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34-597: The DLR is used to implement dynamic languages on the .NET Framework , including the IronPython and IronRuby projects. Because the dynamic language implementations share a common underlying system, it should be easier for them to interact with one another. For example, it should be possible to use libraries from any dynamic language in any other dynamic language. In addition, the hosting API allows interoperability with statically typed CLI languages like C# and Visual Basic .NET . Microsoft's Dynamic Language Runtime project

68-471: A JIT compiler, and also because it doesn't have the Global Interpreter Lock . Parrot virtual machine Parrot is a discontinued register-based process virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently. It is possible to compile Parrot assembly language and Parrot intermediate representation (PIR, an intermediate language) to Parrot bytecode and execute it. Parrot

102-535: A recursive descent parser as well as an operator-precedence parser , allowing free transition between the two in a single grammar. The PGE feeds into the Tree Grammar Engine (TGE) which further transforms the parse-tree generated by PGE for optimization and ultimately for code generation. The most complete language implementations targeting the Parrot VM were Raku (known at the time as Rakudo Perl 6), Lua and

136-495: A JavaScript implementation for the DLR which he dubbed "IronJS" in the naming tradition of IronPython and IronRuby. Like C# , Visual Basic can access objects from dynamic languages built on the DLR such as IronPython and IronRuby . PowerShell 3.0, released in Windows 8 , was updated to use the DLR. IronScheme , a Scheme implementation, was planning to build upon the DLR. This idea

170-493: A few additional features for language implementers. After the July 2010 release, there was little activity on the project for some years. This was interpreted by a Microsoft developer who worked on IronRuby as a lack of commitment from Microsoft to dynamic languages on the .NET Framework. However, there has been regular activity since 2016/17, leading to a number of improvements and upgrades. In 2007, Microsoft initially planned to use

204-702: A hardware design, allowing the vast literature on compiler optimization to be used in generating bytecode for the Parrot virtual machine that could run at speeds closer to machine code . Other register-based virtual machines inspired parts of Parrot's design, including LLVM , the Lua VM and Inferno's Dis . Parrot has rich support for several features of functional programming including closures and continuations , both of which can be particularly difficult to implement correctly and portably, especially in conjunction with exception handling and threading . The biggest advantage

238-448: A mainstream VM for any of its other supported languages. The name Parrot came from an April Fool's joke which announced a hypothetical language, named Parrot , that would unify Python and Perl . The name was later adopted by the Parrot project (initially a part of the Raku development effort) which aimed to support Raku, Python, and other programming languages. The Parrot Foundation

272-404: A new language called "Winxed". Projects to implement many other languages were started, including PHP , Python , and Ruby ; along with esoteric and demonstration languages such as Befunge and the " squaak " tutorial language. None of these projects were successful in becoming the primary implementation of their respective languages. There are three forms of program code for Parrot: Parrot

306-478: A scripting engine in the browser just like the JavaScript engine. IronPython scripts are passed like simple client-side JavaScript scripts in <script> -tags. It is then also possible to modify embedded XAML markup. The technology behind this is called Gestalt. The same works for IronRuby . Until version 0.6, IronPython was released under the terms of Common Public License . Following recruitment of

340-399: A specific functionality that is common to many dynamic languages. This architecture is backed by the idea that the number of elementary language constructs that would have to be implemented on the generic stack should be inherently limited. The DLR dynamically generates code corresponding to the functionality expressed by these nodes. The compiler for any dynamic language implemented on top of

374-506: A third-party client-side application developer and passed into the server-side framework through an interface. Note that neither the interface, nor the server-side code is modified to support the analytics required by the client application. In this case, assume that the .NET Framework implements a class, BookDictionary , in a module called BookService , and publishes an interface into which IronPython scripts can be sent and executed. This script, when sent to that interface, will iterate over

