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152-823: Dörrebach lies in the northeast of the Soonwald, which is part of the Hunsrück not far from the seam where it meets the Binger Wald (forest). The Soonwald stretches out between the Guldenbach and the Simmerbach and with an area of 25 000 ha is after the Palatinate Forest western Germany’s second biggest contiguous woodland. In this sanctuary for red deer has been not only the Jäger aus Kurpfalz (“Hunter from Electoral Palatinate ”,

304-438: A Christian worship site. Very numerous, of course, have been the finds from Roman times. In Dörrebach, a Roman grave lamp, a ring with an inscription and many coins have been brought to light. On the way from Dörrebach to Seibersbach , wall remnants can be found that supposedly come from a Roman estate. The so-called Hinkelstein  – a regional word for “ menhir ” (the article Hinkelstein culture includes an explanation of

456-535: A characteristic fabric . All three types may melt again, and when this happens, new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again solidify. Organic matter, such as coal, bitumen, oil, and natural gas, is linked mainly to organic-rich sedimentary rocks. To study all three types of rock, geologists evaluate the minerals of which they are composed and their other physical properties, such as texture and fabric . Geologists also study unlithified materials (referred to as superficial deposits ) that lie above

608-522: A human skeleton was found, along with grave goods . In the Naheland-Kalender 1954 , Gisela Sommer wrote (unfortunately without mentioning her source for the 433 date): The little village of Dörrebach is one of the oldest Roman settlements; the churchtower up to its roof comes from as far back as Roman times, and before the Romans left the village in the year 433, they had already established in this tower

760-485: A petrographic microscope , where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties with a conoscopic lens . In the electron microprobe, individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals. Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into

912-399: A bend wavy argent abased, in sinister chief a cross Latin countercompony gules and Or. The escutcheon takes the prescribed simple or formal shape. The field tincture is vert (green), because Dörrebach lies at the edge of the Soonwald (forest) and the yield from both the forest and the fields was always of great importance to the villagers. The village’s name is without a doubt derived from

1064-618: A combination of an oceanic influence and relief precipitation . Culturally, the region is best known for its Hunsrückisch dialect and through depictions in the Heimat film series. The region saw great emigration in the mid-19th century, particularly to Brazil . The heart of the Hunsrück is formed by the Hunsrück Plateau and the Simmern Bowl. In the northwest the Hunsrück is bounded by

1216-742: A few estates formed a unit and belonged in the Middle Ages to the Palatinate. Language and customs may well have been as in other parts of this land. It is known from records that from the mid to late 15th century the Electors of Mainz had enfeoffed the Lords of Sponheim , whose landholds lay in the Upper Rhine districts, with it. Dörrebach’s size in the time between 1580 and 1600 was supposedly 32 houses with 144 inhabitants. The inhabitants’ relationship with their lords,

1368-591: A few examples of European wildcat or even the Eurasian lynx . Red fox , European badgers and pine martens are more commonly encountered. The best known mammal in the Hunsrück has become the barbastelle . It achieved notoriety when the presence of this rare species of bat delayed construction on the runway extension at Hahn Airport. In the numerous wet areas, amphibians , like the fire salamander , and insects have found ideal habitats. Meanwhile, in areas covered by dry grassland or scree, numerous reptiles like

1520-407: A greater variety of plant species. Although the Hunsrück is not classified as a bird reserve, it is home to a wide variety of bird species: woodpeckers , birds of prey and song birds may be seen at all times of the year. Even the rare and shy black stork nests in the forests. The Hunsrück is rich in mammals; red deer , roe deer and wild boar are intensively hunted. Larger predators include

1672-623: A length of less than a meter. Rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed. These stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses, known as boudins , after the French word for "sausage" because of their visual similarity. Where rock units slide past one another, strike-slip faults develop in shallow regions, and become shear zones at deeper depths where the rocks deform ductilely. The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in

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1824-448: A means to provide information about geological history and the timing of geological events. The principle of uniformitarianism states that the geological processes observed in operation that modify the Earth's crust at present have worked in much the same way over geological time. A fundamental principle of geology advanced by the 18th-century Scottish physician and geologist James Hutton

1976-608: A number of fields, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and to understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural geology (the study of positions of rock units and their deformation). In many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers , landscapes , and glaciers ; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways, and use geophysical methods to investigate

2128-578: A representative of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil, and visited the Hanseatic cities , Frankfurt and many of the German courts. This mission sparked the first major wave of German emigrants to Brazil . Many of them were recruited by Schäffer from the Hunsrück, the northern and western parts of present-day Saarland and the Western Palatinate . The first immigrants from the Hunsrück settled in 1824 in what

2280-503: A result of the increasing neglect and deprivation of parts of the population in Germany during the era of industrialization , an Inner Mission association was founded at the initiative of the Simmern pastor, and later superintendent, Julius Reuss , in Simmern, with the aim of building a rescue centre in the Hunsrück for children living in poverty. In 1851, an area between Simmern and Nannhausen,

2432-493: A single environment and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands , for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time. Other areas are much more geologically complex. In

2584-489: A steady temperature of +17 °C. It also has a considerably lower limestone content. Just when the village of Dörrebach was founded and its church was built are things that cannot be known today. No documents dealing with either of these events have ever been found. The village’s earliest times are shrouded in darkness. Nevertheless, Dörrebach likely has the Romans to thank for its beginnings. Specific details are missing, but

2736-547: A territory ruled by a side line of the counts Palatine. In the following years, Simmern became the most important residence of a noble family in the Hunsrück. Under Duke John II the town achieved supra-regional importance for a short time. After the Thirty Years' War , Louis XIV of France made reunification demands on several principalities in the Palatinate, the Hunsrück and the Eifel. He had his troops invade and thus precipitated

2888-400: A variety of applications. Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units that do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques. These methods can also be used to determine ages of pluton emplacement. Thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within

3040-468: A wholesale dealer in produce and wood, duly and thoughtfully shipped by rail to Stromberg for the price of 215  ℳ . The load amounted to 300 Zentner (German hundredweight, thus 15 000 kg). Molzahn confirmed the shipping of the 15-tonne load by letter on 27 April 1922 and furthermore promised more potatoes if they were wanted, remarking that they were plentiful in Pomerania. On 9 November 1935,

3192-468: Is Koblenz . As the Hunsrück proceeds east it acquires north-south width and three notable gaps in its southern ridges . In this zone are multi-branch headwaters including the Simmerbach ending at Simmertal on the southern edge. This interior is therefore rarely higher than 450 metres (1,480 ft) above sea level. Peaks and escarpments are principally: the (Black Forest) Hochwald , the Idar Forest ,

