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39-612: The "Dévots" were members of a conservative faction in France in the early part of the seventeenth century with a strong political purpose. Among the prominent dévots was Cardinal Pierre de Bérulle , founder of the French school of spirituality and chaplain to queen Marie de' Medici . A number of members had earlier belonged to the Catholic League . According to historian Mack P. Holt, "...the League

78-481: A bishop. He obtained the necessary dispensations from Rome for Henrietta Maria 's marriage to Charles I , and acted as her chaplain during the first year of her stay in England. In 1626, as French ambassador to Spain, he concluded the favourable Treaty of Monzón , to which his enemy Cardinal Richelieu found objections. After the reconciliation of King Louis XIII with his mother, Marie de Medici , through his agency, he

117-588: A deep sense of God's grandeur and of the Church as the Body of Christ, a pessimistic Augustinian view of man that nonetheless stressed positive potential through God, and a strong apostolic and missionary commitment. Cornelius Jansen and Jean du Vergier de Hauranne (the Abbé (Abbot)of Saint-Cyran), key collaborators of Bérulle, worked together to promote a negative Augustinian penitential theology, hoping that Bérulle’s Oratory would be

156-599: A distinct tradition of spirituality, more recently known as Berullism. Substantial and polemicized Lutheran, Calvinist, and Counter-Reformation theological and philosophical notions have been noted in Berulle's spiritual theology of priesthood. This spiritual theology created a sea change in the Roman Catholic theology of the priesthood, principally through an over-identification with Christ, according to Clare McGrath-Merkle. Berullian clerical spirituality has been characterized by

195-597: A life of poverty, penance and prayer. Between 1206 and 1214, Albert Avogadro , the Patriarch of Jerusalem, brought the hermits on Mount Carmel together into community. At their request he wrote them a rule , which expressed their own intention and reflected the spirit of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land and of the early community of Jerusalem. They were also inspired by the prophet Elijah, who had been associated with Mount Carmel. The words of Elijah, "With zeal have I been zealous for

234-525: A negative spiritual anthropology of self-annihilationism and neantism in which the priest must lose his identity to make room for that of Christ. Bérulle encouraged Descartes ' philosophical studies, and it was through him that the Samaritan Pentateuch , recently brought over from Constantinople , was inserted in Lejay's Bible Polyglotte (1628–45). Bérulle has been claimed to be an opponent of

273-489: A return to Carmel's authentic vocation. A group of nuns assembled in her cell one September evening in 1560, taking their inspiration from the primitive tradition of Carmel and the discalced reform of Peter of Alcantara , a controversial movement within Spanish Franciscanism, proposed to found a monastery of an eremitical kind. With few resources and often bitter opposition, Teresa succeeded in 1562 in establishing

312-606: A small monastery with the austerity of desert solitude within the heart of the city of Ávila , Spain , combining eremitical and community life. On 24 August 1562, the new Convent of St. Joseph was founded. Teresa's rule, which retained a distinctively Marian character, contained exacting prescriptions for a life of continual prayer, safeguarded by strict enclosure and sustained by the asceticism of solitude, manual labor, perpetual abstinence, fasting, and fraternal charity. In addition to this, Teresa envisioned an order fully dedicated to poverty. Working in close collaboration with Teresa

351-482: A specific work, but the Carmelite Order tries to respond to what it sees as the needs of the church and the world - which differ according to time and place. Many friars work in such institutions as parishes, schools, universities, retreat centres, prisons and hospitals. Each individual friar will serve in roles depending on the perceived needs of the people with whom he lives and his own particular talents. Each day