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408-494: Is free and open-source software. Parrot was started by the Perl community and developed with help from the open-source and free software communities . As a result, it was focused on license compatibility with Perl ( Artistic License 2.0 ), platform compatibility across a broad array of systems, processor architecture compatibility across most modern processors, speed of execution, small size (around 700k depending on platform), and

442-691: Is a free and open-source extension for Microsoft's Visual Studio IDE. IronPython is written entirely in C# , although some of its code is automatically generated by a code generator written in Python. IronPython is implemented on top of the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), a library running on top of the Common Language Infrastructure that provides dynamic typing and dynamic method dispatch, among other things, for dynamic languages. The DLR

476-482: Is in its function as an extensibility layer to application frameworks written in a .NET language. It is relatively simple to integrate an IronPython interpreter into an existing .NET application framework. Once in place, downstream developers can use scripts written in IronPython that interact with .NET objects in the framework, thereby extending the functionality in the framework's interface, without having to change any of

510-412: Is part of the .NET Framework 4.0 and is also a part of Mono since version 2.4 from 2009. The DLR can also be used as a library on older CLI implementations. Jim Hugunin created the project and actively contributed to it up until Version 1.0 which was released on September 5, 2006. IronPython 2.0 was released on December 10, 2008. After version 1.0 it was maintained by a small team at Microsoft until

544-522: Is register-based like most hardware CPUs , and unlike most virtual machines, which are stack-based. Parrot provides four types of registers: Parrot provides an arbitrary number of registers; this number is fixed at compile time per subroutine. In PASM In PIR mod_parrot is an optional module for the Apache web server . It embeds a Parrot virtual machine interpreter into the Apache server and provides access to

578-477: Is the dynamic extendability of objects with methods, which allows for polymorphic containers (PMCs) and associated opcodes . Implementing solutions to these problems at the virtual machine level obviates the need to solve them in the individual client languages. Parrot provides a suite of compiler-writing tools which includes the Parser Grammar Engine (PGE), a hybrid parser-generator that can express

612-542: The JVM instruction set ), the DLR is built on top of the existing Common Language Runtime , the .NET Framework virtual machine. IronPython IronPython is an implementation of the Python programming language targeting the .NET and Mono frameworks. The project is currently maintained by a group of volunteers at GitHub . It is free and open-source software, and can be implemented with Python Tools for Visual Studio, which

646-562: The Java virtual machine and the Common Language Runtime , for the .NET platform, have been designed for statically typed languages, while the languages targeted by Parrot are dynamically typed. Virtual machines such as the Java virtual machine and the current Perl 5 virtual machine are also stack based . Parrot developers chose a register-based design, reasoning that it more closely resembles

680-473: The .NET Framework to create a simple Hello World message. The performance characteristics of IronPython compared to CPython , the reference implementation of Python, depends on the exact benchmark used. IronPython performs worse than CPython on most benchmarks taken with the PyStone script but better on other benchmarks. IronPython may perform better in Python programs that use threads or multiple cores, as it has

714-462: The 2.7 Beta 1 release. Microsoft abandoned IronPython (and its sister project IronRuby ) in late 2010, after which Hugunin left to work at Google. The project is currently maintained by a group of volunteers at GitHub . There are some differences between the Python reference implementation CPython and IronPython. Some projects built on top of IronPython are known not to work under CPython. Conversely, CPython applications that depend on extensions to

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748-496: The DLR for the upcoming Visual Basic 2010 (VB 10.0) and Managed JScript ( ECMAScript 3.0) as well as Python and Ruby. The DLR work on Ruby and Python resulted in IronRuby , a .NET implementation of the Ruby language, and IronPython . By August 2009, Microsoft had announced it had no more plans to implement Managed JScript on the DLR. Fredrik Holmström later independently contributed

782-450: The DLR has to generate DLR abstract trees, and hand it over to the DLR libraries. The DLR provides dynamically updated DynamicSite objects that cache the task of binding methods to objects. Since the type of an object—as well as the members it contains—in dynamic languages can change during a program lifetime, a method invocation must check the method list to see if the invocation is a valid one. DynamicSite objects represent and cache