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3344-663: Is a heavily incised peneplain with elongated ridges in the south (the Hochwald , Idar Forest , Soonwald and Bingen Forest ). The range, which begins at the Saar in the southwest and, with breaks, reaches as far as the Rhine, climbs to its highest point in the Hochwald at the Erbeskopf (816.32 m), the highest peak in the Hunsrück and in the Rhenish Massif west of the Rhine. It continues to

3496-859: Is a long, triangular, pronounced upland in Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany . It is bounded by the valleys of the Moselle-Saar (north-to-west), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). It is continued by the Taunus mountains, past the Rhine and by the Eifel past the Moselle. To the south of the Nahe is a lower, hilly country forming the near bulk of the Palatinate region and all of the, smaller, Saarland . Below its north-east corner

3648-655: Is a major academic discipline , and it is central to geological engineering and plays an important role in geotechnical engineering . The majority of geological data comes from research on solid Earth materials. Meteorites and other extraterrestrial natural materials are also studied by geological methods. Minerals are naturally occurring elements and compounds with a definite homogeneous chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. Each mineral has distinct physical properties, and there are many tests to determine each of them. Minerals are often identified through these tests. The specimens can be tested for: A rock

3800-422: Is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding . In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, which causes the deeper rock to move on top of the shallower rock. Because deeper rock is often older, as noted by the principle of superposition , this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones. Movement along faults can result in folding, either because

3952-556: Is an igneous rock . This rock can be weathered and eroded , then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are mainly divided into four categories: sandstone, shale, carbonate, and evaporite. This group of classifications focuses partly on the size of sedimentary particles (sandstone and shale), and partly on mineralogy and formation processes (carbonation and evaporation). Igneous and sedimentary rocks can then be turned into metamorphic rocks by heat and pressure that change its mineral content, resulting in

4104-460: Is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle (that is, the heat transfer caused by the slow movement of ductile mantle rock). Thus, oceanic parts of plates and the adjoining mantle convection currents always move in the same direction – because the oceanic lithosphere is actually the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle. This coupling between rigid plates moving on

4256-469: Is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloids . Most research in geology is associated with the study of rocks, as they provide the primary record of the majority of the geological history of the Earth. There are three major types of rock: igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . The rock cycle illustrates the relationships among them (see diagram). When a rock solidifies or crystallizes from melt ( magma or lava ), it

4408-459: Is cropfields. Clockwise from the north, Dörrebach’s neighbours are the municipality of Seibersbach , the town of Stromberg , the municipality of Schöneberg , the municipality of Spabrücken and the municipality of Spall , all of which lie in the Bad Kreuznach district, and the municipality of Argenthal , which lies in the neighbouring Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis . Also belonging to Dörrebach are

4560-433: Is horizontal). The principle of superposition states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. Logically a younger layer cannot slip beneath a layer previously deposited. This principle allows sedimentary layers to be viewed as a form of the vertical timeline, a partial or complete record of the time elapsed from deposition of

4712-436: Is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairwoman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results: The FWG Dörrebach replaced other free voters’ groups that stood in the 2004 municipal election. Dörrebach’s mayor is Harald Scholl. The municipality’s arms might be described thus: Vert

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4864-500: Is mainly Devonian slate and quartzite from the Rhenish Massif . The surface is formed out of weathered slate and quartz mixed with quartzitic greywackes and loam . The mostly stony loam soil has a thickness of 0.2 to 0.8 m above the slate. In 1628, ore mining near Seibersbach had its first documentary mention when two Junker (young noblemen) from Dörrebach complained to the Archbishop of Mainz about some ironworkers at

5016-532: Is now the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul , near the city of São Leopoldo . Not until 1830 did the number of emigrants to Brazil begin to fall. The 1840s in Europe were marked by inflation, crop failures and a degree of social unrest, so that again (especially in 1846 and 1861) many people in Hunsrück decided to leave in two more waves of emigration, especially to North America and Brazil . In August 1846, it

5168-478: Is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units ending up below older units. Stretching of units can result in their thinning. In fact, at one location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt , the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon appears over

5320-483: Is shown in the table below. The figures for the years from 1871 to 1987 are drawn from census data: As at 31 August 2013, there are 688 full-time residents in Dörrebach, and of those, 154 are Evangelical (22.384%), 370 are Catholic (53.779%), 3 are Greek Orthodox (0.436%), 10 (1.453%) belong to other religious groups and 151 (21.948%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation. The council

5472-485: Is supposed to represent the Dörrebach’s course. The Latin cross is the oldest municipal symbol known, chiselled into not only very old borderstones, but into ones newly set in 1714 in the same form as a reference to Dörrebach. According to old stories that have been handed down, the greatest importance was ascribed to the municipal boundaries because of grazing and hunting rights. The parish belonged from 1420 to 1702 to

5624-568: Is that "the present is the key to the past." In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now." The principle of intrusive relationships concerns crosscutting intrusions. In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock , it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. Different types of intrusions include stocks, laccoliths , batholiths , sills and dikes . The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to

5776-523: Is used for geologically young materials containing organic carbon . The geology of an area changes through time as rock units are deposited and inserted, and deformational processes alter their shapes and locations. Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrusion into the overlying rock . Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows blanket

5928-663: The Allies ) and later handed them over to the French occupational authorities who held them in a camp. The French also appointed Heinrich Göller as the provisional mayor. Eighteen men from Dörrebach fell in the First World War , while 22 fell and 14 went missing in the Second World War . The legendary German outlaw , Schinderhannes (true name: Johannes Bückler; ~1778–1803), found himself at various times within Dörrebach’s limits, and

6080-609: The Bronze Age came a dagger and a lance , which were unearthed at the “Wolf’sch” (that is, pertaining to the former feudal lords, named Wolf von Sponheim ) stone quarries. In the vicinity of the Neupfalz Chief Forestry Office, armbands, bronze fibulae and urns for keeping ash were discovered in a barrow . From Hallstatt times , a human dwelling with two rooms was found in the Hunsfelsen (cliffs). In one of these,

6232-590: The Counts of Sponheim , and this may well explain the chequered pattern (“countercompony”, meaning with two rows of squares of alternating tinctures) borne on this cross. The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate ’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: The kermis (church consecration festival), called "Kerb", is held either on the Feast of the Assumption of Mary (15 August) or, if that falls in midweek, on

