94-506: Dynamic Chiropractic is a magazine for chiropractors that is indexed by CINAHL . The publisher is MPA Media. A Canadian version exists with modified content. The Canadian version has a readership of 6000, while the American version has a circulation of over 60,000. This trade magazine–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on
188-462: A Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree and be referred to as "doctor" but is not a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) . While many chiropractors view themselves as primary care providers, chiropractic clinical training does not meet the requirements for that designation. Systematic reviews of controlled clinical studies of treatments used by chiropractors have found no evidence that chiropractic manipulation
282-455: A massage table , sitting in a massage chair , or lying on a mat on the floor. There are many different modalities in the massage industry, including (but not limited to): deep tissue, manual lymphatic drainage , medical , sports, structural integration , Swedish , Thai and trigger point. The word comes from the French massage 'friction of kneading ', which, in turn, comes either from
376-407: A campaign to eliminate untestable dogma and engage in critical thinking and evidence-based research. ↓ Restoration of structural integrity ↓ Improvement of health status ↓ Innate intelligence ↓ Body physiology Although a wide diversity of ideas exist among chiropractors, they share the belief that the spine and health are related in a fundamental way, and that this relationship
470-595: A crossroads, and that in order to progress it would need to embrace science; the promotion by some for it to be a cure-all was both "misguided and irrational". A 2007 survey of Alberta chiropractors found that they do not consistently apply research in practice, which may have resulted from a lack of research education and skills. Specific guidelines concerning the treatment of nonspecific (i.e., unknown cause) low back pain are inconsistent between countries. Numerous controlled clinical studies of treatments used by chiropractors have been conducted, with varied results. There
564-409: A cure for obesity amongst other chronic ailments. Massage developed alongside athletics in both Ancient China and Ancient Greece . Taoist priests developed massage in concert with their Kung Fu gymnastic movements, while Ancient Greek Olympians used a specific type of trainer ("aleiptes") who would rub their muscles with oil. Pehr Ling's introduction to massage also came about directly as
658-463: A family doctor. Quackwatch , an alternative medicine watchdog, cautions against seeing chiropractors who: Writing for the Skeptical Inquirer , one physician cautioned against seeing even chiropractors who solely claim to treat musculoskeletal conditions: I think Spinal Manipulation Therapy (SMT) is a reasonable option for patients to try ... But I could not in good conscience refer
752-548: A high likelihood of bias . In ashiatsu, the practitioner uses their feet to deliver treatment. The name comes from the Japanese, ashi for foot and atsu for pressure. This technique typically uses the heel, sesamoid, arch, and/or whole plantar surface of foot, and offers large compression, tension and shear forces with less pressure than an elbow and is ideal for large muscles, such as in thigh, or for long-duration upper trapezius compressions. Other manual therapy techniques using
846-456: A list of medical plants , exercises, and elaborate massage techniques, into the French language, thereby introducing Europe to the highly developed Chinese system of medicine, medical-gymnastics, and medical-massage. AD 1776: Pehr Henrik Ling , a Swedish physical therapist and teacher of medical-gymnastics, is born. Ling has often been erroneously credited for having invented "Classic Massage", also known as "Swedish Massage", and has been called
940-461: A part of the beauty regimen of the wives of Xerxes ( Esther , 2:12). 460 BC: Hippocrates wrote "The physician must be experienced in many things, but assuredly in rubbing." 300 BC: Charaka Samhita , sometimes dated to 800 BCE, is one of the oldest of the three ancient treatises of Ayurvedic medicine, including massage. Sanskrit records indicate that massage had been practiced in India long before
1034-431: A patient to a chiropractor... When chiropractic is effective, what is effective is not 'chiropractic': it is SMT. SMT is also offered by physical therapists, DOs, and others. These are science-based providers ... If I thought a patient might benefit from manipulation, I would rather refer him or her to a science-based provider. Chiropractors emphasize the conservative management of the neuromusculoskeletal system without
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#17330927148841128-812: A result of his study of gymnastic movements. The 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles was the first time that massage therapy was televised as it was being performed on the athletes. And then, during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta massage therapy was finally offered as a core medical service to the US Olympic Team. Massage has been employed by businesses and organizations such as the U.S. Department of Justice , Boeing and Reebok . Athletes such as Michael Jordan and LeBron James have personal massage therapists that at times even travel with them. Acupressure [from Latin acus "needle" (see acuity) + pressure (n.) ]
