: A State of Ohio Trade Mission to China. Among other leaders, Rhodes met with Vice Premier Yu Qiuli . The trip resulted in developing economic ties, a sister state-province relationship with Hubei province , long-running Chinese exhibitions at the Ohio State Fair , and major academic exchanges between Ohio State University and Wuhan University . Rhodes also developed the view that Chinese investment in Ohio would be beneficial for

183-418: A decrease in everything from crime and divorce, to mental illness. Rhodes also made DiSalle's tax increases, such as the gas tax , a prominent part of his campaign. Rhodes also weathered a minor scandal when Democratic State Chairman alleged that Rhodes diverted and borrowed a total of $ 54,000 from his campaign funds. During a debate, both Rhodes and DiSalle agreed that this was, "the most vicious campaign [of]

244-438: A fourth term, defeating Dick Celeste 49.31% to 47.64%. Jim Rhodes sought a fifth term at the age of seventy-seven, losing to sitting Governor Dick Celeste 39.4% to 60.6%. This was his last campaign for Governor. Water supply network A water supply network or water supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components that provide water supply . A water supply system typically includes

305-415: A layer of calcium carbonate . Corrosion inhibitors are often added to reduce release of metals into the water. Common corrosion inhibitors added to the water are phosphates and silicates . Maintenance of a biologically safe drinking water is another goal in water distribution. Typically, a chlorine based disinfectant , such as sodium hypochlorite or monochloramine is added to the water as it leaves

366-421: A long term, due to the uncertainty of the future demand”. It is preferable to provide extra pipe capacity to cope with unexpected demand growth and with water outages. The problem changes from a single objective optimization problem (minimizing cost), to a multi-objective optimization problem (minimizing cost and maximizing flow capacity). To solve a multi-objective optimization problem, it is necessary to convert

427-453: A metallic taste. Release of lead can occur from the solder used to join copper pipe together or from brass fixtures . Copper and lead levels at the consumer's tap are regulated to protect consumer health. Utilities will often adjust the chemistry of the water before distribution to minimize its corrosiveness. The simplest adjustment involves control of pH and alkalinity to produce a water that tends to passivate corrosion by depositing

488-679: A novel of the Civil War . The last was adapted to a 1963 television movie by Walt Disney , also called Johnny Shiloh , for which Rhodes received writer's credit. From 1941 to her death in 1987, Rhodes was married to Helen Rawlins. They had three children. In 1995, Rhodes suffered a stroke, resulting in him needing to use a wheelchair. He was hospitalized due to pneumonia in December 2000 and January 2001. On March 4, 2001, Rhodes died at Ohio State University Medical Center in Columbus of heart issues. He

549-465: A price in the market; water often becomes a business for private companies, which earn a profit by putting a higher price on water, which imposes a barrier for lower-income people. The Millennium Development Goals propose the changes required. Goal 6 of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals is to "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all". This

610-412: A prominent Republican union activist. When Rhodes was nine, his father died, and the family moved to north Springfield where Rhodes graduated from Springfield High School where he played on the football team. Subsequently, the family moved again, this time to Columbus , because Rhodes earned a modest basketball scholarship to Ohio State University . Although Rhodes dropped out after his first quarter he

671-546: A result of this, Columbus, Ohio, currently has the largest land area of any Ohio city. With an eye on the governorship, Rhodes was elected State Auditor in 1952, and took office in early 1953. In 1954, Rhodes ran against the popular incumbent, Democratic governor Frank Lausche , and lost by a 54% to 46% margin. In 1962, Rhodes ran again for governor – this time against Democratic incumbent Mike DiSalle . Rhodes's campaign centered on "jobs and progress," and in speeches Rhodes routinely claimed that an increase in jobs would lead to

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732-523: A set of rules and policies to overcome expected future problems. There are many international documents with interesting, but not very specific, ideas and therefore they are not put into practice. Recommendations have been made by the United Nations , such as the Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development . The yield of a system can be measured by either its value or its net benefit. For

793-461: A system is governed by multiple criteria, one being cost. If the benefit is fixed , the least cost design results in maximum benefit. However, the least cost approach normally results in a minimum capacity for a water supply network. A minimum cost model usually searches for the least cost solution (in pipe sizes), while satisfying the hydraulic constraints such as: required output pressures, maximum pipe flow rate and pipe flow velocities. The cost