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6384-701: The Dörrebach church. The yard at the Schloss (still called the Schlosshof today) was surrounded with commercial buildings, of which the so-called tithe barns still stand today, although they have now been converted into dwellings. Before the house at this time was a well . In February 1702, Dörrebach passed by way of sale to the Baron, later Count, of Ingelheim, Franz Adolf Dietrich, Kammergericht President in Wetzlar . The sale price

6536-568: The Gravettian (ca. 30,000–20,000 B.C.) sites in Heddesheim (in the municipality of Guldental ) and Brey (in the municipality of Rhens ) are the first settlements in the area around the Hunsrück. Other significant sites include the rather more recent Old Stone Age site of Nußbaum near Bad Sobernheim and the encampment of Late Palaeolithic deer hunters in Boppard, which was first discovered in 2001 by

6688-663: The Late Neolithic and belong to the Michelsberg culture . Up to 2007, numerous oval stone axes were discovered, especially in the Fore-Hunsrück ( Morshausen , Beulich and Macken ). Likewise, finds of flint arrowheads point to a Late Neolithic ( inter alia at Bell ) and very Late Neolithic ( Hirzenach ) settlement. Other finds from the Bronze Age prove that there was continual settlement (especially documented by graves and grave goods). A greater process of settlement took place in

6840-835: The Moselle river and in the east by the Rhine . Its northeasternmost tip is thus formed by the Deutsches Eck . The Nahe – on the edge of the Bingen Forest , the Soonwald and the Lützelsoon – borders the mountains to the south. The Lower Naheland is not part of the Hunsrück, but belongs to the Upper Rhine Plain . The Idar Forest , the Hochwald and the Wildenburger Kopf adjoin

6992-602: The Nine Years' War . In 1689 Kirchberg, Kastellaun, Simmern and the town and castle of Stromberg were set on fire. Then came the chaos of war, which led to the War of the Spanish Succession and which ended in 1713. In the following years, trade and commerce grew. In the Hunsrück the first industry was set up by the families of Hauzeur, Pastert and Stumm. They ran mining, processing and ore smelting businesses. These, in turn, spurred

7144-622: The Schmiedel , was acquired. There, the first building was erected as a "mother house" ( Mutterhaus or domus materna ), which opened on 13 September 1851 with a householder and twelve boys. Even today, the head offices of the Schmiedel organization remain on the site. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871 and the foundation of the German Reich under Prussia 's leadership, the so-called Gründerzeit began. Its success did not impact

7296-407: The Soonwald , and the Bingen Forest . The highest mountain is the Erbeskopf (816 m; 2,677 ft), towards the region's south-west. Notable towns are Simmern , Kirchberg , and Idar-Oberstein , Kastellaun , and Morbach . Frankfurt-Hahn Airport is at the centre of the upland, equidistant between Mainz , Trier and Koblenz, co-named after the village of Hahn . Slate is still mined in

7448-682: The Stromberger Neuhütte (ironworks), who together with French and Spanish soldiers had been causing damage to the woods and fields in their quest for iron ore . Also important are the limestone deposits in the eastern part of the municipal area. The Guldenbach splits the limestone into two parts, with the more westerly lying in Dörrebach, while the more easterly, called the Hunsfels, lies within Stromberg’s limits. The long axis of this limestone pod stretches some 2 km from east to west, while

7600-696: The Thiergarten . A Mr. Werkhäuser, who had evacuated from Bad Kreuznach to Dörrebach, approached the Americans with a white flag , and for this the Americans appointed him “Lord Major”. They then seized the schoolhouse , the schoolyard and the houses on the Kipp and in the Schlag (local rural localities), evacuating them to billet their men. Later, several properties in the lower village were seized and evacuated as well. Roadblocks were set up, and people were only allowed to leave

7752-758: The Trechirgau , the southern part to the Nahegau . The Trechirgau was managed by the so-called Bertholds , the Nahegau by the Emichones . The capital of the Trechirgau, Trigorium , was in Treis .  The Hundesrucha is mentioned for the first time in a 1074 deed from Ravengiersburg Abbey . In the Middle Ages, the Hunsrück was territorially fragmented between the counts Palatine of

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7904-448: The bedrock . This study is often known as Quaternary geology , after the Quaternary period of geologic history, which is the most recent period of geologic time. Magma is the original unlithified source of all igneous rocks . The active flow of molten rock is closely studied in volcanology , and igneous petrology aims to determine the history of igneous rocks from their original molten source to their final crystallization. In

8056-430: The death penalty and to strip Orben of his civil rights . A catastrophic fire on 6 August 1911 made it clear to municipal council that Dörrebach needed a fire brigade . The proposal to establish such a thing found great support among the villagers and the authorities alike. Council put forth 500 marks towards the founding of a volunteer fire brigade and the district fire authority in Bad Kreuznach gave its approval to

8208-512: The geochemical evolution of rock units. Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within

8360-402: The mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan . These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced

8512-434: The relative ages of rocks found at a given location; geochemistry (a branch of geology) determines their absolute ages . By combining various petrological, crystallographic, and paleontological tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole. One aspect is to demonstrate the age of the Earth . Geology provides evidence for plate tectonics , the evolutionary history of life , and

8664-428: The slowworm and smooth snake have found a home. The viper does not occur in the Hunsrück. Finds such as stone axes indicate that the Hunsrück has been settled since the New Stone Age . Older discoveries, which prove that the area was either settled or crossed during the Old Stone Age , are rare. Middle Palaeolithic (ca. 200,000–400,000 B.C.) surface finds from Weiler bei Bingen are an exception. By contrast

8816-440: The 1960s, it was discovered that the Earth's lithosphere , which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle , is separated into tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere . This theory is supported by several types of observations, including seafloor spreading and the global distribution of mountain terrain and seismicity. There

8968-422: The 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück. The electronic music festival Nature One is held at the Pydna missile base in Kastellaun . Geology Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ ( gê )  'earth' and λoγία ( -logía )  'study of, discourse') is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects ,

9120-527: The ARRATA Archaeology Society. In 2014, Late Palaeolithic rock carvings similar to those from southern France and Spain were found in the Hunsrück. They were portraits of animals, especially horses, about 25,000 years old carved into a 1.2 m² slab of slate. The oldest witnesses from the New Stone Age are dated to no later than the Middle Neolithic , relics of the so-called Rössen culture (whose sites include Biebernheim and Reckershausen ). The majority of finds, especially of stone axes date, however, to

