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40-698: Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski was founded on 30 April 1922. Its logo shows the Discobolus . During World War II , Stanisław Zdzisław Kozłowski, co-founder of the club, was among Poles murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. After several decades in lower league football, the club was taken over in the mid-1990s by Zbigniew Drzymała, president of the Inter Groclin Auto company, and enjoyed an instant string of promotions culminating in

80-578: A method that became generally accepted and was subsequently improved by Hippocrates . Galen also put great stress on the proper and frequent use of gymnastics. Throughout other ancient Greek medical writings special exercises are prescribed as cures for specific diseases, showing the extent to which the Greeks considered health and fitness connected. The same connection is commonly suggested by experts today. In Athens ten gymnasiarchs were appointed annually, one from each tribe. These officials rotated through

120-505: A periodic festival or the funeral rites of a deceased chief. The free and active Greek lifestyle (spent to a great extent in the open air) reinforced the attachment to such sports and after a period of time the contests became a prominent element in Greek culture. The victor in religious athletic contests, though he gained no material prize other than a wreath, was rewarded with the honour and respect of his fellow citizens. Training of competitors for

160-422: A sense of proportion, with meticulous attention to detail in every muscle and sinew, capturing the dynamics of a thrower's physical actions. The contrapposto stance, subtly shifting the athlete's weight from one leg to the other, imparts a semblance of motion and adds an element of realism to the artwork. The potential energy expressed in this sculpture's tightly wound pose, expressing the moment of stasis just before

200-404: A series of jobs, each with unique duties. They were responsible for looking after and compensating persons training for public contests, conducting the games at the great Athenian festivals , exercising general supervision over competitor morale, and decorating and maintaining the gymnasium. Beneath them in the organisational structure were ten sophronistae responsible for observing the conduct of

240-454: A training facility for competitors in public games. It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits. The name comes from the Ancient Greek term gymnós , meaning "naked" or "nude". Only adult male citizens were allowed to use the gymnasia. Athletes competed nude, a practice which was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body, and to be a tribute to

280-448: A virtuous life. Myron 's Discobolus was long known from descriptions, such as the dialogue in Lucian of Samosata 's work Philopseudes : When you came into the hall," he said, "didn't you notice a totally gorgeous statue up there, by Demetrios the portraitist?" "Surely you don't mean the discus-thrower," said I, "the one bent over into the throwing-position, with his head turned back to

320-559: Is an ancient Greek sculpture completed at the start of the Classical period in around 460–450 BC that depicts an ancient Greek athlete throwing a discus. Its Greek original in bronze lost, the work is known through numerous Roman copies, both full-scale ones in marble, which is cheaper than bronze, such as the Palombara Discobolus , the first to be recovered, and smaller scaled versions in bronze. A norm in Ancient Greek athletics ,

360-413: Is formed from the Greek γυμναστής ( gymnastēs ), but in Greek this word means " trainer " not " athlete ". The palaestra was the part of the gymnasium devoted to wrestling , boxing , and ball games . From the word "gymnasion" came also the term " gymnastics ". The gymnasium was formed as a public institution where young men received training in physical exercises. The supervision of the gymnasiums

400-414: Is often credited with being the first sculptor to master this style. However, the great effort of the athlete is not reflected in his facial expression, which displays only a tenuous concentration. The torso shows no muscular strain, even though the limbs are outflung. The other trademark of Myron embodied in this sculpture is how well the body is proportioned: the symmetria . The athlete's body demonstrates

440-666: The Academy , the Lyceum and the Cynosarges , each of which was dedicated to a deity whose statue adorned the structure. Each of the three was rendered famous by association with a celebrated school of philosophy. Antisthenes founded a school at the Cynosarges, from which some say the name Cynic derives; Plato founded a school that gathered at the Academy, after which the school was named, making

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480-457: The Athenian gymnasium is attributed by Pausanias (i. 39. 3) to Theseus . Solon made several laws on the subject; according to Galen these were reduced to a workable system of management in the time of Cleisthenes (late 6th century and early 5th century BC). While the origins of physical exercise regimes was thought to be Sparta of Lacaedemon, or Knossos of Crete, the practice of exercising in

520-467: The Discobolus is presented nude. His pose appears unnatural to a human and is considered as per modern standards a rather inefficient way to throw the discus. Myron's skill is evident in his ability to convey a sense of movement of the body at the moment of its maximum tension and splendor within a static medium, transforming a routine athletic activity into a representation of balance and harmony. Myron

560-587: The Discobolus of Naukydes of Argos , mentioned by Pliny (Haskell and Penny 1981:200). The Discobolus Palombara , the first copy of this famous sculpture to have been discovered, was found in 1781. It is a 1st-century AD copy of Myron 's original bronze. Following its discovery at a Roman property of the Massimo family, the Villa Palombara on the Esquiline Hill , it was initially restored by Giuseppe Angelini;

