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75-459: (Redirected from Dynastart ) Former German car electrical manufacturer SIBA Elektrik G.m.b.H is a former German automotive electrical manufacturer, noted as manufacturers of the Dynastart combined starter motor and dynamo , used on many cars, motorcycles and scooters in the 1950s and notable for providing an electric method of reversing, when attached to

150-422: A combined starter-generator unit, with a direct current dynamo permanently coupled by gears to the engine's crankshaft. A system of electrical relays allowed this to be driven as a motor to rotate the engine for starting, and once the starter button was released the controlling switchgear returned the unit to operation as a generator. Because the starter-generator was directly coupled to the engine it did not need

225-400: A cord that was wound around an open-face pulley. The hand-crank method was commonly used to start engines, but it was inconvenient, difficult, and dangerous. The behavior of an engine during starting is not always predictable. The engine can kick back, causing sudden reverse rotation. Many manual starters included a one-directional slip or release provision so that once engine rotation began,

300-588: A garden". Motor Cycling . 98 (2527). London: Temple Press Ltd.: 512–513. ^ "Servicing data sheet No 13-2 Siba Dynastart". Motor Cycle Trader . London: Iliffe Specialist Publications Ltd. 25 June 1965. ^ "Siba Electric" . Grace's Guide . 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . ^ "116. SIBA Electric Ltd" (PDF) . Report on the Supply of Electrical Equipment for Mechanically Propelled Land Vehicles. HC 21, 1963-64 . The Competition Commission. 18 December 1963. p. 41. Archived from

375-528: A mechanical device called the control pressure regulator (CPR) or the warm-up regulator (WUR). Depending on the model, the CPR may be used to compensate for altitude, full load, and/or a cold engine. The injectors are simple spring-loaded check valves with nozzles; once fuel system pressure becomes high enough to overcome the counterspring, the injectors begin spraying. First introduced on the PRV V6 , appearing initially in

450-443: A method of engaging and disengaging the motor drive. It thus suffered negligible mechanical wear and was virtually silent in operation. The starter-generator remained a feature of Dodge cars until 1929. The disadvantage of the design was that, as a dual-purpose device, the unit was limited in both its power as a motor and its output as a generator, which became a problem as engine size and electrical demands on cars increased. Controlling

525-433: A nonstandard starter, a direct-drive "movable pole shoe " design that provided cost reduction rather than electrical or mechanical benefits. This type of starter eliminated the solenoid, replacing it with a movable pole shoe and a separate starter relay. This starter operates as follows: The driver turns the key, activating the starter switch. A small electric current flows through the solenoid actuated starter relay , closing

600-477: A pressure tank. Compressed air released from the tank is used to spin the turbine, and through a set of reduction gears , engages the ring gear on the flywheel, much like an electric starter. The engine, once running, drives the compressor to recharge the tank. Aircraft with large gas turbine engines are typically started using a large volume of low-pressure compressed air, supplied from a very small engine referred to as an auxiliary power unit , located elsewhere in

675-425: A pull-rope to get them running during the startup procedure for the jet engines they were fitted to. Before Chrysler 's 1949 innovation of the key-operated combination ignition-starter switch, the starter was often operated by the driver pressing a button mounted on the floor or dashboard. Some vehicles had a pedal in the floor that manually engaged the starter drive pinion with the flywheel ring gear, then completed

750-465: A reduction gear. If the car failed to start, the starter handle could be used to wind up the spring for a further attempt. One of the innovations on the first Dodge car, the Model 30-35 at its introduction in 1914 was an electric starter and electric lighting with a 12-volt system (against the six volts that was usual at the time) as a standard fitment on what was a relatively low-priced car. The Dodge used

825-422: A set of flyweights in the body of the drive unit. When the starter motor begins turning and the drive unit is forced forward on the helical shaft by inertia, it is latched into the engaged position. Only once the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than that attained by the starter motor itself (i.e., it is backdriven by the running engine) will the flyweights pull radially outward, releasing the latch and permitting