1222-541: A result of medical advancements of the time, while in the 1970s massage's influence grew once again with a notable rise among athletes. Until the 1970s, nurses used massage to reduce pain and aid sleep. Popular books and videos, such as Massage for Relaxation , helped introduce massage to popular culture outside of a health setting. The massage therapy industry is continuously increasing. In 2009, U.S. consumers spent between $ 4 and $ 6 billion on visits to massage therapists. In 2015, research estimates that massage therapy
1316-496: A significant structural displacement, which can be seen with static imaging techniques such as X-rays . The use of X-ray imaging in the case of vertebral subluxation exposes patients to harmful ionizing radiation for no evidentially supported reason. The 2008 book Trick or Treatment states "X-rays can reveal neither the subluxations nor the innate intelligence associated with chiropractic philosophy, because they do not exist." Attorney David Chapman-Smith, Secretary-General of
1410-539: A single factor, vertebral subluxation . Homeostasis emphasizes the body's inherent self-healing abilities. Chiropractic's early notion of innate intelligence can be thought of as a metaphor for homeostasis. A large number of chiropractors fear that if they do not separate themselves from the traditional vitalistic concept of innate intelligence, chiropractic will continue to be seen as a fringe profession. A variant of chiropractic called naprapathy originated in Chicago in
1504-400: A slight majority favored allowing them to write prescriptions for over-the-counter drugs . A 2010 survey found that 72% of Swiss chiropractors considered their ability to prescribe nonprescription medication as an advantage for chiropractic treatment. A related field, veterinary chiropractic , applies manual therapies to animals and is recognized in many US states, but is not recognized by
1598-536: A small but vocal and influential number of chiropractors spread vaccine misinformation . Chiropractic is generally categorized as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), which focuses on manipulation of the musculoskeletal system , especially the spine . Its founder, D. D. Palmer, called it "a science of healing without drugs". Chiropractic's origins lie in the folk medicine of bonesetting , and as it evolved it incorporated vitalism , spiritual inspiration and rationalism . Its early philosophy
1692-508: A spring-loaded tool to deliver precise adjustments to the spine), Thompson Technique (which relies on a drop table and detailed procedural protocols), Gonstead (which emphasizes evaluating the spine along with specific adjustment that avoids rotational vectors), Cox/flexion-distraction (a gentle, low-force adjusting procedure which mixes chiropractic with osteopathic principles and utilizes specialized adjusting tables with movable parts), adjustive instrument, Sacro-Occipital Technique (which models
1786-431: A stethoscope to hear the peristalsis. Craniosacral therapy (CST) is a pseudoscience that aims to improve fluid movement and cranial bone motion by applying light touch to the skull, face, spine, and pelvis. A type of massage that is done in an erotic way via the use of massage techniques by a person on another person's erogenous zones to achieve or enhance their sexual excitation or arousal and to achieve orgasm. It
1880-522: A strong political base and sustained demand for services. In the last decades of the twentieth century, it gained more legitimacy and greater acceptance among conventional physicians and health plans in the United States. During the COVID-19 pandemic , chiropractic professional associations advised chiropractors to adhere to CDC , WHO , and local health department guidance. Despite these recommendations,
1974-510: A subluxation-based clinical approach may be of limited utility for addressing visceral disorders , and greatly favored non-subluxation-based clinical approaches for such conditions. The same survey showed that most chiropractors generally believed that the majority of their clinical approach for addressing musculoskeletal/biomechanical disorders such as back pain was based on subluxation. Chiropractors often offer conventional therapies such as physical therapy and lifestyle counseling, and it may for
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#17330927148842068-483: A wider variety of treatment procedures; and that physical therapists emphasize machinery and exercise. Chiropractic diagnosis may involve a range of methods including skeletal imaging, observational and tactile assessments, and orthopedic and neurological evaluation. A chiropractor may also refer a patient to an appropriate specialist, or co-manage with another health care provider. Common patient management involves spinal manipulation (SM) and other manual therapies to
2162-529: A worker in the massage industry in China is over 10,000 yuan per month, making them a well-paying job in China's service sector. Massage started to become popular in the United States in the middle part of the 19th century and was introduced by two New York physicians , George and Charles Taylor, based on Pehr Henrik Ling 's techniques developed in Sweden . During the 1930s and 1940s massage's influence decreased as
2256-557: Is effective , with the possible exception of treatment for back pain . A 2011 critical evaluation of 45 systematic reviews concluded that the data included in the study "fail[ed] to demonstrate convincingly that spinal manipulation is an effective intervention for any condition." Spinal manipulation may be cost-effective for sub-acute or chronic low back pain, but the results for acute low back pain were insufficient. No compelling evidence exists to indicate that maintenance chiropractic care adequately prevents symptoms or diseases. There