600-571: The I liga . Although now having many younger and more success-hungry players in the squad, the club performed disastrously in the autumn of 1999, garnering just five points from fifteen games. An unexpected (and some say suspicious) form increase in the spring resulted in eight victories in a row, which was more than enough to fight off relegation. The club remained in the top flight, enjoying second place honors on two occasions (2003 and 2005). Managers have included Dusan Radolsky , and Andrzej Janeczek. The first runner-up title made them eligible to play in

640-649: The UEFA Cup , in which they eliminated Hertha BSC and Manchester City (with three goals in four games) before falling to Girondins Bordeaux . Their second UEFA Cup run was less successful, resulting in a first round exit against RC Lens . Dyskobolia was the original winner of the 2004–05 Polish Cup . By the resolution of the PZPN management board of 2 September 2020, the team was deprived of this title in connection with proven cases of match-fixing. In July 2008, Dyskobolia announced its intention to merge with Polonia Warsaw , after

680-663: The English antiquary and art dealer established in Rome, Thomas Jenkins , at public auction in 1792. (Another example, also found at Tivoli at this date, was acquired by the Vatican Museums .) The English connoisseur Charles Townley paid Jenkins £400 for the statue, which arrived at the semi-public gallery Townley commissioned in Park Street, London, in 1794. The head was wrongly restored, as Richard Payne Knight soon pointed out, but Townley

720-499: The Massimo installed it in their Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne and then at Palazzo Lancellotti . The Italian archaeologist Giovanni Battista Visconti identified the sculpture as a copy from the original of Myron. It was instantly famous, though the Massimo jealously guarded access to it (Haskell and Penny 1981:200). In 1937, Adolf Hitler negotiated to buy it, and eventually succeeded in 1938, when Galeazzo Ciano , Minister of Foreign Affairs, sold it to him for five million lire, over

760-478: The early 18th century Pierre-Étienne Monnot restored a torso that is now recognized as an example of Myron's Discobolus as a Wounded Gladiator who supports himself on his arm as he sinks to the ground; the completed sculpture was donated before 1734 by Pope Clement XII to the Capitoline Museums , where it remains. Yet another copy was discovered in 1906 in the ruins of a Roman villa at Tor Paterno in

800-593: The expected merger with Śląsk Wrocław fell through. Polonia replaced Dyskobolia in the Ekstraklasa while the new Dyskobolia team joined the IV liga , the fifth tier of the Polish league pyramid. In the 2015–16 season, Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski played in the regional league ( klasa okręgowa ), but withdrew after the autumn round. In the following seasons, a team called Nasza Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski started to play at

840-676: The former royal estate of Castel Porziano, now also conserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano . In the 19th century, plaster copies of Discobolos could be found in many large academic collections, now mostly dispersed. Bodies: The Exhibition includes a recreation of the Discobolus . The Discus Thrower is plastinated human corpse posed like the original sculpture, discus included. Gymnasium (ancient Greece) The gymnasium ( Ancient Greek : γυμνάσιον , romanized :  gymnásion ) in Ancient Greece functioned as

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880-556: The gods. Gymnasia and palaestrae (wrestling schools) were under the protection and patronage of Heracles , Hermes and, in Athens, Theseus . The word gymnasium is the latinisation of the Greek noun γυμνάσιον ( gymnasion ), "public place for physical exercises; exercise area", in pl. "bodily exercises" and generally "school", which in turn is derived from the common Greek adjective γυμνός ( gymnos ) meaning "naked" or "nude", by way of

920-400: The greater contests was a huge matter of public concern and special buildings were provided by the state for such use, with management entrusted to public officials. A victory in the great religious festivals was counted an honour for the whole state. The ancient Greek gymnasium soon became a place for more than exercise and training. This development arose through recognition by the Greeks of

960-536: The gymnasium famous for hundreds of years; and at the Lyceum, Aristotle founded the Peripatetic school . Plato considered gymnastics to be an important part of education (see Republic iii. and parts of Laws ) and according to him it was the sophist Prodicus who first pointed out the connection between gymnastics and health. Having found gymnastic exercises beneficial to his own weak constitution, Prodicus formulated

1000-422: The hand that holds the discus, and the opposite knee slightly flexed, like one who will spring up again after the throw? "Not that one," he said, "that's one of Myron 's works, that Diskobolos you speak of..." Prior to this statue's discovery, the term Discobolus had been applied in the 17th and 18th centuries to a standing figure holding a discus, a Discophoros , which Ennio Quirino Visconti identified as

1040-503: The lower levels, referring to the club's tradition. The club colours were green and white. Dyskobolia, although no longer attracted as many fans as in the second division and Ekstraklasa years, possessed a small but loyal group of active supporters called Szczuny z Landu . The fans had two fan-clubs outside their home town, in Rakoniewice and Kąkolewo , and the fans had a strong friendship with fans of Górnik Łęczyca . Back in