816-431: The Parrot repository. Until late 2005, Dan Sugalski was the lead designer and chief architect of Parrot. Chip Salzenberg , a longtime Perl, Linux kernel, and C++ hacker, took over until mid-2006, when he became the lead developer. Allison Randal , the lead developer of Punie and chief architect of Parrot's compiler tools, was the chief architect until mid-October 2010 when she stepped down and chose Christoph Otto as

850-492: The entire list of books maintained by the framework, and pick out those written by Booker Prize-winning authors. What's interesting is that the responsibility for writing the actual analytics reside with the client-side developer. The demands on the server-side developer are minimal, essentially just providing access to the data maintained by the server. This design pattern greatly simplifies the deployment and maintenance of complex application frameworks. The following script uses

884-450: The flexibility to handle the varying demands made by Raku and other modern dynamic languages . Version 1.0, with a stable application programming interface (API) for development, was released on March 17, 2009. The last version is release 8.1.0 "Andean Parakeet". Parrot was officially discontinued in August 2021, after being supplanted by MoarVM in its main use (Raku) and never becoming

918-411: The framework's code base. IronPython makes extensive use of reflection . When passed in a reference to a .NET object, it will automatically import the types and methods available to that object. This results in a highly intuitive experience when working with .NET objects from within an IronPython script. The following IronPython script manipulates .NET Framework objects. This script can be supplied by

952-411: The language that are implemented in C are not compatible with IronPython , unless they are implemented in a .NET interop. For example, NumPy was wrapped by Microsoft in 2011, allowing code and libraries dependent on it to be run directly from .NET Framework. IronPython is supported on Silverlight (which is deprecated by Microsoft and already has lost support in most web browsers ). It can be used as

986-441: The new chief architect. The goal of the Parrot virtual machine was to host client languages and allow inter-operation between them. Several hurdles exist in accomplishing this goal, in particular the difficulty of mapping high-level concepts, data, and data structures between languages. The differing properties of statically and dynamically typed languages motivated the design of Parrot. Current popular virtual machines such as

1020-607: The project lead in August 2004, IronPython was made available as part of Microsoft's Shared Source initiative. This license is not OSI -approved but the authors claim it meets the open-source definition. With the 2.0 alpha release, the license was changed to the Microsoft Public License , which the OSI has approved. The latest versions are released under the terms of the Apache License 2.0 . One of IronPython's key advantages

1054-538: The state of the object and its methods; any update to the object is reflected in the DynamicSite objects as well. DLR routes all method invocations via the DynamicSite objects, which then performs a fast lookup and binding of the method with the actual implementation. In contrast to other efforts like the Parrot virtual machine (with no dependencies) or Da Vinci Machine (built on Java's JVM by adding new bytecodes in

Dynamic Language Runtime - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-450: Was abandoned because the DLR branch used by the project became out of sync with the trunk , and also because (according to the project coordinator) the current version of the DLR at that time could not support the majority of Scheme's requirements. The Dynamic Language Runtime is built on the idea that it is possible to implement language specificities on top of a generic language-agnostic abstract syntax tree , whose nodes correspond to

1122-591: Was announced by Microsoft at MIX 2007. Microsoft shipped .NET DLR 0.9 beta in November 2008, and final 0.9 in December 2008. Version 1.0 shipped in April 2010. In July 2010, Microsoft changed the license of the DLR from the Microsoft Public License to the Apache License 2.0 . With the release of .NET 4 , also in April 2010, DLR was incorporated into the .NET Framework itself. The open source DLR project hosted on GitHub has

1156-399: Was dissolved in 2014. The Foundation was created in 2008 to hold the copyright and trademarks of the Parrot project, to help drive development of language implementations and the core codebase, to provide a base for growing the Parrot community, and to reach out to other language communities. Historical design decisions are documented in the form of Parrot Design Documents, or PDDs, in

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