2350-796: Is fotofota , tolotolo , and amoamo . In Tahiti it is rumirumi . On Nanumea in Tuvalu , massage is known as popo , pressure application is kukumi , and heat application is tutu . Massage has also been documented in Tikopia in the Solomon Islands , in Rarotonga , in Pukapuka and in Western Samoa . Manual lymphatic drainage is a technique used to gently work and stimulate the lymphatic system, to assist in reduction of localized swelling. The lymphatic system
2444-466: Is a compilation of medical knowledge known up to that date, and is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Massage is referred to in 30 different chapters of the Nei Jing. It specifies the use of different massage techniques and how they should be used in the treatment of specific ailments, and injuries. Also known as "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," the text refers to previous medical knowledge from
2538-428: Is a full body massage technique that starts from head to toes, drawing on acupuncture , reflexology and kneading. Signature massage strokes include acupressure using the elbows, quick gentle knocking of acupressure points, and slow kneading of tight muscles. The massage aims to improve blood circulation and quality of sleep, while at the same time help to promote better skin quality. Biomechanical stimulation (BMS)
2632-414: Is a network of slow moving vessels in the body that carries cellular waste toward the liver, to be filtered and removed. Lymph also carries lymphocytes and other immune system agents. Manual lymphatic drainage claims to improve waste removal and immune function. Medical massage is a controversial term in the massage profession. Many use it to describe a specific technique. Others use it to describe
2726-580: Is a technique similar in principle to acupuncture . It is based on the concept of life energy which flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points with the aim of clearing blockages in those meridians. Pressure may be applied by fingers, palm, elbow, toes or with various devices. Some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, for helping lower back pain, tension headaches, stomach ache, among other things, although such studies have been found to have
2820-415: Is a term generally used for localised biomechanical oscillation methods, whereby local muscle groups are stimulated directly or via the associated tendons by means of special hand held mechanical vibration devices. Biomechanical oscillation therapy and training is offered in a variety of areas such as competitive sports, fitness, rehabilitation, medicine, prevention, beauty and used to improve performance of
2914-401: Is a wide range of ways to measure treatment outcomes. Chiropractic care benefits from the placebo response , but it is difficult to construct a trustworthy placebo for clinical trials of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT). The efficacy of maintenance care in chiropractic is unknown. Available evidence covers the following conditions: Massage Massage is the rubbing or kneading of
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3008-490: Is mediated through the nervous system . Some chiropractors claim spinal manipulation can have an effect on a variety of ailments such as irritable bowel syndrome and asthma . Chiropractic philosophy includes the following perspectives: Holism assumes that health is affected by everything in an individual's environment; some sources also include a spiritual or existential dimension. In contrast, reductionism in chiropractic reduces causes and cures of health problems to
3102-487: Is no conclusive evidence that chiropractic manipulative treatment is effective for the treatment of any medical condition, except perhaps for certain kinds of back pain. Generally, the research carried out into the effectiveness of chiropractic has been of poor quality. Research published by chiropractors is distinctly biased: reviews of SM for back pain tended to find positive conclusions when authored by chiropractors, while reviews by mainstream authors did not. There
3196-440: Is not sufficient data to establish the safety of chiropractic manipulations. It is frequently associated with mild to moderate adverse effects , with serious or fatal complications in rare cases. There is controversy regarding the degree of risk of vertebral artery dissection , which can lead to stroke and death, from cervical manipulation . Several deaths have been associated with this technique and it has been suggested that
3290-580: Is the most common treatment used in chiropractic care. Spinal manipulation is a passive manual maneuver during which a three-joint complex is taken past the normal range of movement, but not so far as to dislocate or damage the joint. Its defining factor is a dynamic thrust, which is a sudden force that causes an audible release and attempts to increase a joint's range of motion. High-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation (HVLA-SM) thrusts have physiological effects that signal neural discharge from paraspinal muscle tissues, depending on duration and amplitude of
3384-542: The American Chiropractic Association as being chiropractic. It remains controversial within certain segments of the veterinary and chiropractic professions. No single profession "owns" spinal manipulation and there is little consensus as to which profession should administer SM, raising concerns by chiropractors that other medical physicians could "steal" SM procedures from chiropractors. A focus on evidence-based SM research has also raised concerns that
3478-827: The Arabic word مَسَّ massa meaning 'to touch, feel', the Portuguese amassar 'knead', from the Latin massa meaning 'mass, dough', or the Greek verb μάσσω ( massō ) 'to handle, touch, to work with the hands, to knead dough'. The ancient Greek word for massage was anatripsis and the Latin was frictio . Archaeological evidence of massage has been found in many ancient civilizations including China , India , Japan , Egypt , Rome , Greece , and Mesopotamia . 2330 BC: The Tomb of Akmanthor (also known as "The Tomb of