854-399: A water supply system, the true value or the net benefit is a reliable water supply service having adequate quantity and good quality of the product. For example, if the existing water supply of a city needs to be extended to supply a new municipality , the impact of the new branch of the system must be designed to supply the new needs, while maintaining supply to the old system. The design of

915-409: A “Municipal Water Reuse System” which is a current approach to manage the rainwater. It applies a water reuse scheme for treated wastewater, on a municipal scale, to provide non-potable water for industry, household and municipal uses. This technology consists in separating the urine fraction of sanitary wastewater, and collecting it for recycling its nutrients . The feces and graywater fraction

976-411: Is a function of pipe diameters; therefore the optimization problem consists of finding a minimum cost solution by optimising pipe sizes to provide the minimum acceptable capacity. However, according to the authors of the paper entitled, “Method for optimizing design and rehabilitation of water distribution systems”, “the least capacity is not a desirable solution to a sustainable water supply network in

1037-553: Is an integrated system including water intake, water utilization, wastewater discharge and treatment and water environmental protection . It requires reducing freshwater and groundwater usage in all sectors of consumption. Developing sustainable water supply systems is a growing trend, because it serves people's long-term interests. There are several ways to reuse and recycle the water, in order to achieve long-term sustainability, such as: Other possible approaches to scoping models for water supply, applicable to any urban area, include

1098-404: Is called potable water if it meets the water quality standards required for human consumption. The water in the supply network is maintained at positive pressure to ensure that water reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every take-off point and to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the network. The water is typically pressurised by pumping

1159-681: Is collected, together with organic wastes from the households, using a gravity sewer system , continuously flushed with non-potable water. The water is treated anaerobically and the biogas is used for energy production . One effective way to achieve sustainable water management is to shift emphasis towards decentralized water projects, such as drip irrigation diffusion in India. This project covers large spatial areas while relying on individual technological adoption decisions, offering scalable solutions that can mitigate water scarcity and enhance agricultural productivity. Another method that can be utilized

1220-690: Is in recognition of the human right to water and sanitation, which was formally acknowledged at the United Nations General Assembly in 2010, that "clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the recognition of all human rights". Sustainable water supply includes ensuring availability, accessibility, affordability and quality of water for all individuals. In advanced economies, the problems are about optimising existing supply networks. These economies have usually had continuing evolution, which allowed them to construct infrastructure to supply water to people. The European Union has developed

1281-489: Is increasing, so less water must be wasted and actions must be taken to prevent pipeline leakage. Shutting down the supply service to fix leaks is less and less tolerated by consumers. A sustainable water supply network must monitor the freshwater consumption rate and the waste-water generation rate. Many of the urban water supply networks in developing countries face problems related to population increase , water scarcity , and environmental pollution . In 1900 just 13% of

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1342-489: Is insufficient maintenance of the water networks, especially in the major pipe lines in urban areas. The system deteriorates and then needs rehabilitation or renewal. Householders and sewage treatment plants can both make the water supply networks more efficient and sustainable. Major improvements in eco-efficiency are gained through systematic separation of rainfall and wastewater. Membrane technology can be used for recycling wastewater. The municipal government can develop

1403-499: Is interred at Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio . Numerous buildings and sites around the state have been named in Rhodes's honor, including: Jim Rhodes won the gubernatorial election, defeating sitting Governor Michael DiSalle 58.92% to 41.08%. Jim Rhodes won a second term, defeating Frazier Reams Jr. 62.18% to 37.82% Jim Rhodes won a third term, defeating sitting Governor John J. Gilligan 48.62% to 48.25%. Jim Rhodes won

1464-548: Is not well distributed in the world. 1.8 million deaths are attributed to unsafe water supplies every year, according to the WHO . Many people do not have any access, or do not have access to quality and quantity of potable water, though water itself is abundant. Poor people in developing countries can be close to major rivers, or be in high rainfall areas, yet not have access to potable water at all. There are also people living where lack of water creates millions of deaths every year. Where

1525-422: Is often described as a "student" or "alumnus" of Ohio State. After dropping out of college, Rhodes opened a business called Jim's Place across from the university on North High Street . Jim's Place has been described as a place where one could buy anything, from doughnuts and hamburgers to stag film , or place bets on numbers games . In 1934, Rhodes began to use his position as a local businessman to climb up