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900-584: A two-stroke engine, the engine's running direction, thus providing a way to reverse a vehicle without a reverse gear in the gearbox. A British company SIBA Electric Ltd was established in 1954 to import the Dynastart units, eventually manufacturing themselves from 1957. The German company was sold to BOSCH in 1957, whilst the British company was taken over by Lucas in the same year. References [ edit ] ^ Read, C.P (21 August 1958). "A factory in

975-440: Is a device used to rotate (crank) an internal-combustion engine so as to initiate the engine's operation under its own power. Starters can be electric , pneumatic , or hydraulic . The starter can also be another internal-combustion engine in the case, for instance, of very large engines, or diesel engines in agricultural or excavation applications. Internal combustion engines are feedback systems, which, once started, rely on

1050-502: Is called HLM2 ( Hitzdrahtluftmassenmesser 2) by Bosch. The LH-Jetronic was mostly used by Scandinavian car manufacturers, and by sports and luxury cars produced in small quantities, such as Porsche 928 . The most common variants are LH 2.2, which uses an Intel 8049 ( MCS-48 ) microcontroller, and usually a 4  kB programme memory, and LH 2.4, which uses a Siemens 80535 microcontroller (a variant of Intel's 8051/ MCS-51 architecture) and 32 kB programme memory based on

1125-407: Is either a permanent-magnet or a series -parallel wound direct current electric motor with a starter solenoid (similar to a relay ) mounted on it. When DC power from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, usually through a key -operated switch (the "ignition switch"), the solenoid engages a lever that pushes out the drive pinion on the starter driveshaft and meshes the pinion with

1200-400: Is made up of a center drum about the size of a soup can with four or more slots cut into it to allow for the vanes to be placed radially on the drum to form chambers around the drum. The drum is offset inside a round casing so that the inlet air for starting is admitted at the area where the drum and vanes form a small chamber compared to the others. The compressed air can only expand by rotating

1275-467: Is measured using a pressure sensor located in, or connected to the intake manifold , in order to calculate the duration of fuel injection pulses. Originally, this system was called Jetronic, but the name D-Jetronic was later created as a retronym to distinguish it from subsequent Jetronic iterations. D-Jetronic was essentially a further refinement of the Electrojector fuel delivery system developed by

1350-405: Is then connected to the main engine and its inertia turns it over to start it. These stages are commonly automated by solenoid switches, with the machine operator using a two-position control switch, which is held in one position to spin the motor and then moved to the other to cut the current to the motor and engage the flywheel to the engine. The advantage of the inertia starter is that, because

1425-730: The Bendix Corporation in the late 1950s. Rather than choosing to eradicate the various reliability issues with the Electrojector system, Bendix instead licensed the design to Bosch. With the role of the Bendix system being largely forgotten D-Jetronic became known as the first widely successful precursor of modern electronic common rail systems; it had constant pressure fuel delivery to the injectors and pulsed injections, albeit grouped (2 groups of injectors pulsed together) rather than sequential (individual injector pulses) as on later systems. As in

1500-424: The starter ring gear on the flywheel of the engine. The solenoid also closes high-current contacts for the starter motor, which begins to turn. Once the engine starts, the key-operated switch is opened, a spring in the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear, and the starter motor stops. The starter's pinion is clutched to its drive shaft through an overrunning sprag clutch which permits

1575-502: The 'Dynastart' name. Since motorcycles usually had small engines and limited electrical equipment, as well as restricted space and weight, the Dynastart was a useful feature. The windings for the starter-generator were usually incorporated into the engine's flywheel, thus not requiring a separate unit at all. The Ford Model T relied on hand cranks until 1919; during the 1920s, electric starters became near-universal on most new cars, making it easier for women and elderly people to drive. It

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1650-544: The 1980s. For the first examples of production German turbojet engines later in World War II, Norbert Riedel designed a small two-stroke, opposed-twin gasoline engine to start both the Junkers Jumo 004 and BMW 003 aircraft gas turbines as a form of auxiliary power unit to get the central spindle of each engine design rotating — these were usually installed at the very front of the turbojet, and were themselves started by

1725-471: The 27C256 chip. LH-Jetronic 2.4 has adaptive lambda control, and support for a variety of advanced features; including fuel enrichment based on exhaust gas temperature (ex. Volvo B204GT/B204FT engines ). Some later (post-1995) versions contain hardware support for first generation diagnostics according to ISO 9141 (a.k.a. OBD-II ) and immobiliser functions. Digital fuel injection. This system features one centrally positioned fuel injection nozzle. In