3572-500: The World Federation of Chiropractic , has stated that "Medical critics have asked how there can be a subluxation if it cannot be seen on X-ray. The answer is that the chiropractic subluxation is essentially a functional entity, not structural, and is therefore no more visible on static X-ray than a limp or headache or any other functional problem." The General Chiropractic Council , the statutory regulatory body for chiropractors in
3666-496: The chiropractic subluxation was defined by the World Health Organization as "a lesion or dysfunction in a joint or motion segment in which alignment, movement integrity and/or physiological function are altered, although contact between joint surfaces remains intact. It is essentially a functional entity, which may influence biomechanical and neural integrity." This differs from the medical definition of subluxation as
3760-422: The materialism of science. However, most practitioners tend to incorporate scientific research into chiropractic, and most practitioners are "mixers" who attempt to combine the materialistic reductionism of science with the metaphysics of their predecessors and with the holistic paradigm of wellness . A 2008 commentary proposed that chiropractic actively divorce itself from the straight philosophy as part of
3854-646: The "Father of Massage". AD 1779: Frenchman Pierre-Martial Cibot publishes "Notice du Cong-fou des Bonzes Tao-see", also known as "The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse", a French language summary of medical techniques used by Taoist priests. According to English historian of China Joseph Needham , Cibot's work "was intended to present the physicists and physicians of Europe with a sketch of a system of medical gymnastics which they might like to adopt—or if they found it at fault they might be stimulated to invent something better. This work has long been regarded as of cardinal importance in
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3948-491: The "Swedish Movement Cure". Ling died in 1839, having previously named his pupils as the repositories of his teaching. Ling and his assistants left a little proper written account of their methods. AD 1868: Dutch massage practitioner Johan Georg Mezger applies French terms to name five basic massage techniques, and coins the phrase "Swedish massage system". These techniques are still known by their French names (effleurage (long, gliding strokes), petrissage (lifting and kneading
4042-582: The 15th and 16th centuries, when they helped enlighten European scholars as to the achievements of the Ancient Greeks. This renewal of the Galenic tradition during the Renaissance played a very important part in the rise of modern science. One of the greatest Persian medics was Avicenna , also known as Ibn Sina, who lived from 980 AD to 1037 AD. His works included a comprehensive collection and systematization of
4136-519: The 16th century. In the Philippines , a distinct massage and healing tradition called hilot developed, while in Thailand , the tradition of massage that developed was called nuad thai . Nuad thai was declared in 2019 as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. AD 1776: Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and Pierre-Martial Cibot , French missionaries in China translate summaries of Huangdi Neijing , including
4230-592: The Physician") in Saqqara , Egypt, depicts two men having work done on their feet and hands, possibly depicting a massage. 2000 BC: The word muššu'u ("massage") is written for the first time, and its use is described, in some Sumerian and Akkadian texts found at the beginning of the 21st century in ancient Mesopotamia. 722–481 BC: Huangdi Neijing is composed during the Chinese Spring and Autumn period . The Nei-jing
4324-551: The US and UK that cover other chiropractic techniques exclude KST from coverage because they consider it to be "experimental and investigational". Medicine-assisted manipulation, such as manipulation under anesthesia , involves sedation or local anesthetic and is done by a team that includes an anesthesiologist ; a 2008 systematic review did not find enough evidence to make recommendations about its use for chronic low back pain. Many other procedures are used by chiropractors for treating
4418-460: The US remains primarily a manual medical system; physical therapists work alongside and cooperate with mainstream medicine, and osteopathic medicine in the U.S. has merged with the medical profession. Practitioners may distinguish these competing approaches through claims that, compared to other therapists, chiropractors heavily emphasize spinal manipulation, tend to use firmer manipulative techniques, and promote maintenance care; that osteopaths use
4512-759: The US, their scope of practice varies by state, based on inconsistent views of chiropractic care: some states, such as Iowa , broadly allow treatment of "human ailments"; some, such as Delaware , use vague concepts such as "transition of nerve energy" to define scope of practice; others, such as New Jersey , specify a severely narrowed scope. US states also differ over whether chiropractors may conduct laboratory tests or diagnostic procedures, dispense dietary supplements, or use other therapies such as homeopathy and acupuncture; in Oregon they can become certified to perform minor surgery and to deliver children via natural childbirth. A 2003 survey of North American chiropractors found that