1586-786: Is through the promoting of community engagement and resistance against unsustainable water infrastructure projects. Grassroots movements, as observed in anti-dam protests in various countries, play a crucial role in challenging dominant development narratives and advocating for more socially and ecologically just water management practices. Municipalities and other forms of local governments should also invest in innovative technologies, such as membrane technology for wastewater recycling, and develop policy frameworks that incentivize eco-efficient practices. Municipal water reuse systems, as demonstrated in implementation, offer promising avenues for integrating wastewater treatment and resource recovery into urban water networks. The sustainable water supply system

1647-526: The European Commission is a good example of what has been created there out of former policies. There is great need for a more sustainable water supply systems. To achieve sustainability several factors must be tackled at the same time: climate change, rising energy cost, and rising populations. All of these factors provoke change and put pressure on management of available water resources. An obstacle to transforming conventional water supply systems,

1708-498: The ROTC building was burned down by unknown arsonists the previous night. On May 4 , Guardsmen killed four students and wounded nine others. Rhodes was born in Coalton, Ohio , to James and Susan Howe Rhodes, who were of Welsh descent. Rhodes has commented that the reason he and his family were Republicans was because of the respect his father, a mine superintendent, had for John L. Lewis ,

1769-472: The Columbus political ladder, starting on a ward committee. In 1937, Rhodes won his first elected office as a member of the Columbus Board of Education . He was then twice elected as Columbus city auditor in 1939 and 1941. Then in 1943, Rhodes was elected as Mayor of Columbus , becoming the youngest major city mayor in the U.S. at age 34. Rhodes's time as mayor is primarily marked by two achievements, with

1830-502: The Ohio governorship." On November 6, 1962, Ohioans voted Rhodes into the governorship with 59% of the vote. Rhodes served two terms as governor, and he also was a " favorite son " presidential candidate who controlled the Ohio delegation to the Republican National Conventions in 1964 and 1968, before retiring in 1971. He ran for the U.S. Senate in 1970 and narrowly lost, to U.S. Representative Robert Taft Jr. , in

1891-503: The adoption of appropriate technology coupled with effective strategies for operation and maintenance. These strategies must include effective management models, technical support to the householders and industries, sustainable financing mechanisms, and development of reliable supply chains . All these measures must ensure the following: system working lifespan; maintenance cycle; continuity of functioning; down time for repairs; water yield and water quality. In an unsustainable system there

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1952-480: The best combination. Returning to the cost objective function, it cannot violate any of the operational constraints. Generally this cost is dominated by the energy cost for pumping. “The operational constraints include the standards of customer service , such as: the minimum delivered pressure, in addition to the physical constraints such as the maximum and the minimum water levels in storage tanks to prevent overtopping and emptying respectively.” In order to optimize

2013-446: The chances of the water becoming contaminated after treatment. Traditional surface water treatment plants generally consists of three steps: clarification, filtration and disinfection. Clarification refers to the separation of particles (dirt, organic matter, etc.) from the water stream. Chemical addition (i.e. alum, ferric chloride) destabilizes the particle charges and prepares them for clarification either by settling or floating out of

2074-772: The construction of 50 airports throughout the state. At a news conference in Kent, Ohio , on Sunday May 3, 1970, the day before the Kent State shootings, he said of campus protesters: They're worse than the Brownshirts , and the Communist element, and also the Night Riders , and the vigilantes . They're the worst type of people that we harbor in America. Since the Ohio Constitution limits

2135-452: The costs and benefits resulting in a set of solutions that can be used for sensitivity analysis and tested in different scenarios. But there is no single optimal solution that will satisfy the global optimality of both objectives. As both objectives are to some extent contradictory, it is not possible to improve one objective without sacrificing the other. It is necessary in some cases use a different approach. (e.g. Pareto Analysis ), and choose

2196-523: The creation of a vocational school that could provide worker training through the public school system. In 1965 the Erie Huron Ottawa Vocational Board (EHOVE) was formed to plan the school in the Erie and Huron County area. Much of the building funds were matched with public funding measures passed with the help of Ohio's 61st and 63rd Governor James A. Rhodes . The school opened its doors in

2257-451: The distribution system, the water quality can degrade by chemical reactions and biological processes. Corrosion of metal pipe materials in the distribution system can cause the release of metals into the water with undesirable aesthetic and health effects. Release of iron from unlined iron pipes can result in customer reports of "red water" at the tap. Release of copper from copper pipes can result in customer reports of "blue water" and/or