9272-457: The Dörrebach. Thus far, however, nobody has been able to prove this by dye tracing . What is odd about these springs is that the water coming out of the more voluminous one, the Kalter Steg , maintains a year-round temperature of about +5 °C, whereas the water from the other, less copious, one, only about 20 m away, the Warmbrunnen , lives up to its name, at least relatively speaking (the first syllable does indeed mean “warm”), running at

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9424-401: The Early Iron Age ( Hallstatt period ) with the Laufeld culture and in the La Tène period (5th– 1st century B.C.) with the Hunsrück-Eifel culture , which has been linked with the Celts . Examples of this culture include the coach grave of Bell, the Waldalgesheim prince's grave , the circular rampart of Otzenhausen , the Pfalzfeld obelisk , the upland settlement of Altburg in

9576-622: The Earth's past climates . Geologists broadly study the properties and processes of Earth and other terrestrial planets. Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's structure and evolution, including fieldwork , rock description , geophysical techniques , chemical analysis , physical experiments , and numerical modelling . In practical terms, geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources , understanding natural hazards , remediating environmental problems, and providing insights into past climate change . Geology

9728-424: The Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution. Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geological samples to observe the fabric within the rocks, which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures to better understand the orientations of faults and folds to reconstruct

9880-502: The First World War was characterized by a tense atmosphere as everyone in Dörrebach awaited news of a solution to Europe ’s quickly deteriorating political situation . Few people wanted to believe that a war would break out, and indeed when some workers came back from town on 31 July 1914 bringing with them news of Germany’s mobilization, few people would believe them (the war had in fact broken out three days earlier). The official word came from policeman Böhmer on 1 August. The whole village

10032-423: The Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed, and then deformation ended and the upper, undeformed units were deposited. Although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur, and they can occur any number of times, these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area. Geologists use

10184-437: The Hahnenbach valley and the numerous fields of tumuli . At that time, the Hunsrück was the tribal area of the Treveri . Between about 50 BC and AD 400 the Romans opened up the Hunsrück by building a dense network of roads. The best known relic of this is the Via Ausonia . Numerous finds of Roman farms ( Villa Rustica ), settlements, like the vicus Belginum , and military structures point to an almost total settlement of

10336-459: The Hunsrück Highway, 140 kilometres long, in just 100 days. Supply depots and airfields were built in the woods on both sides of the road. In the Second World War and post-war period, two places in the Hunsrück rose to notoriety: Hinzert concentration camp and Bretzenheim POW camp , the so-called "Field of Misery". In 1946, most of the Hunsrück became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate , with small elements around Nonnweiler going to

10488-508: The Hunsrück children are taught the boundaries of the Hunsrück using the following rhyme: "Mosel, Nahe, Saar und Rhein schließen unsern Hunsrück ein." ("Moselle, Nahe, Saar and Rhine enclose our Hunsrück") The following table lists the highest mountains and hills of the Hunsrück by sub-range (Osburger and Schwarzwälder Hochwald, Idar Forest, Haardt Forest, Soonwald, Bingen Forest and Lützelsoon) and height in metres above sea level (NN) : Despite, in places, intensive agricultural or timber use,

10640-425: The Hunsrück in the late 18th century. In 1792, as a result of the French Revolution and the seizure of power by Napoleon , French troops once again invaded the territories west of the Rhine and annexed them during the French period . After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, most of the Hunsrück was reallocated at the Congress of Vienna to Prussia 's Rhine Province . Parts of today's Birkenfeld and

10792-416: The Hunsrück region. They achieved this through the creation of dairy cooperatives , postal agencies and, in particular, through adult education . The First World War , the Occupation Period and inflation also had a serious impact on the economy of the Hunsrück and its inhabitants, but there were not the political tensions that arose in many places in the German Reich. A pioneer of industrialisation in

10944-413: The Hunsrück remains a landscape with a biodiversity , because many elements of the landscape can only be extensively utilised or even not used at all. The plant world of the Hunsrück is rich and varied. In the Soonwald there are over 850 species of ferns and flowers. The traditional forest monocultures are increasingly giving way, especially as a result of windthrow damage, to mixed woods , supporting

11096-595: The Hunsrück to the southwest. Here the Upper Nahe Hills rise in the shadow of the Hunsrück. The Osburger Hochwald , Schwarzwälder Hochwald and the rivers Saar and Ruwer form the western perimeter. Its southern continuation is formed by the Westrich and the North Palatine Uplands . The low mountain range is around 100 km long (SW to NE) and an average of 25 to 30 km wide (NW to SE). Its perimeter

11248-574: The Hunsrück until later, which is why many job seekers and even entire families went looking for work in the Ruhr area and migrated there. The Protestant pastor, later Prussian Landtag MP, Richard Oertel , founder of the Hunsrück Farmers' Union in 1892, and Albert Hackenberg , acting pastor in Hottenbach from 1879 to 1912, successfully worked to improve the economic, social and technological conditions in

11400-627: The Hunsrück was entrepreneur, Michael Felke . In 1919 he founded the Felke Möbelwerke , a company that produced and sold furniture in Central Europe until the late 1990s. It was one of the first major employers in the region. In 1938 and 1939, the German army became interested in the Hunsrück region as a strategic deployment route to the German-French border and the Siegfried Line , building

11552-530: The Hunsrück, a large part of it in Woppenroth , also known as Schabbach . In 2012, Reitz returned to the Hunsrück for the shooting of his film Die andere Heimat - Chronik einer Sehnsucht in the village of Gehlweiler . The film focuses on the Vormärz era in the mid-19th century and the waves of emigration from the Hunsrück to Brazil. The German television drama series Heimat , directed by Edgar Reitz , examined

11704-475: The Kreuznach district. Since this time, Dörrebach has been a self-administering municipality. In 1833, an Evangelical school was set up in a rented room in a house, so that the village’s Evangelical schoolchildren would not have to go all the way to Seibersbach to go to school. The first schoolteacher there was a student named Götz. By 1873, however, this school was gone, as indeed was the whole building in which

11856-710: The NE as the Idar Forest with its highest peaks, An den zwei Steinen (766.2 m) and the Idarkopf (745.7 m). Its northeasternmost part is formed by the Soonwald (highest mountain: the Ellerspring , 656.8 m), the Lützelsoon ( Womrather Höhe , 599.1 m) and the Bingen Forest ( Kandrich , 638.6 m). All these ranges form an almost unbroken belt of forest. – To the east of

12008-583: The Rhine , the archbishops of Trier , the counts of Sponheim and the successors of the Emichones (the Wildgraves , the Raugraves and the counts of Veldenz ). There were also a number of smaller dominions. Due to the multitude of dominions, many castles and customs stations were built, mainly between 11th to mid 14th century, which still shape the landscape today. In 1410 the Principality of Simmern emerged as