4606-548: The United Kingdom, states that the chiropractic vertebral subluxation complex "is not supported by any clinical research evidence that would allow claims to be made that it is the cause of disease." As of 2014, the US National Board of Chiropractic Examiners states "The specific focus of chiropractic practice is known as the chiropractic subluxation or joint dysfunction. A subluxation is a health concern that manifests in
4700-527: The application of pressure to the pregnant abdomen , can be found in one of the bas reliefs decorating the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia . It depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld . This is the oldest known visual representation of abortion. In Southeast Asia, massage traditions and techniques have already been entrenched in the people's diverse cultures for centuries before trade contact with Europe in
4794-545: The arms across the breast, the shoulder joints are made to crack in like manner. Lomilomi is the traditional massage of Hawaii . As an indigenous practice, it varies by island and by family. The word lomilomi also is used for massage in Samoa and East Futuna. In Samoa, it is also known as lolomi and milimili . In East Futuna, it is also called milimili , fakasolosolo , amoamo , lusilusi , kinikini , fai’ua . The Māori call it romiromi and mirimiri . In Tonga massage
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#17330927148844888-425: The article's talk page . Chiropractor Chiropractic ( / ˌ k aɪ r oʊ ˈ p r æ k t ɪ k / ) is a form of alternative medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially of the spine . It is based on several pseudoscientific ideas. Many chiropractors (often known informally as chiros ), especially those in
4982-488: The attendants begins to press and handle the tops of the shoulders, the muscles of the arm, and successively the whole body; first gently, then by degrees increasing the pressure, till he comes to handle pretty roughly, but without giving pain. This is repeated at short intervals till the skin is perfectly softened. The attendant then taking hold of the bather's fingers, with a dexterous jerk makes each joint crack successively; after which, laying him flat on his back, and bringing
5076-510: The beginning of recorded history. AD 1st or 2nd: Galen mentioned Diogas (Διόγας) who was an iatralipta (ἰατραλείπτης) (rubber and anointer/physiotherapist). AD 581: China establishes a department of massage therapy within the Office of Imperial Physicians. Many of Galen 's manuscripts, for instance, were collected and translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq in the 9th century. Later in the 11th-century copies were translated into Latin and again in
5170-514: The benefits of regular Ayurvedic massage include pain relief, reduction of fatigue, improved immune system and improved longevity. "Known in Myanmar as Yoe Yar Nhake Nal Chin, meaning 'traditional massage', Burmese massage has its ancient origins from Thai, Chinese and Indian medicine. Currently, Burmese massage also includes the use of local natural ingredients such as Thanaka which helps to promote smooth skin and prevents sunburn." Burmese massage
5264-587: The body's soft tissues . Massage techniques are commonly applied with hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearms, feet, or a device. The purpose of massage is generally for the treatment of body stress or pain. In European countries, a person professionally trained to give massages is traditionally known as a masseur (male) or masseuse (female). In the United States, these individuals are often referred to as "massage therapists". In some provinces of Canada , they are called "registered massage therapists." In professional settings, clients are treated while lying on
5358-404: The body's function and its inborn ability to heal itself. D. D. Palmer repudiated his earlier theory that vertebral subluxations caused pinched nerves in the intervertebral spaces in favor of subluxations causing altered nerve vibration, either too tense or too slack, affecting the tone (health) of the end organ. He qualified this by noting that knowledge of innate intelligence was not essential to
5452-467: The chiropractic community have been used to generate practice guidelines outlining standards that specify which chiropractic treatments are legitimate (i.e. supported by evidence) and conceivably reimbursable under managed care health payment systems. Evidence-based guidelines are supported by one end of an ideological continuum among chiropractors; the other end employs antiscientific reasoning and makes unsubstantiated claims. Chiropractic remains at
5546-419: The competent practice of chiropractic. This concept was later expanded upon by his son, B. J. Palmer, and was instrumental in providing the legal basis of differentiating chiropractic from conventional medicine. In 1910, D. D. Palmer theorized that the nervous system controlled health: Physiologists divide nerve-fibers, which form the nerves, into two classes, afferent and efferent . Impressions are made on
5640-537: The earliest known Chinese physician, uses massage in medical practice. 500 BC: Jīvaka Komarabhācca was an Indian physician who according to the Pāli Buddhist Canon was Shakyamuni Buddha 's physician. Jivaka is sometimes credited with founding and developing a style of massage that led to the type of massage practiced in current-day Thailand. Though this claim is disputed. 493 BC: A possible biblical reference documents daily "treatments" with oil of myrrh as