390-2727: Is marked by silence for prayer. In addition to the daily celebration of the full Liturgy of the Hours , two hours (one in the morning, one in the evening) are set aside for silent prayer. Communities should not have more than 21 members. The friars practice a broadly-based discipline of study. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] President of Scandinavian Bishops Conference (2005–2015) Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria degli Angeli (2017-Incumbent) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of Maracaibo (2007–2012) [REDACTED] Archbishop of Baghdad (1983–1999) [REDACTED] Military Bishop of Bolivia (2000–2012) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of La Paz (1983–2000) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of Bayeux-Lisieux (1987–2005) [REDACTED] Bishop of Meaux (1986–1987) [REDACTED] Vicar Apostolic of Tumaco (1990–1999) [REDACTED] Vicar Apostolic of San Miguel de Sucumbíos (1984–2010) [REDACTED] Apostolic prefect of San Miguel de Sucumbíos (1970–1984) [REDACTED] Metropolitan Archbishop of Cuenca (1981–2000) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of Quito (1977–1981) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of Guayaquil (2006–2009) [REDACTED] Bishop of Oruro (1991–2003) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of Oruro (1987–1991) [REDACTED] Bishop of Székesfehérvár (1991–2003) [REDACTED] Coadjutor Bishop of Székesfehérvár (1990–1991) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of Székesfehérvár (1988–1990) [REDACTED] Territorial Prelate of Infanta (2003–2012) [REDACTED] Bishop of Malolos (1996–2003) [REDACTED] Auxiliary Bishop of Manila (1994–1996) [REDACTED] Vicar Apostolic of Kuwait (1981–2005) [REDACTED] Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva (1979–1998) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] President of Italian Episcopal Conference (1979–1985) [REDACTED] Metropolitan Archbishop of Turin (1977–1989) [REDACTED] Metropolitan Archbishop of Bari-Canosa (1973–1977) [REDACTED] Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria della Scala pro hac vice Title (1895–1916) [REDACTED] Prefect of Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars (1899–1902) [REDACTED] Prefect of Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and Sacred Relics (1896–1899) [REDACTED] Camerlengo of

429-708: Is situated in the modern department of Yonne , while the village adjacent to it, Bérulle , is in Aube . He was educated by the Jesuits at Clermont and at the Sorbonne in Paris. He published his first work, his Bref Discours de l'abnegation interieure , in 1597. Soon after his ordination as a priest in 1599, he assisted Cardinal Duperron in his public controversy with the Protestant Philippe de Mornay , and made numerous converts. With

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468-575: The Humanist revival – adversely affected the Order. Many Carmelites and even whole communities succumbed to contemporary attitudes and conditions diametrically opposed to their original vocation. To meet this situation the rule was "mitigated" several times. Consequently, the Carmelites bore less and less resemblance to the first hermits of Mount Carmel . Teresa of Avila considered the surest way to prayer to be

507-467: The dévots nonetheless remained very influential (notably with the fervently Catholic regent Anne of Austria ). The residence of Madame Barbara Acarie , whose husband Pierre had been a strong supporter of the League, became a gathering place for the distinguished and devout of Paris. Among those who frequented her home were Keeper of the Seals Michel de Marillac , royal confessor Pierre Coton , and

546-642: The parish of Clichy. A mainstay of the Counter-Reformation in France, in 1611 Bérulle founded in Paris the Congregation of the French Oratory , on the model of the one founded in 1556 by Philip Neri at Rome. The French congregation, however, varied in important respects from the Italian Oratory. Bérulle was a chaplain to King Henry IV of France , and several times declined his offers to be made

585-630: The Blessed Virgin Mary and they called themselves the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel. The Muhraka monastery on the top of Mount Carmel near Haifa in Israel is a historic Carmelite monastery. The monastery stands on the place where the prophet Elijah is said to have lived and fought the prophets of Baal. The first Carmelites were pilgrims to Mount Carmel who settled there in solitude. These early hermits were mostly laity, who lived

624-532: The Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel ( Latin : Ordo Fratrum Carmelitarum Discalceatorum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo ) or the Order of Discalced Carmelites (Latin: Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum ; abbrev. : OCD ; sometimes called in earlier times, Latin : Ordo Carmelitarum Excalceatorum ), is a Catholic mendicant order with roots in the eremitic tradition of the Desert Fathers . The order

663-575: The Carmelite Order in Rome, but were otherwise distinct from the Carmelites in that they could elect their own superiors and author their own constitutions for their common life. The following Discalced Carmelite Chapter at Alcala de Henares , Spain in March 1581 established the constitutions of the Discalced Carmelites and elected the first provincial of the Discalced Carmelites, Jerome Gratian . This office