2318-528: The energy crisis of the winter of 1976–77, Rhodes led a 15-minute service, in which he "beseech[ed] God to relieve the storm." The next year, January 1978, amid a blizzard which dropped 31 inches of snow onto Ohio and killed 60 people in the Northeast, Rhodes called the storm "the greatest disaster in Ohio history." On August 16, 1977 Rhodes was hit in the face and shoulder with a banana cream pie thrown by Steve Conliff , as about 25 young people disrupted

2379-472: The fall of 1968. 41°19′54″N 82°37′56″W  /  41.331596°N 82.632203°W  / 41.331596; -82.632203 This Ohio school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . James A. Rhodes James Allen Rhodes (September 13, 1909 – March 4, 2001) was an American attorney and Republican politician who served as the 61st and 63rd Governor of Ohio from 1963 to 1971 and from 1975 to 1983. Rhodes

2440-461: The first being his convincing of 67% of Columbus voters to approve the city's first income tax , and the second being the annexation of much of the surrounding suburbs to Columbus. As surrounding communities grew or were constructed, they came to require access to waterlines, which was under the sole control of the municipal water system . Rhodes told these communities that if they wanted water, they would have to submit to assimilation into Columbus. As

2501-564: The following: The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development is a good example of the new trend to overcome water supply problems. This statement, suggested by advanced economies, has come up with some principles that are of great significance to urban water supply. These are: From these statements, developed in 1992, several policies have been created to give importance to water and to move urban water system management towards sustainable development. The Water Framework Directive by

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2562-538: The following: Water supply networks are often run by public utilities of the water industry . Raw water (untreated) is from a surface water source (such as an intake on a lake or a river ) or from a groundwater source (such as a water well drawing from an underground aquifer ) within the watershed that provides the water resource . The raw water is transferred to the water purification facilities using uncovered aqueducts, covered tunnels or underground water pipes . Virtually all large systems must treat

2623-607: The global population lived in cities. By 2005, 49% of the global population lived in urban areas. In 2030 it is predicted that this statistic will rise to 60%. Attempts to expand water supply by governments are costly and often not sufficient. The building of new illegal settlements makes it hard to map, and make connections to, the water supply, and leads to inadequate water management. In 2002, there were 158 million people with inadequate water supply . An increasing number of people live in slums , in inadequate sanitary conditions, and are therefore at risk of disease . Potable water

2684-529: The governor to two four-year terms, when Rhodes initially filed to run again in 1974, his petitions were refused by the Secretary of State . Rhodes sued, and the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that the limitation was on consecutive terms, thus freeing him to return to office by narrowly defeating incumbent John Gilligan in an upset in the 1974 election. He served two more terms before retiring again in 1983. During

2745-603: The majority of assets of a water utility. Systematic documentation of maintenance works using a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) is a key to a successful operation of a water utility. A sustainable urban water supply network covers all the activities related to provision of potable water. Sustainable development is of increasing importance for the water supply to urban areas. Incorporating innovative water technologies into water supply systems improves water supply from sustainable perspectives. The development of innovative water technologies provides flexibility to

2806-541: The network. Most systems are divided into zones. Factors determining the extent or size of a zone can include hydraulics, telemetry systems, history, and population density. Sometimes systems are designed for a specific area then are modified to accommodate development. Terrain affects hydraulics and some forms of telemetry. While each zone may operate as a stand-alone system, there is usually some arrangement to interconnect zones in order to manage equipment failures or system failures. Water supply networks usually represent

2867-568: The opening of the Ohio State Fair. Conliff then ran unsuccessfully against Rhodes for the Republican nomination. After relations between the United States and People's Republic of China normalized in 1979, Rhodes sought to encourage economic ties, viewing China as a potential market for Ohio machinery exports for companies like Timken Company and Parker Hannifin . In July 1979, Rhodes led

2928-401: The operational performance of the water supply network, at the same time as minimizing the energy costs, it is necessary to predict the consequences of different pump and valve settings on the behavior of the network. Apart from Linear and Non-linear Programming, there are other methods and approaches to design, to manage and operate a water supply network to achieve sustainability—for instance,

2989-411: The optimal solution for all the original objectives. The second approach (the constraint method), chooses one of the objective functions as the single objective, and the other objective functions are treated as constraints with a limited value. However, the optimal solution depends on the pre-defined constraint limits. The multiple objective optimization problems involve computing the tradeoff between