5734-445: The early twentieth century. It holds that manual manipulation of soft tissue can reduce "interference" in the body and thus improve health. Straight chiropractors adhere to the philosophical principles set forth by D. D. and B. J. Palmer, and retain metaphysical definitions and vitalistic qualities. Straight chiropractors believe that vertebral subluxation leads to interference with an "innate intelligence" exerted via
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#17330927148845828-531: The feet to provide treatment include Keralite, Barefoot Lomilomi , and Chavutti Thirumal . Ayurvedic massage is known as Abhyangam in Sanskrit. According to the Ayurvedic Classics Abhyangam is an important dincharya (Daily Regimen) that is needed for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The massage technique used during Ayurvedic Massage aims to stimulate the lymphatic system. Practitioners claim that
5922-462: The field's early history, have proposed that mechanical disorders of the joints , especially of the spine , affect general health, and that regular manipulation of the spine ( spinal adjustment ) improves general health. The main chiropractic treatment technique involves manual therapy , especially manipulation of the spine, other joints, and soft tissues , but may also include exercises and health and lifestyle counseling. A chiropractor may have
6016-569: The fragmentary and unorganized Greco-Roman medical literature that had been translated Arabic by that time, augmented by notes from his own experiences. One of his books, Al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb ( The Canon of Medicine ) has been called the most famous single book in the history of medicine in both East and West. Avicenna excelled in the logical assessment of conditions and comparison of symptoms and took special note of analgesics and their proper use as well as other methods of relieving pain, including massage. AD 1150: Evidence of massage abortion, involving
6110-592: The history of physiotherapy because it almost certainly influenced the Swedish founder of the modern phase of the art, Pehr Hendrik Ling. Cibot had studied at least one Chinese book but also got much from a Christian neophyte who had become expert in the subject before his conversion." AD 1813: The Royal Gymnastic Central Institute for the training of gymnastic instructors was opened in Stockholm, Sweden, with Pehr Henrik Ling appointed as principal. Ling developed what he called
6204-763: The human nervous system and is a primary underlying risk factor for many diseases. Straights view the medical diagnosis of patient complaints, which they consider to be the "secondary effects" of subluxations, to be unnecessary for chiropractic treatment. Thus, straight chiropractors are concerned primarily with the detection and correction of vertebral subluxation via adjustment and do not "mix" other types of therapies into their practice style. Their philosophy and explanations are metaphysical in nature and they prefer to use traditional chiropractic lexicon terminology such as "perform spinal analysis", "detect subluxation", "correct with adjustment". They prefer to remain separate and distinct from mainstream health care. Although considered
6298-410: The joints and soft tissues, rehabilitative exercises, health promotion, electrical modalities, complementary procedures, and lifestyle advice. Chiropractors are not normally licensed to write medical prescriptions or perform major surgery in the United States (although New Mexico has become the first US state to allow "advanced practice" trained chiropractors to prescribe certain medications ). In
6392-570: The label "back and neck pain specialists" was regarded by 47% of them as a least desirable description in a 2005 international survey. Chiropractic combines aspects from mainstream and alternative medicine, and there is no agreement about how to define the profession: although chiropractors have many attributes of primary care providers, chiropractic has more attributes of a medical specialty like dentistry or podiatry . It has been proposed that chiropractors specialize in nonsurgical spine care, instead of attempting to also treat other problems, but
6486-555: The lay person be difficult to distinguish the unscientific from the scientific. In science-based medicine, the term "subluxation" refers to an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint , from the Latin luxare for 'dislocate'. While medical doctors use the term exclusively to refer to physical dislocations, Chiropractic founder D. D. Palmer imbued the word subluxation with a metaphysical and philosophical meaning drawn from pseudoscientific traditions such as Vitalism . Palmer claimed that vertebral subluxations interfered with
6580-445: The length, breadth, and depth of chiropractic clinical training do not support the requirements to be considered primary care providers, so their role on primary care is limited and disputed. Chiropractic overlaps with several other forms of manual therapy, including massage therapy, osteopathy , physical therapy, and sports medicine . Chiropractic is autonomous from and competitive with mainstream medicine, and osteopathy outside
6674-485: The majority group, many of them retain belief in vertebral subluxation as shown in a 2003 survey of 1,100 North American chiropractors, which found that 88 percent wanted to retain the term "vertebral subluxation complex", and that when asked to estimate the percent of disorders of internal organs that subluxation significantly contributes to, the mean response was 62 percent. A 2008 survey of 6,000 American chiropractors demonstrated that most chiropractors seem to believe that