1800-507: The Adams, S.C.A.T. and Wolseley cars having direct air starters, and Sunbeam introducing an air starter motor with similar approach to that used for the Delco and Scott-Crossley electrical starter motors (i.e. engaging with a toothed ring on the flywheel). The Star and Adler cars had spring motors (sometimes referred to as clockwork motors), which used the energy stored in a spring driving through

1875-478: The Bendix-type starter described above). Here the starter motor does not turn the engine directly. Instead, when energized, the motor turns a heavy flywheel built into its casing (not the main flywheel of the engine). Once the flywheel/motor unit has reached a constant speed the current to the motor is turned off and the drive between the motor and flywheel is disengaged by a freewheel mechanism. The spinning flywheel

1950-534: The ECU. With the electronics disconnected, this system will operate as a K-Jetronic system. Commonly known as 'CIS-E' in the USA. The later KE3 (CIS-E III) variant features knock sensing capabilities. Analog fuel injection. L-Jetronic was often called Air-Flow Controlled (AFC) injection to further separate it from the pressure-controlled D-Jetronic — with the 'L' in its name derived from German : luft , meaning 'air'. In

2025-508: The Electrojector system, D-Jetronic used analogue circuitry, with no microprocessor nor digital logic , the ECU used about 25 transistors to perform all of the processing. Two important factors that led to the ultimate failure of the Electrojector system: the use of paper-wrapped capacitors unsuited to heat-cycling and amplitude modulation (tv/ham radio) signals to control the injectors were superseded. The still present lack of processing power and

2100-479: The US, this kind of single-point injection was marketed as 'throttle body injection' (TBI, by GM), or 'central fuel injection' (CFI, by Ford). Mono-Jetronic is different from all other known single-point systems, in that it only relies on a throttle position sensor for judging the engine load. There are no sensors for air flow, or intake manifold vacuum. Mono-Jetronic always had adaptive closed-loop lambda control, and due to

2175-480: The USA. K-Jetronic is different from pulsed injection systems in that the fuel flows continuously from all injectors, while the fuel pump pressurises the fuel up to approximately 5  bar (73.5  psi ). The volume of air taken in by the engine is measured to determine the amount of fuel to inject. This system has no lambda loop or lambda control. K-Jetronic debuted in the 1973.5 Porsche 911 T in January 1973, and

2250-726: The United Kingdom Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom Electronics companies established in 1954 Electronics companies disestablished in 1957 1954 establishments in the United Kingdom 1957 disestablishments in the United Kingdom 1957 mergers and acquisitions Hidden categories: CS1 maint: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Starter motor A starter (also self-starter , cranking motor , or starter motor )

2325-586: The Volvo 265 in 1976 and later used in the DMC DeLorean in 1981. A variant of K-Jetronic with closed-loop lambda control, also named Ku-Jetronic, the letter u denominating USA. The system was developed to comply with U.S.A. state of California's California Air Resources Board exhaust emission regulations, and later replaced by KE-Jetronic . Electronically controlled mechanical fuel injection. The engine control unit (ECU) may be either analog or digital, and

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2400-407: The aircraft. Alternatively, aircraft gas turbine engines can be rapidly started using a mobile ground-based pneumatic starting engine, referred to as a start cart or air start cart . On larger diesel generators found in large shore installations and especially on ships, a pneumatic starting gear is used. The air motor is normally powered by compressed air at pressures of 10–30 bar . The air motor

2475-431: The beginning of its power stroke and are able to start by injecting fuel into that cylinder and igniting it. The same procedure can be applied to engines with fewer cylinders, if the engine happens to be stopped at the correct position. This is one way of starting an engine of a car with stop-start system . Jetronic Analogue fuel injection, 'D' is from German : "Druck" meaning pressure. Inlet manifold vacuum