12160-530: The Rhine the crest of the Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus . Geomorphologically the Hunsrück bears great similarities to the Eifel , the Taunus and the Westerwald , which are also part of the Rhenish Massif . The Hunsrück hill road runs from west to east from Saarburg to Koblenz . A Roman military road , the so-called Via Ausonia also once ran through the mountains in an east-west direction and linked Trier with Bingen . In many primary schools in

12312-743: The Saarland. During the Cold War until the early 1990s, the Hunsrück was home to numerous military airfields, ammunition dumps, command positions and missile sites. The most famous were Hahn Air Base , Pferdsfeld Air Base, the Börfink Command Bunker and the Pydna Missile Base . In 1986/87, as a result of the NATO Double-Track Decision , 96 cruise missiles , fitted with nuclear warheads , were to be stored at Pydna. On 11 Oct 1986, on

12464-472: The Wolfe von Sponheim, was, as elsewhere, one of serfdom . The serfs had to work for a prescribed time for their lords, pay them great tithes (and smaller tithes to the clergy) and perform other unpaid work . Thus, they had to, for instance, perform transport and delivery services for as far as three (local) miles and also bring the lords loads of wood and other things. The comital House of Sponheim built in Dörrebach

12616-417: The accused and the victims were people from Dörrebach, which was also the scene of the crimes. A blacksmith named Philipp Orben, born on 1 April 1854 at Wallhausen and living in Dörrebach, was charged with murdering his mother-in-law, the widow Gerhard née Altmeyer, and his 14-year-old sister-in-law, Franziska Gerhard, with malice aforethought by poisoning them both with arsenic . The accused had married

12768-537: The beginning of the 20th century, advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geological events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geological time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates, it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there

12920-405: The brook that flows through the southern part of the municipality, itself having always been called the Dörrebach, because to a great extent it dries up (see Geology and Municipality’s name above) at Dörrebach, and in its lower reaches, down to where it empties into the Guldenbach, it only carries water when there is heavy rainfall. In reference to the name is the wavy bend (slanted stripe), which

13072-506: The brook’s name, which in its lower reaches is ausgedörrt (“dried up”, see Geology above), the implication here being that the word element —dörr— is somehow linked to the name “Dörrebach” (the —bach ending means “brook”). Over the ages, though, the name has changed quite often. A document that names part of what is now Dörrebach, namely the Gollenfels, comes from 1156. It was then that Stromberg , along with its appurtenances, among which

13224-606: The circumstances of his death were linked with his origins. A farmer wanted to buy a cow in Rheinböllen . He could, however, not buy what he wanted, and so on the way back home he still had his 34 Thaler in his pocket. When Schinderhannes came and stood before him on the road, full of fear, the farmer described his intention honestly, and its failure. He had reckoned that as a result, he would now have to part with his hard-earned money. Schinderhannes, though, believed his explanation, left his money alone and advised him not to look back on

13376-515: The creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down. Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on

13528-437: The crust, the uplift of mountain ranges, and paleo-topography. Fractionation of the lanthanide series elements is used to compute ages since rocks were removed from the mantle. Other methods are used for more recent events. Optically stimulated luminescence and cosmogenic radionuclide dating are used to date surfaces and/or erosion rates. Dendrochronology can also be used for the dating of landscapes. Radiocarbon dating

13680-570: The fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault . The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts ) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in

13832-403: The faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along, forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault. Deeper in the Earth, rocks behave plastically and fold instead of faulting. These folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards, creating " antiforms ", or where it buckles downwards, creating " synforms ". If the tops of the rock units within

13984-483: The folds remain pointing upwards, they are called anticlines and synclines , respectively. If some of the units in the fold are facing downward, the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline, and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown, they are simply called by the most general terms, antiforms, and synforms. Even higher pressures and temperatures during horizontal shortening can cause both folding and metamorphism of

14136-636: The following Sunday and Monday. The following clubs are active in Dörrebach: Dörrebach has two of these: the “Taverna Meteora”, and outside the village (between Stromberg and Dörrebach) the “Weinbergerhof”. Among other transport links, Dörrebach can be reached by way of the nearest Autobahn interchanges in Stromberg and Rheinböllen , both on the A ;61 . Hunsr%C3%BCck The Hunsrück ( German pronunciation: [ˈhʊnsʁʏk] )

14288-404: The formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether

14440-499: The foundation stone was laid for Dörrebach’s new National Socialist Volkshaus (“People’s House”, meaning in this case a municipal hall). The date for the occasion was chosen to honour the 16 Nazi “heroes” who had fallen in the Beer Hall Putsch twelve years to the day earlier. In 1945, the last Wehrmacht troops left the immediate area, retreating towards the Rhine on 16 March. Two days later came American tank troops from

14592-460: The great need for such a thing in a statement on 14 February of that year. Not only was plentiful drinking water needed for people (the local wells sometimes would not yield up enough water in the summertime), but water was also needed for livestock in this agrarian village, and the mayor complained in his statement that villagers were having to fetch water from “quite a small brook” that flowed by some “three thousand paces” (thus roughly 3 km) from

14744-419: The influence of the middle centres of Bad Kreuznach and Bingen . The municipal area measures 13.14 km² (of which 2.36 km² is wooded) and has an average elevation of 370 m above sea level , while the municipality’s highest elevation, called the Kipp, is 408.3 m above sea level. Given over to agriculture is an area of 320 ha, of which 180 ha is grassland and the other 140 ha

14896-423: The internal composition and structure of the Earth. Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core . These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a lithosphere (including crust) on top,

15048-456: The landscape. Worth noting is the way that the Dörrebach percolates into the ground along its eastern stretch, beginning under the bridge at the Weinbergerhof inn . The water is positively swallowed up by several holes, called ponors . Reportedly there are certain spots where one can even clearly hear the slurping noise made by the sinking water. This unusual occurrence can only be explained by