3050-513: The primary election, which was two days after the events at Kent State. Rhodes oversaw the last two (by electrocution ) pre-Furman executions in Ohio , which were both in early 1963, before Ohio resumed executions in 1999. In 1983 Rhodes pardoned boxing promoter Don King for a 1967 non‐negligent manslaughter conviction of stomping one of his employees to death. Rhodes championed a county airport program which, after being passed by voters in 1965, saw

3111-467: The problem into a single objective optimization problem, by using adjustments, such as a weighted sum of objectives , or an ε-constraint method. The weighted sum approach gives a certain weight to the different objectives, and then factors in all these weights to form a single objective function that can be solved by single factor optimization. This method is not entirely satisfactory, because the weights cannot be correctly chosen, so this approach cannot find

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3172-411: The state. Rhodes ran for the governorship again in 1986, seeking a record-breaking fifth term, but soundly lost to the incumbent Dick Celeste , whom Rhodes had narrowly defeated in his last successful gubernatorial bid in 1978. Rhodes co-authored stories of historical fiction with Dean Jauchius, including The Trial of Mary Todd Lincoln , The Court-Martial of Oliver Hazard Perry and Johnny Shiloh,

3233-483: The steel industry, and for several operations in food processing facilities. It is necessary to adopt a new approach to design urban water supply networks; water shortages are expected in the forthcoming decades and environmental regulations for water utilization and waste-water disposal are increasingly stringent. To achieve a sustainable water supply network, new sources of water are needed to be developed, and to reduce environmental pollution. The price of water

3294-517: The treatment plant. Booster stations can be placed within the distribution system to ensure that all areas of the distribution system have adequate sustained levels of disinfection . Like electric power lines, roads, and microwave radio networks, water systems may have a loop or branch network topology, or a combination of both. The piping networks are circular or rectangular. If any one section of water distribution main fails or needs repair, that section can be isolated without disrupting all users on

3355-404: The water into storage tanks constructed at the highest local point in the network. One network may have several such service reservoirs . In small domestic systems, the water may be pressurised by a pressure vessel or even by an underground cistern (the latter however does need additional pressurizing). This eliminates the need of a water tower or any other heightened water reserve to supply

3416-632: The water pressure. These systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments such as cities or other public entities, but are occasionally operated by a commercial enterprise (see water privatization ). Water supply networks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and municipalities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and civil engineers , who must consider many factors, such as location, current demand, future growth, leakage, pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc.—using pipe network analysis and other tools. As water passes through

3477-402: The water stream. Sand, anthracite or activated carbon filters refine the water stream, removing smaller particulate matter. While other methods of disinfection exist, the preferred method is via chlorine addition. Chlorine effectively kills bacteria and most viruses and maintains a residual to protect the water supply through the supply network. The product, delivered to the point of consumption,

3538-866: The water supply system cannot reach the slums, people manage to use hand pumps , to reach the pit wells, rivers , canals , swamps and any other source of water. In most cases the water quality is unfit for human consumption. The principal cause of water scarcity is the growth in demand. Water is taken from remote areas to satisfy the needs of urban areas. Another reason for water scarcity is climate change : precipitation patterns have changed; rivers have decreased their flow; lakes are drying up; and aquifers are being emptied. In developing countries many governments are corrupt and poor and they respond to these problems with frequently changing policies and non clear agreements. Water demand exceeds supply, and household and industrial water supplies are prioritised over other uses, which leads to water stress . Potable water has

3599-408: The water supply system, generating a fundamental and effective means of sustainability based on an integrated real options approach. Water is an essential natural resource for human existence. It is needed in every industrial and natural process, for example, it is used for oil refining , for liquid-liquid extraction in hydro-metallurgical processes, for cooling, for scrubbing in the iron and

3660-554: The water; a fact that is tightly regulated by global, state and federal agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Water treatment must occur before the product reaches the consumer and afterwards (when it is discharged again). Water purification usually occurs close to the final delivery points to reduce pumping costs and

3721-505: Was one of only seven U.S. governors to serve four four-year terms in office. Rhodes is tied for the sixth-longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U.S. history at 5,840 days. He also served as Mayor of Columbus from 1944 to 1952 and Ohio State Auditor from 1953 to 1963. On May 3, 1970, Rhodes sent National Guard troops onto the Kent State University campus at the request of Kent, Ohio mayor LeRoy Satrom after

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