2550-459: The brake system. Pneumatic starters have the advantages of delivering high torque, mechanical simplicity and reliability. They eliminate the need for oversized, heavy storage batteries in prime mover electrical systems. Large Diesel generators and almost all Diesel engines used as the prime mover of ships use compressed air acting directly on the cylinder head. This is not ideal for smaller Diesels, as it provides too much cooling on starting. Also,

2625-629: The conceptual basis for the gear-reduction starters that now predominate in vehicles on the road. Many Japanese automakers phased in gear reduction starters in the 1970s and 1980s. Light aircraft engines also made extensive use of this kind of starter, because its light weight offered an advantage. Those starters not employing offset gear trains like the Chrysler unit generally employ planetary epicyclic gear trains instead. Direct-drive starters are almost entirely obsolete owing to their larger size, heavier weight and higher current requirements. Ford issued

2700-437: The contacts and sending large battery current to the starter motor. One of the pole shoes, hinged at the front, linked to the starter drive, and spring-loaded away from its normal operating position, is swung into position by the magnetic field created by electricity flowing through its field coil. This moves the starter drive forward to engage the flywheel ring gear, and simultaneously closes a pair of contacts supplying current to

2775-422: The crank and pull up, it felt natural for operators to grasp the handle with the fingers on one side, the thumb on the other. Even a simple backfire could result in a broken thumb; it was possible to end up with a broken wrist , a dislocated shoulder or worse. Moreover, increasingly larger engines with higher compression ratios made hand cranking a more physically demanding endeavour. The first electric starter

2850-468: The crankshaft is needed for starting. Some diesel engines from six to 16 cylinders are started by means of a hydraulic motor . Hydraulic starters and the associated systems provide a sparkless, reliable method of engine starting over a wide temperature range. Typically hydraulic starters are found in applications such as remote generators, lifeboat propulsion engines, offshore fire pumping engines, and hydraulic fracturing rigs. The system used to support

2925-481: The cylinder head needs to have enough space to support an extra valve for the air start system. The air start system is conceptually very similar to a distributor in a car. There is an air distributor that is geared to the camshaft of the Diesel engine; on the top of the air distributor is a single lobe similar to what is found on a camshaft. Arranged radially around this lobe are roller tip followers for every cylinder. When

3000-444: The drum, which allows the small chamber to become larger and puts another one of the cambers in the air inlet. The air motor spins much too fast to be used directly on the flywheel of the engine; instead a large gearing reduction, such as a planetary gear, is used to lower the output speed. A Bendix gear is used to engage the flywheel. Since large trucks typically use air brakes , the system does double duty, supplying compressed air to

3075-505: The electrical circuit to the starter motor once the pedal reached the end of its travel. Ferguson tractors from the 1940s, including the Ferguson TE20 , had an extra position on the gear lever that engaged the starter switch, ensuring safety by preventing the tractors from being started in gear. The electric starter motor or cranking motor is the most common type used on gasoline engines and small diesel engines. The modern starter motor

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3150-419: The engine - spinning up the flywheel to the required speed can take between 10 and 20 seconds. If the engine does not start by the time the flywheel has lost its inertia then the process must be repeated for the next attempt. Some gas turbine engines and diesel engines , particularly on trucks , use a pneumatic self-starter. In ground vehicles the system consists of a geared turbine, an air compressor and

3225-462: The engine fires briefly but does not continue to run. An intermediate development between the Bendix drive developed in the 1930s and the overrunning-clutch designs introduced in the 1960s was the Bendix Folo-Thru drive. The standard Bendix drive would disengage from the ring gear as soon as the engine fired, even if it did not continue to run. The Folo-Thru drive contains a latching mechanism and

3300-446: The engine itself. The starter motor is used for this purpose and it is not required once the engine starts running and its feedback loop becomes self-sustaining. Before the advent of the starter motor, engines were started by various methods including wind-up springs, gunpowder cylinders , and human-powered techniques such as a removable crank handle which engaged the front of the crankshaft, pulling on an airplane propeller, or pulling

3375-460: The engine started, the crank could begin to spin along with the crankshaft and potentially strike the person cranking the engine. Additionally, care had to be taken to retard the spark in order to prevent backfiring ; with an advanced spark setting, the engine could kick back (run in reverse), pulling the crank with it, because the overrun safety mechanism works in one direction only. Although users were advised to cup their fingers and thumb under