702-496: The Cross , Père Jacques and the sixteen Martyrs of Compiegne . Fraternity, service, and contemplation are essential values for all Carmelites. When the Carmelites were forced to leave Mount Carmel, they changed their practice from being hermits to friars. The major difference is that friars are called to serve the People of God in some active apostolate. Some congregations were founded for

741-510: The Discalced Carmelites is the Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites . The Discalced Carmelites are friars and nuns who dedicate themselves to a life of prayer. The Carmelite nuns live in cloistered (enclosed) monasteries and follow a completely contemplative life. The Carmelite friars, while following a contemplative life, also engage in the promotion of spirituality through their retreat centres, parishes and churches. Lay people, known as

780-522: The Incarnation as the defining characteristic of his spirituality and his Oratory, when he asked Christ "that, in this piety, devotion, and special servitude to the mystery of Your Incarnation and of Your humanized divinity and deified humanity, be our life and our state, our spirit and our particular difference." The chief works of Cardinal de Bérulle are: In addition, Bérulle wrote a number of short devotional works ( Œuvres de pieté ) and documents for

819-715: The Lord God of hosts" (IKg 19:10) appear on the Carmelite crest. Around 1238, within fifty years of receiving their rule, the Carmelite hermits were forced by the Saracens to leave Mount Carmel and to settle in Europe. A combination of political and social conditions that prevailed in Europe in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries – the Hundred Years' War , Black Plague , the Reformation and

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858-637: The Marquise de Maignelay (née Claude-Marguerite de Gondi, sister of Jean-François de Gondi , archbishop of Paris), among others. The Marquise was instrumental in the establishment of the Madelonnettes Convent , a refuge for prostitutes. Their influence was felt through the Society of the Holy Sacrament ( Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement ). Molière 's Tartuffe was banned in 1664 when the dévots believed it

897-524: The Secular Order, follow their contemplative call in their everyday activities. Devotion to the Virgin Mary is a characteristic of Carmelites and is symbolised by wearing the brown scapular . Carmelites trace their roots and their name to Mount Carmel in the Holy Land. There, in the 13th century, a band of European men gathered together to live a simple life of prayer. Their first chapel was dedicated to

936-426: The abstract school of mysticism that bypassed the humanity of Christ, although his own method of prayer included a focus on adoring the being of Christ himself, considered in the abstract; Pope Urban VIII called him the "apostle of the incarnate Word." The Carmelite nuns who were brought to France by Bérulle objected to his attempts to influence their spirituality. Nevertheless, Berullian influences did remain within

975-637: The charism is given for the whole world. Therefore, there is an emphasis in the order on the ministry of teaching prayer and giving spiritual direction. For a Carmelite, prayer is guided by the teachings and experience of Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross, as well as the saints who have followed in their steps, such as Thérèse of the Child Jesus and of the Holy Face , Elizabeth of the Trinity , Teresa of Jesus of Los Andes , and martyrs such as Teresa Benedicta of

1014-483: The co-operation of his cousin, Madame Acarie ( Marie of the Incarnation ), in 1604 he introduced the Discalced Carmelite nuns of the reform of Teresa of Ávila into France. In 1608, Vincent de Paul moved to Paris, where he came under the influence of Abbé (later Cardinal) Pierre de Bérulle, whom he took as his spiritual director for a time. De Bérulle was responsible for De Paul taking up an appointment to

1053-596: The guidance of the Oratory. Bérulle's works, edited by P. Bourgoing (2 vols., 1644) were reprinted, by Migne in 1857. A selected modern English translation is available as Bérulle and the French School: Selected Writings , trans. Lowell M Glendon, (New York: Paulist Press, 1989). Discalced Carmelite The Discalced Carmelites , known officially as the Order of the Discalced Brothers of

1092-618: The means by which the theology would displace that of "laxist" Jesuits. Bérulle's depiction of the mystical journey through Mary to Christ, and through Christ to the Trinity is a hallmark of the French School of spirituality. It has been asserted that the term "school" is potentially problematic, though, because at least some other cited members of this "school," such as Jean Eudes , Jean-Jacques Olier , Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort , and Jean-Baptiste de la Salle , do not simply develop