1080-400: The mythological lawgiver Rhadamanthus . The original iterations of gymnasia were large open areas at city outskirts, not enclosed structures. The athletic contests for which the gymnasium supplied the means of training and competition formed part of the social and spiritual life of the Greeks from very early on. The contests took place in honour of heroes and gods, sometimes forming part of

1120-454: The nude had its beginnings in the 7th century BC. The same purpose is frequently attributed to the tradition of oiling the body, a custom so costly that it required significant public and private subsidies (the practice was the largest expense in gymnasia). Cleinias of Crete describes the origin of the tradition of Cretan gymnasia and common meals in Book I of Plato's Laws , and ascribes them to

1160-480: The place of institutional, systematic discipline. Since the gymnasia were favorite resorts of youth, they were frequented by teachers, especially philosophers. Philosophers and sophists frequently assembled to hold talks and lectures in the gymnasia; thus the institution became a resort for those interested in less structured intellectual pursuits in addition to those using the place for training in physical exercises. In Athens there were three great public gymnasia:

1200-407: The promotion to top level football in 1997. Not having its own youth backbone, the club was dependent on players predominantly over 30 years of age, mostly with former league experience. After performing reasonably in the autumn period of the 1997–98 season, they experienced a sudden drop in form, resulting in relegation. However, within a year, Dyskobolia was able to return to the top flight, winning

1240-635: The protests of Giuseppe Bottai , Minister of Education, and the scholarly community. It was shipped by rail to Munich and displayed in the Glyptothek ; it was returned in 1948. It is now in the National Museum of Rome , displayed at the Palazzo Massimo . After the discovery of the Discobolus Palombara a second notable Discobolus was excavated, at Hadrian's Villa in 1790, and was purchased by

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1280-567: The related verb γυμνάζω ( gymnazo ), whose meaning is "to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning because the athletes undressed in changing rooms called Apodyteriums and trained naked, rubbing their bodies with olive oil and then cleaning with the Strigil . Historically, the gymnasium was used for exercise, communal bathing ( Thermae ), and later scholarly and philosophical pursuits. The English noun gymnast , first recorded in 1594,

1320-433: The release, is an example of the advancement of Classical sculpture from Archaic sculpture . As Clark observed, "Myron has created the enduring pattern of athletic energy. He has taken a moment of action so transitory that students of athletics still debate if it is feasible, and he has given it the completeness of a cameo. To a modern eye, it may seem that Myron's desire for perfection has made him suppress too rigorously

1360-481: The sense of strain in the individual muscles". The Discobolus was sculpted at a time when Greece was at the zenith of its artistic and athletic achievements. The ancient Olympic Games were not just sporting events but were deeply intertwined with Greek culture and religion. Myron's work embodies the Greek philosophy of the harmonious development of body and mind, an idea known as kalokagathia , where physical beauty and prowess were celebrated as integral components of

1400-574: The strong relation between athletics, education and health. Accordingly, the gymnasium became connected with education on the one hand and medicine on the other. Physical training and maintenance of health and strength were the chief parts of children's earlier education. Except for time devoted to letters and music, the education of young men was solely conducted in the gymnasium, where provisions were made not only for physical pedagogy but for instruction in morals and ethics. As pupils grew older, informal conversation and other forms of social activity took

1440-600: The top flight they competed in the Greater Poland Derby against Lech Poznań and Amica Wronki . The latter were widely considered to be their greatest rivals, a rivalry which has been renewed since the Amica's phoenix -predecessor club Błękitni Wronki has been re-established in 2007, the two frequently playing in the same division. Internationally capped players Discobolus The Discobolus by Myron (" discus thrower ", Greek : Δισκοβόλος , Diskobólos )

1480-408: The youths and (especially) for attending all their games. Paedotribae and gymnastae were responsible for teaching the methods involved in the various exercises, as well as choosing suitable athletics for the youths. The gymnastae were also responsible for monitoring the constitution of the pupils and prescribing remedies for them if they became unwell. The aleiptae oiled and dusted the bodies of

1520-524: The youths, acted as surgeons, and administered any drugs prescribed. According to Galen, there also existed a teacher specifically devoted to instruction in ball games. Gymnasia were typically large structures containing spaces for each type of exercise as well as a stadium , palaestra , baths, outer porticos for practice in bad weather, and covered porticos where philosophers and other "men of letters" gave public lectures and held disputations . Most Athenian gymnasia were located in suburban areas due to

1560-502: Was convinced his was the original and better copy. It was bought for the British Museum , with the rest of Townley's marbles, in July 1805. Other Roman copies in marble have been recovered, and torsos that were already known in the 17th century but that had been wrongly restored and completed, have since been identified as further repetitions after Myron's model. For one such example, in

1600-411: Was entrusted to gymnasiarchs, who were public officials responsible for the conduct of sports and games at public festivals and who directed the schools and supervised the competitors. The gymnastai were the teachers, coaches, and trainers of the athletes. The Greek gymnasiums also held lectures and discussions on philosophy, literature, and music, and there were public libraries nearby. The regulation of

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