3450-519: The few seconds needed to start the engine. The starters were first installed on the Cadillac Model Thirty in 1912, with the same system being adopted by Lanchester later that year. These starters also worked as generators once the engine was running, a concept that is now being revived in hybrid vehicles . Although the electric starter motor was to come to dominate the car market, in 1912, there were several competing types of starter, with

3525-448: The hand crank on NCR 's cash registers with an electric motor five years earlier.) One aspect of the invention lay in the realization that a relatively small motor, driven with higher voltage and current than would be feasible for continuous operation, could deliver enough power to crank the engine for starting. At the voltage and current levels required, such a motor would burn out in a few minutes of continuous operation, but not during

3600-415: The high efficiency of the axial piston motor concept, which provides high torque at any temperature or environment, and guarantees minimal wear of the engine ring gear and the pinion. A spring starter uses potential energy stored in a spring wound up with a crank to start an engine without a battery or alternator . Turning the crank moves the pinion into mesh with the engine's ring gear , then winds up

3675-417: The hydraulic starter includes valves, pumps, filters, a reservoir, and piston accumulators. The operator can manually recharge the hydraulic system; this cannot readily be done with electric starting systems, so hydraulic starting systems are favored in applications wherein emergency starting is a requirement. With various configurations, Hydraulic starters can be fitted on any engine. Hydraulic starters employ

3750-422: The inertia from each cycle to initiate the next cycle. In a four-stroke engine , the third stroke releases energy from the fuel, powering the fourth (exhaust) stroke and also the first two (intake, compression) strokes of the next cycle, as well as powering the engine's external load. To start the first cycle at the beginning of any particular session, the first two strokes must be powered in some other way than from

3825-409: The inertia of the drive pinion assembly causes it to ride forward on the helix and thus engage with the ring gear. When the engine starts, backdrive from the ring gear causes the drive pinion to exceed the rotative speed of the starter, at which point the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and thus out of mesh with the ring gear. This has the disadvantage that the gears will disengage if

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3900-516: The injectors were fired only once per 2 revolutions on the engine (with half of the injectors being fired each revolution). The system was last used (with a Lucas designed timing mechanism and Lucas labels super-imposed on some components) on the Jaguar V12 engine ( XJ12 and XJ-S ) from 1975 until 1979. Mechanical fuel injection, 'K' stands for German : "Kontinuierlich" , meaning continuous . Commonly called 'Continuous Injection System (CIS) in

3975-431: The junction box of the mass airflow meter. The same as LE1-Jetronic and LE2-Jetronic respectively, but with closed-loop lambda control. Initially designed for the US market. Digital fuel injection, introduced for California bound 1982 Volvo 240 models. The 'LH' stands for German : "Luftmasse-Hitzdraht" - the hotwire anemometer technology used to determine the mass of air into the engine. This air mass meter

4050-523: The lobe of the air distributor hits one of the followers it will send an air signal that acts upon the back of the air start valve located in the cylinder head, causing it to open. Compressed air is provided from a large reservoir that feeds into a header located along the engine. As soon as the air start valve is opened, the compressed air is admitted and the engine will begin turning. It can be used on two-cycle and four-cycle engines and on reversing engines. On large two-stroke engines less than one revolution of

4125-416: The motor is not driving the engine directly, it can be of much lower power than the standard starter for an engine of the same size. This allows for a motor of much lower weight and smaller size, as well as lighter cables and smaller batteries to power the motor. This made the inertia starter a common choice for aircraft with large radial piston engines. The disadvantage is the increased time required to start

4200-429: The operator to pause for at least ten seconds after each ten or fifteen seconds of cranking the engine, when trying to start an engine that does not start immediately. This overrunning-clutch pinion arrangement was phased into use beginning in the early 1960s; before that time, a Bendix drive was used. The Bendix system places the starter drive pinion on a helically cut drive shaft. When the starter motor begins turning,