1131-410: The realization that everything depended on God, and that one should attempt to live in accordance with the will of God without concern for success or failure. Bérulle is generally regarded as being an initiator of the French School of Spirituality, a powerful spiritual, missionary, and reform movement that animated the church in France in the early seventeenth century. The movement was characterized by:

1170-579: The red hat. Bérulle died October 2, 1629, in Paris, while celebrating Mass, and was buried in the chapel of the Oratorian College of Juilly . In the early part of his career, Bérulle was confident of the ability of the individual to both remake society and reform the church. Relying on human reason and diligent effort, he worked to convert the Huguenots through theological treatises and conferences. When his efforts seemed to have little effect, he came to

1209-499: The spirituality of female Carmelite monastic communities and perdured into the 20th century, until Blessed Marie-Eugene OCD visited the communities to provide standard Carmelite spiritual formation. In his Discours de l'état et des grandeurs de Jésus Bérulle emphasized Jesus as the Incarnate Word of God, and the abasement, self-surrender, servitude and humiliation— all Bérulle's words— of his Incarnation . He even took

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1248-543: The thought of Bérulle, but all have their own significant insights. It has, therefore, been asserted that the "school" does not have simply one founder. However, the many common elements (such as an emphasis on living in the Spirit of Jesus, particular forms of meditative prayer, and, in some measure, a spiritual theology of priesthood taught in French-school- influenced seminaries since the 1600s), means that it can be considered as

1287-504: Was John of the Cross , who with Anthony of Jesus founded the first convent of Discalced Carmelite friars in Duruelo , Spain on 28 November 1568. The Discalced Carmelites were established as a separate province of the Carmelite Order by the decree Pia consideratione of Pope Gregory XIII on 22 June 1580. By this decree the Discalced Carmelites were still subject to the Prior General of

1326-552: Was a French Catholic priest, cardinal and statesman in 17th-century France. He was the founder of the French school of spirituality and counted among his disciples Vincent de Paul and Francis de Sales , although both developed significantly different spiritual theologies. Bérulle was born in the Château of Cérilly , near Troyes in Champagne , into two families of distinguished magistrates on 4 February 1575. The château de Cérilly

1365-412: Was appointed a councillor of state, but had to resign this office, owing to his pro- Habsburg policy, which was opposed by Richelieu. For religious reasons, Cardinal Bérulle favored the allegiance of France with Austria and Spain, the other Catholic powers, while Cardinal Richelieu wanted to undermine their influence in Europe. He was made cardinal by Pope Urban VIII on 30 August 1627, but never received

1404-579: Was established in the 16th century, pursuant to the reform of the Carmelite Order by two Spanish saints , Teresa of Ávila (foundress) and John of the Cross (co-founder). Discalced is derived from Latin, meaning "without shoes". The Carmelite Order, from which the Discalced Carmelites branched off, is also referred to as the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance to distinguish them from their discalced offshoot. The third order affiliated to

1443-411: Was later translated into that of Superior General of the Discalced Carmelites. The heart of the Carmelite charism is prayer and contemplation. The quality of prayer determines the quality of the community life and the quality of the service which is offered to others. Prayer and contemplation for the Carmelite are not private matters between the individual and God but are to be shared with others since

1482-641: Was satirizing them for being hypocritical in their faith. Though Louis XIV established an absolute monarchy , the dévots remained active almost until the French Revolution , being very influential with two heirs to the French throne, Louis, duc de Bourgogne , grandson of Louis XIV, and Louis, Dauphin of France , son of Louis XV , both of whom died early and never reigned. Pierre de B%C3%A9rulle Pierre de Bérulle ( French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ də beʁyl] ; 4 February 1575 – 2 October 1629)

1521-713: Was the conduit between the Tridentine spirituality of the Catholic Reformation and the seventeenth century devots." However, Catholic royalists were also equally involved in dévot social projects. Bérulle and the devots favored an alliance of France with Catholic Austria and Spain, and opposed Cardinal Richelieu who wanted to undermine Habsburg influence in Europe. Although the Day of the Dupes (November 10, 1630), which confirmed Richelieu as prime minister, marked their political failure,

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