6768-933: The minority group, "they have been able to transform their status as purists and heirs of the lineage into influence dramatically out of proportion to their numbers." Mixer chiropractors "mix" diagnostic and treatment approaches from chiropractic, medical or osteopathic viewpoints and make up the majority of chiropractors. Unlike straight chiropractors, mixers believe subluxation is one of many causes of disease, and hence they tend to be open to mainstream medicine. Many of them incorporate mainstream medical diagnostics and employ conventional treatments including techniques of physical therapy such as exercise, stretching , massage , ice packs , electrical muscle stimulation , therapeutic ultrasound , and moist heat . Some mixers also use techniques from alternative medicine, including nutritional supplements , acupuncture , homeopathy , herbal remedies , and biofeedback . Although mixers are
6862-410: The minority, emphasize vitalism , " Innate Intelligence ", and consider vertebral subluxations to be the cause of all disease; and "mixers", the majority, are more open to mainstream views and conventional medical techniques, such as exercise, massage , and ice therapy . D. D. Palmer founded chiropractic in the 1890s, claiming that he had received it from "the other world". Palmer maintained that
6956-556: The more expansive view of chiropractic is still widespread. Mainstream health care and governmental organizations such as the World Health Organization consider chiropractic to be complementary and alternative medicine (CAM); and a 2008 study reported that 31% of surveyed chiropractors categorized chiropractic as CAM, 27% as integrated medicine, and 12% as mainstream medicine. Many chiropractors believe they are primary care providers, including US and UK chiropractors, but
7050-412: The muscles and to improve coordination and balance. It is often used in myofascial trigger point therapy to invoke reciprocal inhibition within the musculoskeletal system. Beneficial effects from this type of stimulation have been found to exist. Biodynamic massage was created by Gerda Boyesen as part of Biodynamic Psychotherapy. It uses a combination of hands-on work and "energy work" and also uses
7144-611: The muscles), friction (firm, deep, circular rubbing movements), tapotement (brisk tapping or percussive movements) and vibration (rapidly shaking or vibrating specific muscles)). As of 2005, with the city of Shanghai alone there were an estimated 1,300–2,000 foot massage centers, with more than 3,000 in Shenzhen . It was also estimated that there were nearly 30,000 massage workers in Shanghai and over 40,000 in Shenzhen. The average rate of pay for
7238-438: The overwhelming evidence that vaccination is an effective public health intervention, there are significant disagreements among chiropractors over the subject, which has led to negative impacts on both public vaccination and mainstream acceptance of chiropractic. The American Medical Association called chiropractic an "unscientific cult" in 1966 and boycotted it until losing an antitrust case in 1987 . Chiropractic has had
7332-530: The peripheral afferent fiber-endings; these create sensations that are transmitted to the center of the nervous system. Efferent nerve-fibers carry impulses out from the center to their endings. Most of these go to muscles and are therefore called motor impulses; some are secretory and enter glands; a portion are inhibitory, their function being to restrain secretion. Thus, nerves carry impulses outward and sensations inward. The activity of these nerves, or rather their fibers, may become excited or allayed by impingement,
7426-514: The relationship is causative , a claim which is disputed by many chiropractors. Chiropractic is well established in the United States, Canada, and Australia. It overlaps with other manual-therapy professions such as osteopathy and physical therapy . Most who seek chiropractic care do so for low back pain . Back and neck pain are considered the specialties of chiropractic, but many chiropractors treat ailments other than musculoskeletal issues. Chiropractic has two main groups: "straights", now
7520-540: The result being a modification of functionality – too much or not enough action – which is disease. Vertebral subluxation, a core concept of traditional chiropractic, remains unsubstantiated and largely untested, and a debate about whether to keep it in the chiropractic paradigm has been ongoing for decades. In general, critics of traditional subluxation-based chiropractic (including chiropractors) are skeptical of its clinical value, dogmatic beliefs and metaphysical approach. While straight chiropractic still retains
7614-688: The resulting practice guidelines could limit the scope of chiropractic practice to treating backs and necks. Two US states (Washington and Arkansas) prohibit physical therapists from performing SM, some states allow them to do it only if they have completed advanced training in SM, and some states allow only chiropractors to perform SM, or only chiropractors and physicians. Bills to further prohibit non-chiropractors from performing SM are regularly introduced into state legislatures and are opposed by physical therapist organizations. Spinal manipulation, which chiropractors call "spinal adjustment" or "chiropractic adjustment",
7708-441: The skeletal joints, and, through complex anatomical and physiological relationships, affects the nervous system and may lead to reduced function, disability or illness." While some chiropractors limit their practice to short-term treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, many falsely claim to be able treat a myriad of other conditions. Some dissuade patients from seeking medical care, others have pretended to be qualified to act as