4275-1638: The original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link ) v t e Bosch Divisions and subsidiaries Current BSH Hausgeräte Gaggenau NEFF Balay Pitsos Bosch Rexroth Bosch Security Systems Bosch Solar Energy Dremel ETAS Worcester Zexel Former and defunct Blaupunkt ² Fernseh ² Indramat ¹ Midas Consoles ² SIBA Elektrik ¹ Skil ² Telex Communications ¹ [REDACTED] Joint ventures and shareholdings (any of these are no longer in existence) Broadcast Television Systems ² Fernseh ² Japan Electronic Control System ² SB LiMotive   (50% with Samsung SDI , disbanded) Products Bosch 1886 Digifant engine management system Jetronic Motronic People Anna Bosch Robert Bosch Robert Bosch Jr. Franz Fehrenbach Gottlob Honold Places Bosch-Halle Gerlingen Robert-Bosch-Hospital Other Robert Bosch Foundation Fellowship Program Bosch process Robert Bosch Stiftung ¹Now integrated into other Bosch divisions or business groupings ²Sold [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Commons Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIBA_Elektrik_G.m.b.H&oldid=1255489276 " Categories : Auto parts suppliers of Germany Bosch (company) Auto parts suppliers of

4350-434: The overdriven drive unit to be spun out of engagement. In this manner, unwanted starter disengagement is avoided before a successful engine start. In 1962, Chrysler introduced a starter incorporating a geartrain between the motor and the drive shaft. The motor shaft included integrally cut gear teeth forming a pinion that meshes with a larger adjacent driven gear to provide a gear reduction ratio of 3.75:1. This permitted

4425-406: The pinion to transmit drive in only one direction. In this manner, drive is transmitted through the pinion to the flywheel ring gear, but if the pinion remains engaged (as for example because the operator fails to release the key as soon as the engine starts, or if there is a short and the solenoid remains engaged), the pinion will spin independently of its drive shaft. This prevents the engine driving

4500-443: The rest of the starter motor winding. Once the engine starts and the driver releases the starter switch, a spring retracts the pole shoe, which pulls the starter drive out of engagement with the ring gear. This starter was used on Ford vehicles from 1973 through 1990, when a gear-reduction unit conceptually similar to the Chrysler unit replaced it. A variant on the electric starter motor is the inertia starter (not to be confused with

4575-418: The spring. Pulling the release lever then applies the spring tension to the pinion, turning the ring gear to start the engine. The pinion automatically disengages from the flywheel after operation. Provision is also made to allow the engine to be slowly turned over by hand for engine maintenance. This is achieved by operating the trip lever just after the pinion has engaged with the flywheel. Subsequent turning of

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4650-449: The starter would disengage from the engine. In the event of a kickback, the reverse rotation of the engine could suddenly engage the starter, causing the crank to unexpectedly and violently jerk, possibly injuring the operator. For cord-wound starters, a kickback could pull the operator towards the engine or machine, or swing the starter cord and handle at high speed around the starter pulley. Even though cranks had an overrun mechanism, when

4725-606: The starter, for such backdrive would cause the starter to spin so fast as to fly apart. The sprag clutch arrangement would preclude the use of the starter as a generator if employed in the hybrid scheme mentioned above, unless modifications were made. The standard starter motor is typically designed for intermittent use, which would preclude its use as a generator. The starter's electrical components are designed only to operate for typically under 30 seconds before overheating (by too-slow dissipation of heat from ohmic losses ), to save weight and cost. Most automobile owner manuals instruct

4800-609: The switch between motor and generator modes required dedicated and relatively complex switchgear which was more prone to failure than the heavy-duty contacts of a dedicated starter motor. While the starter-generator dropped out of favour for cars by the 1930s, the concept was still useful for smaller vehicles and was taken up by the German firm SIBA Elektrik which built similar system intended mostly for use on motorcycles, scooters, economy cars (especially those will small-capacity two-stroke engines ), and marine engines. These were marketed under

4875-567: The system may or may not have closed-loop lambda control. The system is based on the K-Jetronic mechanical system, with the addition of an electro-hydraulic actuator, essentially a fuel injector inline with the fuel return. Instead of injecting fuel into the intake, this injector allows fuel to bypass the fuel distributor, which varies the fuel pressure supplied to the mechanical injection components based on several inputs (engine speed, air pressure, coolant temperature, throttle position, lambda etc.) via