15200-1082: The land’s geographical characteristics, and still others refer to historic landowners. Dörrebach has a great number of named cadastral areas in its outlying rural (and to a great extent, wooded) countryside – all together 99 of them. Their names, most of which are prepositional phrases, are as follows: Am Bangert, Am Buchenweg, Am Buchenweg, Am Hahnenpfad, Am Heesbaum, Am Hellienbohr, Am Hirschbrunnen, Am Hollerpfad, Am Kapellchen, Am Schleckenacker, Am Schlosswald, Am Totenweg, Am Weigertsgraben, Am Weiher, An dem Hahn, An dem Seibersbacher Weg, An dem Streitbirnbaum, An den Horschwiesen, An der Braunewies, An der Kipp, An der Langmauer, An der Schlosswiese, An der Stehwiese, An der Straße, An der Trift, An der Wolfsgass, Auf dem Fischweiher, Auf dem Holler, Auf dem Lindenfels, Auf dem Sasset, Auf dem Schlag, Auf dem Schleckenacker, Auf dem Stemel, Auf dem Wolfshäuschen, Auf der Braunewies, Auf der Helle, Auf der Hirtenwiese, Auf der Kreuzwiese, Auf der Lay, Auf der Mauerwiese, Auf der Maushell, Auf der Maushell am Rithberg, Auf der Pfingstheide (southwest of

15352-654: The late Mr. and Mrs. Gerhard’s eldest daughter on 24 May 1879 and had come to live with them. Mr. Gerhard was still alive at that time, but that lasted less than a year when Orben’s father-in-law suddenly died on 11 April 1880, and this after many months of upset and misery in the household, which had apparently begun with Orben’s arrival. On 26 December the same year, Mrs. Gerhard likewise suddenly died, leaving all her daughters living with Orben. Then, on 29 March 1881, Franziska Gerhard suddenly died, but this time suspicions of poisoning led to Mr. and Mrs. Gerhard’s and Franziska’s bodies being exhumed and autopsied . Mr. Gerhard’s body

15504-459: The later end of the scale, it is marked by the present day (in the Holocene epoch ). The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent era is expanded in

15656-640: The local geological conditions. Since 1925, the limestone pod that lies here has been called the Stromberger Karst because here, watercourses sink into the ground, flowing onwards underground, which in drier years can lead to the Dörrebach’s disappearing utterly. Some 2 km farther east, in Stromberg, there are two karst springs . The water, which here comes out of the walling on the Guldenbach’s right bank, might come from water that has sunk underground from

15808-454: The lowest layer to deposition of the highest bed. The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist during the same period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence provides a relative age of the formations where they appear. Based on principles that William Smith laid out almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution ,

15960-493: The mantle and show the crystallographic structures expected in the inner core of the Earth. The geological time scale encompasses the history of the Earth. It is bracketed at the earliest by the dates of the first Solar System material at 4.567 Ga (or 4.567 billion years ago) and the formation of the Earth at 4.54 Ga (4.54 billion years), which is the beginning of the Hadean eon  – a division of geological time. At

16112-509: The manufacture of implements for the house, farming and handicrafts: ovens, pans, boilers, weights, spades, nails, hammers, anvils, looms, spinning wheels and ammunition (cannonballs and shells weighing from 2 to 30 pounds). Leaders in the iron processing industry were the family of Stumm. Their progenitor, Christian Stumm, was a blacksmith in Rhaunensulzbach . Two of his sons were important entrepreneurs. Johann Nikolaus Stumm (1668-1743)

16264-520: The market place in Bell, what was probably the largest demonstration in the Hunsrück's history took place. Around 200,000 people, 95% of whom were not from the Hunsrück, peacefully protested against the deployment of the missiles. At the end of the day the "Hunsrück Declaration" was read out which called for a reversal of the security policy. This did not happen, however, the Cold War ended two years later anyway, and

16416-405: The matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock that contains them. The principle of original horizontality states that the deposition of sediments occurs as essentially horizontal beds. Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units

16568-504: The missile based was closed on 31 August 1993, the land being acquired by the Kastellaun garrison authority. Likewise the US airbase at Hahn was transferred in 1993 to the German authorities and became a civilian facility, Frankfurt-Hahn Airport . The airport has expanded steadily since that time. In the early 1980s, the film director Edgar Reitz shot the first part of his trilogy Heimat in

16720-403: The mountains. Since 2010, the region has become one of Germany's major onshore wind power regions. Large wind farms are near Ellern and Kirchberg. Nature-based tourism is widespread. In 2015, a new national park was inaugurated. The pedestrian Geierlay suspension bridge opened in the same year. The climate sees mists that rise most mornings. More rain than the German average is caused by

16872-413: The north-south extent barely reaches more than 600 m. More precisely, this area begins near the Weinbergerhof and includes the whole western area of the Gollenfels. In the area of the railway station property in Stromberg, this area stretches along the left bank of the Guldenbach. In both places, the limestone deposits have been exploited commercially for decades, thereby leaving considerable scarring on

17024-523: The northern Saarland belonged to the Oldenburg Principality of Birkenfeld until 1937. The economic situation in the Hunsrück became serious during the years 1815-1845. A poor harvest in 1815 was followed by the year without a summer in 1816; grain prices rose rapidly and 1817 became a year of famine. In September 1822, the Brazilian government sent Georg Anton Schäffer to Germany to recruit mercenaries and colonists . He arrived in 1823, as

17176-529: The one in which so many smaller and clerical lords had found themselves earlier in the wake of the 1803 Reichsdeputationshauptschluss : they lost their lands and thereby also the lordship over Dörrebach, which passed to the Kingdom of Prussia , within which it was grouped into the new Rhine Province . Once this had been administratively subdivided, Dörrebach found itself in the Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz and

17328-402: The outlying homesteads of Forsthaus Opel, Burg Gollenfels ( castle ), Im Waldwinkel and Weinbergerhof. It is the custom in many parts of Germany for defined areas of rural land to bear proper names, and the countryside within Dörrebach’s limits is no exception. Many of these toponyms are centuries old. Some refer to long vanished villages or hamlets that once lay in these areas, others refer to

17480-569: The principles of succession developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat ( facies change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils formed globally at the same time. Geologists also use methods to determine the absolute age of rock samples and geological events. These dates are useful on their own and may also be used in conjunction with relative dating methods or to calibrate relative methods. At

17632-546: The project on 29 July 1912. On 9 February 1913, Philipp Klein, the local forester, was chosen to be the village’s first fire chief. Not long thereafter, of course, the First World War broke out and many of the men had to go away to fight. Philipp Klein never came back. He fell in Russia on 18 July 1915. One of his colleagues from the fire brigade leadership, Hermann Göller, also fell in the Great War on 18 September 1914. The leadup to

17784-506: The rather well established traditional story about two Roman roads joining each other here (one from Mainz - Bingen and the other from Kreuznach , which after the junction led by way of the Thiergarten and Argenthal to Neumagen on the Moselle ) suggests that this area before the Soonwald was inhabited quite early on. From the Stone Age came archaeological finds of stone axes , flint blades, arrowheads , and awls made of bone. From