7802-424: The spine and related tissues. There are several schools of chiropractic adjustive techniques, although most chiropractors mix techniques from several schools. The following adjustive procedures were received by more than 10% of patients of licensed US chiropractors in a 2003 survey: Diversified technique (full-spine manipulation, employing various techniques), extremity adjusting, Activator technique (which uses
7896-423: The spine as a torsion bar), Nimmo Receptor-Tonus Technique , applied kinesiology (which emphasises "muscle testing" as a diagnostic tool), and cranial. Chiropractic biophysics technique uses inverse functions of rotations during spinal manipulation. Koren Specific Technique (KST) may use their hands, or they may use an electric device known as an "ArthroStim" for assessment and spinal manipulations. Insurers in
7990-941: The spine, other joints and tissues, and general health issues. The following procedures were received by more than one-third of patients of licensed US chiropractors in a 2003 survey: Diversified technique (full-spine manipulation; mentioned in previous paragraph), physical fitness /exercise promotion, corrective or therapeutic exercise, ergonomic / postural advice, self-care strategies, activities of daily living , changing risky/unhealthy behaviors, nutritional/dietary recommendations, relaxation / stress reduction recommendations, ice pack/cryotherapy , extremity adjusting (also mentioned in previous paragraph), trigger point therapy, and disease prevention /early screening advice. A 2010 study describing Belgian chiropractors and their patients found chiropractors in Belgium mostly focus on neuromusculoskeletal complaints in adult patients, with emphasis on
8084-466: The spine. The diversified technique is the most often applied technique at 93%, followed by the Activator mechanical-assisted technique at 41%. A 2009 study assessing chiropractic students giving or receiving spinal manipulations while attending a United States chiropractic college found Diversified, Gonstead, and upper cervical manipulations are frequently used methods. Reviews of research studies within
8178-415: The tenets of chiropractic were passed along to him by a doctor who had died 50 years previously. His son B. J. Palmer helped to expand chiropractic in the early 20th century. Throughout its history, chiropractic has been controversial . Its foundation is at odds with evidence-based medicine , and is underpinned by pseudoscientific ideas such as vertebral subluxation and Innate Intelligence. Despite
8272-410: The thrust are factors of the degree in paraspinal muscle spindles activation. Clinical skill in employing HVLA-SM thrusts depends on the ability of the practitioner to handle the duration and magnitude of the load. More generally, spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) describes techniques where the hands are used to manipulate, massage, mobilize, adjust, stimulate, apply traction to, or otherwise influence
8366-628: The time of the Yellow Emperor ( c. 2700 BC ), misleading some into believing the text itself was written during the time of the Yellow Emperor (which would predate written history). 762 BC: In the Iliad and the Odyssey, massage with oils and aromatic substances is mentioned as a means to relax the tired limbs of warriors and as a way to help the treatment of wounds. 700 BC: Bian Que ,
8460-584: The traditional vitalistic construct espoused by the founders, evidence-based chiropractic suggests that a mechanistic view will allow chiropractic care to become integrated into the wider health care community. This is still a continuing source of debate within the chiropractic profession as well, with some schools of chiropractic still teaching the traditional/straight subluxation-based chiropractic, while others have moved towards an evidence-based chiropractic that rejects metaphysical foundings and limits itself to primarily neuromusculoskeletal conditions. In 2005,
8554-499: The use of medicines or surgery, with special emphasis on the spine. Back and neck pain are the specialties of chiropractic but many chiropractors treat ailments other than musculoskeletal issues. There is a range of opinions among chiropractors: some believed that treatment should be confined to the spine, or back and neck pain; others disagreed. For example, while one 2009 survey of American chiropractors had found that 73% classified themselves as "back pain/musculoskeletal specialists",
8648-516: Was a $ 12.1 billion industry. All but five states require massage therapists to be licensed, and licensure requires the applicant to receive training at an accredited school, and to pass a comprehensive exam. Those states that require licensure also typically require continuing education in massage techniques and in ethics. The service of massage or "physiological shampooing" was advertised in The Times from as early as 1880. Adverts claimed it as
8742-433: Was also once used for medical purposes as well as for the treatment of " female hysteria " and "womb disease". Nuru massage is a Japanese form of erotic massage. In the traditional Hammam , massage involves not just vigorous muscle kneading, but also joint cracking , "not so much a tender working of the flesh as a pummeling, a cracking of joints, a twisting of limbs..." An 18th-century traveler reported: ...one of
8836-495: Was based on deduction from irrefutable doctrine , which helped distinguish chiropractic from medicine, provided it with legal and political defenses against claims of practicing medicine without a license, and allowed chiropractors to establish themselves as an autonomous profession. This "straight" philosophy, taught to generations of chiropractors, rejects the inferential reasoning of the scientific method , and relies on deductions from vitalistic first principles rather than on
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