4950-845: The system, air flow into the engine is measured by a moving vane (indicating engine load) known as the volume air flow sensor (VAF) — referred to in German documentation as the LuftMengenMesser or LMM. L-Jetronic used custom-designed integrated circuits , resulting in a simpler and more reliable engine control unit (ECU) than the D-Jetronic's. L-Jetronic was used heavily in 1980s-era European cars, as well as BMW K-Series motorcycles. Licensing some of Bosch's L-Jetronic concepts and technologies, Lucas , Hitachi Automotive Products , NipponDenso , and others produced similar fuel injection systems for Asian car manufacturers. L-Jetronic manufactured under license by Japan Electronic Control Systems

5025-411: The tank into smaller lines, one for each injector. The fuel distributor is mounted atop a control vane through which all intake air must pass, and the system works by varying fuel volume supplied to the injectors based on the angle of a moving vane in the air flow meter , which in turn is determined by the volume of air passing the vane, and by the control pressure. The control pressure is regulated with

5100-427: The unavailability of solid-state sensors meant that the vacuum sensor was a rather expensive precision instrument, rather like a barometer , with brass bellows inside to measure the manifold pressure. Although conceptually similar to most later systems with individual electrically controlled injectors per cylinder, and pulse-width modulated fuel delivery, the fuel pressure was not modulated by manifold pressure, and

5175-553: The use of a higher-speed, lower-current, lighter and more compact motor assembly while increasing cranking torque. Variants of this starter design were used on most rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicles produced by Chrysler Corporation from 1962 through 1987. It makes a unique, distinct sound when cranking the engine, which led to it being nicknamed the "Highland Park Hummingbird"—a reference to Chrysler's headquarters in Highland Park, Michigan . The Chrysler gear-reduction starter formed

5250-454: The winding handle during this operation will not load the starter. Spring starters can be found in engine-generators and hydraulic power packs , and on lifeboat engines , with the most common application being backup starting system on seagoing vessels. Many Briggs & Stratton lawn mowers in the 1960s had hand-cranked spring starters. Some modern gasoline engines with twelve or more cylinders always have at least one or more pistons at

5325-443: Was fitted to the 1980 Kawasaki Z1000-H1 , the world's first production fuel injected motorcycle. Despite physical similarity between L-Jetronic components and those produced under license by other manufacturers, the non-Bosch systems should not be called L-Jetronic, and the parts are usually incompatible. This is a simplified and more modern variant of L-Jetronic . The ECU was much cheaper to produce due to more modern components, and

5400-640: Was installed on an Arnold , an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built in 1896 in East Peckham , England , by electrical engineer H. J. Dowsing. In 1903, Clyde J. Coleman invented and patented the first electric starter in America U.S. patent 0,745,157 . In 1911, Charles F. Kettering , with Henry M. Leland , of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company ( DELCO ), invented and filed U.S. patent 1,150,523 for an electric starter in America. (Kettering had replaced

5475-418: Was later installed into a number of Porsche , Volkswagen , Audi , BMW , Mercedes-Benz , Rolls-Royce , Bentley , Lotus , Ferrari , Peugeot , Nissan , Renault , Volvo , Saab , TVR and Ford automobiles. The final car to use K-Jetronic was the 1994 Porsche 911 Turbo 3.6. Fuel is pumped from the tank to a large control valve called a fuel distributor , which divides the single fuel supply line from

5550-558: Was more standardised than the L-Jetronic ECUs. As per L-Jetronic, a vane-type airflow sensor is used. Compared with L-Jetronic, the fuel injectors used by LE-Jetronic have a higher impedance. Three variants of LE-Jetronic exist: LE1, the initial version. LE2 (1984–), featured cold start functionality integrated in the ECU, which does not require the cold start injector and thermo time switch used by older systems. LE3 (1989–), featuring miniaturised ECU with hybrid technology, integrated into

5625-410: Was still common for cars to be supplied with starter handles into the 1960s, and this continued much later for some makes (e.g. Citroën 2CV until end of production in 1990). In many cases, cranks were used for setting timing rather than starting the engine as growing displacements and compression ratios made this impractical. Communist bloc cars such as Ladas often still sported crank-starting as late as

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