17936-527: The region by the Romans. The final years of the 4th century saw the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire . The Franks conquered the Roman territories and began to divide them up. This was the start of the great western and central European empire of Francia . In the mid-8th century this was divided into gaus under Carolingian rule. The northern part of the present Hunsrück foreland belonged to

18088-525: The rest of his trip and not to stop. So that his money would not be taken by accomplices on the way, Schinderhannes revealed to him the day’s password: Eckstein Ass ist Trumpf (“Cornerstone ace is trump”). On the rest of the journey, the farmer had several men call him, whereupon each time he called out the password loudly, and in the end he arrived home safely with his money. The name’s origin has not been established with absolute certainty. It supposedly derives from

18240-527: The rest of the 18th century, documents use the modern form, Dörrebach, time and again, thus suggesting that the village had finally settled on the form of the name. The unusual alignment of Dörrebach’s municipal limit in the area of the Lehnmühle (mill) bolsters the likelihood that there was once a hamlet there named Hedisweiler ( Hidewilre ), which sometime about the 16th century passed to Schöneberg . Dörrebach’s population development since Napoleonic times

18392-508: The rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences , including hydrology . It is integrated with Earth system science and planetary science . Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface and the processes that have shaped that structure. Geologists study the mineralogical composition of rocks in order to get insight into their history of formation. Geology determines

18544-428: The rocks. This metamorphism causes changes in the mineral composition of the rocks; creates a foliation , or planar surface, that is related to mineral growth under stress. This can remove signs of the original textures of the rocks, such as bedding in sedimentary rocks, flow features of lavas , and crystal patterns in crystalline rocks . Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This

18696-572: The schoolroom had been, with a carpentry shop there instead. As far back as 1837, Dörrebach’s first watermain was built, drawing water from the Hemgen-Born, a spring in the Royal Forest and carrying it through cast-iron pipes to the village. Its total length was 9,470 Prussian feet, or 2 972.16 m (a Prussian foot was slightly longer than its English counterpart, measuring 31.385 cm). The then mayor of Dörrebach, named Dheil, had laid out

18848-433: The simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model. Mineralogists have been able to use the pressure and temperature data from the seismic and modeling studies alongside knowledge of the elemental composition of the Earth to reproduce these conditions in experimental settings and measure changes within the crystal structure. These studies explain the chemical changes associated with the major seismic discontinuities in

19000-460: The so-called Schloss (known until it was torn down in 1940/1941 as the schoolhouse ), where either the counts themselves or their administrators lived. On 5 May 1672, at the Schloss , sometime between 0900 and 1000, at the age of 61 years, 5 weeks and 2 days, the Imperial baron, highborn lord, Johann Werner Wolf von Sponheim, died. As was customary for the nobility, he was buried in the quire at

19152-473: The so-called Atzweiler Abbey to Simmern and Trier . Besides finds of milestones and graves, which can be taken as the definite basis for inferring the road’s alignment, there are also literary sources. It is also believed that rural cadastral names containing the German word for “wall”, “Mauer” (of which there are three) have some historical link to Roman building remnants found in some parts of Dörrebach’s municipal area. Dörrebach and Seibersbach along with

19304-524: The southwestern United States, sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed, faulted, foliated, and folded. Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada , the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is indiscernible without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages. In many places,

19456-509: The state. Under the French conqueror’s flag, local people had to take up arms against foreigners and Germans alike. After the Napoleonic Wars , the region passed back to German control under the terms of the Congress of Vienna . The Counts of Ingelheim, though, who had sold their holdings at fire sale prices at the onset of the French advance in the 1790s found themselves in a similar position to

19608-458: The subject of a well known folksong), but also the Hunsrück “national hero” – actually a robber – known as Schinderhannes , who made the place his hideout. Northwest of the village, beyond the Hochsteinchen (a mountain) lies Rheinböllen , while to the southeast lies Stromberg . Dörrebach lies on the northwest side of the widely wooded and hilly Bad Kreuznach district, and also within

19760-550: The subsurface. Sub-specialities of geology may distinguish endogenous and exogenous geology. Geological field work varies depending on the task at hand. Typical fieldwork could consist of: In addition to identifying rocks in the field ( lithology ), petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe . In an optical mineralogy analysis, petrologists analyze thin sections of rock samples using

19912-407: The surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics . The development of plate tectonics has provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth . Long linear regions of geological features are explained as plate boundaries: Plate tectonics has provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegener 's theory of continental drift , in which the continents move across

20064-488: The surface of the Earth over geological time. They also provided a driving force for crustal deformation, and a new setting for the observations of structural geology. The power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle. Advances in seismology , computer modeling , and mineralogy and crystallography at high temperatures and pressures give insights into

20216-474: The surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below. Dikes , long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed. This can result in the emplacement of dike swarms , such as those that are observable across the Canadian shield, or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano. All of these processes do not necessarily occur in

20368-742: The surface. Igneous intrusions such as batholiths , laccoliths , dikes , and sills , push upwards into the overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude. After the initial sequence of rocks has been deposited, the rock units can be deformed and/or metamorphosed . Deformation typically occurs as a result of horizontal shortening, horizontal extension , or side-to-side ( strike-slip ) motion. These structural regimes broadly relate to convergent boundaries , divergent boundaries , and transform boundaries, respectively, between tectonic plates. When rock units are placed under horizontal compression , they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume , this

20520-407: The third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline. Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline) Epochs: Methods for relative dating were developed when geology first emerged as a natural science . Geologists still use the following principles today as

20672-412: The village for two hours each day. After a fortnight, the Americans pulled out of Dörrebach and moved on, taking along with them various persons from the local Nazi Party organization who had had leadership roles in the soon-to-be-bygone Third Reich (which indeed ceased to exist about five and a half weeks later, after Adolf Hitler killed himself and his appointed successor Karl Dönitz surrendered to

20824-415: The village nearly got themselves shot when on the way back from Seibersbach , where they had gone to buy bread, they chose to rest awhile in a roadside ditch next to a rye field. Somebody spotted them there and took them for spies. The village was soon on alert and the local forester, armed with the guns that he thought he would need, arrived on the scene. The lads were recognized in time, though, before there

20976-1110: The village), Auf der Pfingstheide (west of the village), Auf der Pfingstheidwiese, Auf der Schwann, Auf der Seibersbacher Heide, Auf der Sparrwiese, Die Mauerwiese, Hinter dem Weiher, Hinter der Kipp, Im Bangert, Im Bingelsberg, Im Dorf, Im Ebertsborn, Im Geren, Im Hobengarten, Im Kirchgarten, Im Lagerborn, Im oberen Bangert, Im Schlafbohr, Im Schloss, Im Schlossgrund, Im Schlosswald, Im unteren Bangert, Im Waldwinkel, Im Wingertsberg, In den untersten Horschwiesen, In den Adamsäckern, In den Eichäckern, In den Frühjahrsäckern, In den Geren Wusten, In den Honigäckern, In den Kreuzwiesen, In den Linnäckern, In den oberen Wiesen, In den obersten Horschwiesen, In den Schlosswiesen, In den Stolläckern, In den Strinkwiesen, In der Au, In der Bangertgewann, In der Gereheck, In der Kohlgrube, In der Langfuhr, In der Muhl, In der Neuwiese, In der oberen Au, In der Schlesheck, In der Silswiese, In der Weigertswiese, Krummäcker, Links am Mühlenweg, Neben den Horschwiesen, Neben der Flurwiese, Rechts am Mühlenweg, Unter dem Rithberg, Unter Ludwigs, Unterm Bingelsberg. The geological parent material

21128-420: The village. Water for cooking also had to be drawn here. Dheil believed that boring more wells was not the solution to this problem, and added that the need was greatest when fire broke out. On 12 March 1876, a frightful windstorm struck Dörrebach and wrought widespread devastation, tearing roofs off and snapping or uprooting countless trees. On 17 November 1881, the local press reported on a murder trial in which

21280-439: The villagers long remembered him, even after he was beheaded by guillotine in 1803, after finally being caught. A clergyman named Daniel reports a story related to Schinderhannes: In the earliest years (1871/1872) of my time as pastor, one day somebody found a man at the lavatory, dead. The man was avoided by people and it has been told me by old, respectable citizens that this man’s mother had been Schinderhannes’s daughter, and

21432-405: The way of food, reasoning that it would soon become scarce. Flour and salt were items of particular interest. This hoarding unfortunately characterized the whole war on the home front. The sellers, for their part, raised prices and reaped greater profits. There also arose a degree of paranoia about spies in the villagers’ midst. Needless to say, any foreigner was suspect. Two young lads from

21584-509: The word’s etymology ) – found near the farmstead Birkenhof, is held to be an impressive witness to Dörrebach’s eventful past. These menhirs are known in the German vernacular as Hünensteine . Since the Roman road ran up through the Guldenbach valley, the castrum on the Schlossberg would have had particular importance as a place where watch was kept. The Roman road led from Dörrebach by way of

21736-539: Was 63,000 Rhenish guilders . The inhabitants’ relationship with their lords remained as before. The Ingelheim comital office from which Dörrebach was administered was to be found in Schweppenhausen . The Dörrebach area suffered greatly in King Louis XIV’s wars of conquest. French troops occupied the land and French administration was introduced. Under the terms of the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , however, Louis XIV

21888-462: Was a smeltery owner and his sons, Johann Ferdinand, Friedrich Philipp and Christian Philipp Stumm , bought the Neunkirchen ironworks on 22 March 1806, part of today's Saarstahl AG. Johann Michael Stumm (1683-1747) was the founder of an organ building workshop . The notorious robbers, Johannes Bückler (known as Schinderhannes ) and Johann Peter Petri ( Black Peter ) brought insecurity to

22040-533: Was announced in Dunkirk , that free passage to Brazil would no longer be possible. At this time there were over 800 people waiting there. Prussia refused to give any assistance to the impoverished and helpless emigrants. They were transported from France in three warships to Algeria and settled in the villages of Stidia and Sainte-Léonie. Most of their descendants returned to France after the Algerian War in 1962. As

22192-568: Was any shooting. The year 1921 was a time of bad harvests in Dörrebach. The hay harvest was disappointing, and so was the yield from the village’s summer crops, for it had been a hot, dry summer. Most keenly felt, though, was the poor potato harvest. Few potato growers even reaped enough for their own needs. The solution was to buy a consignment of potatoes from Stettin in Pomerania (then still in Germany, now Szczecin in Poland ), which Robert Molzahn,

22344-615: Was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages. For many geological applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature , the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice . These are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies. Common methods include uranium–lead dating , potassium–argon dating , argon–argon dating and uranium–thorium dating . These methods are used for

22496-626: Was newly subdivided administratively and French administration was introduced once again. The French Revolutionary Calendar was introduced, too, as were French Revolutionary innovations, which swept aside all that was remembered from earlier times. Dörrebach found itself at this time in the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Stromberg, the Arrondissement of Simmern and the Department of Rhin-et-Moselle . Serfdom came to an end, as did likewise compulsory labour for

22648-589: Was obliged to cede Electoral Palatinate and some neighbouring territories back to the Empire. In the late 18th century, the French Revolution broke out, and the leaders of the new republic sent their Jacobin armies to the long-coveted Rhine , although they did not come into possession of the lands on the Rhine’s left bank until the 1801 Treaty of Lunéville . The Ingelheim lordship was thus swept away. The country

22800-556: Was the Gollenfels, passed to Conrad von Hohenstaufen, Count Palatine of the Rhine. On his deathbed in 1195, he bequeathed his Stromberg holdings to his daughter Agnes and her husband Heinrich von Braunschweig, his successor. The village’s name has taken the following forms over time: Durrenbach (1281), Dornbach (1425), Dorrenbach (about 1450), Durrenbach (1460, 1516 and about 1570), Dorrnbach (1604), Dornbach (1605), Dörbach , Dörnbach (1656), Dörrenbach (1670), Dörren- und Seiffersbach (1676), Dörr- und Seibersbach (1717). Over

22952-508: Was too badly decayed for any meaningful conclusions to be drawn, but 50 mg of arsenic was found in Mrs. Gerhard’s stomach, as was an even greater amount in Franziska’s. Philipp Orben had found ways to procure arsenic from the apothecary repeatedly, but he denied everything, and his behaviour in court was described as impudent. The jury found him guilty, and the prosecutor asked the court to impose

23104-560: Was woken up by the toll of the village bell at about midnight. No sooner had Böhmer read out the Mobilization Order than pandemonium broke out in Dörrebach’s streets, despite the late hour. A crowd gathered at reeve Bernhard May’s home in the hope of finding out more news while weeping was heard from the village’s women and children. The disquiet lasted all night. The next day, Philipp Dhein’s and Eva Gerhardt’s general stores were both beset by housewives seeking to buy whatever they could in

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