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60-722: Cultureel Erfgoed is a department of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science . Their responsibilities include managing the official list of Rijksmonumenten known as the Monumentenregister , (the storage and restoration of) the National art collection of the Netherlands, the National Archaeological Ship storage and fleet, and Archis , the central archaeological information system. They also subsidize grants in

120-563: A Vesting Holland (or "Fortress Holland"). In late 1939, with war already declared between the British Empire , France and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. The government gradually mobilised the Dutch military from August 1939 that had reached its full strength by April 1940. Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands were invaded on

180-593: A German civilian governor on 29 May 1940, unlike France or Denmark, which had their own governments, and Belgium, which was under German military control. The civil government, the Reichskommissariat Niederlande , was headed by the Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart . The German occupiers implemented a policy of Gleichschaltung ("enforced conformity" or "coordination") and systematically eliminated non-Nazi organisations. In 1940,

240-511: A bot was started to mass upload images. Approximately 450,000 images were uploaded. [REDACTED] Media related to Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed at Wikimedia Commons Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands) The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science ( Dutch : Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschappen ; OCW) is the Dutch Ministry responsible for education , culture , science , research , gender equality and communications . The Ministry

300-506: A form of passive resistance took place there with people working slowly or poorly. Shortly after it was established, the military regime began to persecute the Jews of the Netherlands. In 1940, there were no deportations, and only small measures were taken against the Jews. In February 1941, the Nazis deported a small group of Dutch Jews to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp . The Dutch reacted with

360-721: A separate Department for Propaganda and Arts. In 1965 the department for arts was integrated into the new Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Social Work. In 1982 this cultural department was integrated into the Ministry of Health . In 1996 cultural department returned to the Ministry of Education. Netherlands in World War II Despite Dutch neutrality , Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 as part of Fall Gelb (Case Yellow). On 15 May 1940, one day after

420-456: Is currently headed by two ministers and one state secretary. The ministry's main office is located in the Hoftoren , the tallest building of The Hague . The ministry has around 2500 civil servants. The civil service is headed by a secretary general and a deputy secretary general, who head a system of three directorates general: It has several autonomous agencies: The predecessor of the ministry,

480-579: The Afsluitdijk . "The new Reich has endeavored to continue the traditional friendship with Holland [sic]. It has not taken over any existing differences between the two countries and has not created any new ones." During World War I , the Dutch government, under Pieter Cort van der Linden , had managed to preserve Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict. In the Interwar Period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its "Independence Policy" even after

540-567: The February strike , a nationwide protest against the deportations, unique in the history of Nazi-occupied Europe. Although the strike did not accomplish much—its leaders were executed—it was an initial setback for Seyss-Inquart. He had intended both to deport the Jews and to win the Dutch over to the Nazi cause. Before the February strike, the Nazis had installed a Jewish Council (Dutch: Joodse Raad ). This

600-554: The Netherlands were hit by the Great Depression , which had begun in 1929. The incumbent government of Hendrikus Colijn pursued a programme of extensive cuts to maintain the value of the guilder , which resulted in workers' riots in Amsterdam and a naval mutiny between 1933 and 1934. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the gold standard and to devalue the currency. Numerous fascist movements emerged in

660-630: The Rijksbureau voor de Monumentenzorg (Bureau for Cultural property Care). In 1947 this organisation was renamed to the Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg . The archeological part of this organisation separated in 1947 into the Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek , which in 1995 merged with the Nederlands Instituut voor Scheeps- en onderwaterarcheologie (NISA). The archeological and cultural property departments merged in 2006 and became

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720-504: The Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten (RACM). In 2009 this organisation was renamed to the Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (RCE) it moved into a new building in Amersfoort. In April/May 2011 the RCE released its image collection of 550,000 images on beeldbank.cultureelerfgoed.nl. In September 2012 the first uploads to Wikimedia Commons were made. In December 2012

780-525: The Royal Dutch Navy in Dutch waters fled to the United Kingdom. During the four-day campaign, about 2,300 Dutch soldiers were killed and 7,000 wounded, and more than 3,000 Dutch civilians also died. The Germans lost 2,200 men killed and 7,000 wounded. In addition, 1,300 German soldiers captured by the Dutch during the campaign, many around The Hague, had been shipped to Britain and remained POWs for

840-558: The bombing of Rotterdam , the Dutch forces surrendered. The Dutch government and the royal family relocated to London . Princess Juliana and her children sought refuge in Ottawa, Canada until after the war. German occupation lasted in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945. Active resistance , at first carried out by a minority, grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported

900-593: The majority of the country's Jews to Nazi concentration camps . Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants among local regions in the Netherlands, scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level. In part due to the well-organised population registers, about 70% of the country's Jewish population were killed in the course of World War II—a much higher percentage than in either Belgium or France , although lower than in Lithuania. Declassified records revealed that

960-695: The 'velvet glove' approach; by appeasing the population he tried to win them for the National Socialist ideology. That meant that he kept repression and economic extraction as low as possible and tried to co-operate with the elite and government officials in the country. There was also a pragmatic reason since the NSB offered insufficient candidates and had no great popular support. The German market went open, and Dutch companies benefited greatly from export to Germany even if that might be seen as collaboration if goods might be used for German war efforts. In any case, despite

1020-544: The Allied troops, followed Berlin's Nero Decree and destroyed goods and property (destructions of the Amsterdam and Rotterdam ports, inundations), but others tried to mediate the situation. The Luftwaffe was especially interested in the Netherlands, as the country was designated to become the main area for the air force bases from which to attack the United Kingdom. The Germans started construction of ten major military air bases on

1080-590: The British victory in the Battle of Britain , many considered a German victory a realistic possibility and that it would therefore be wise to side with the winner. As a result, with the ban on other political parties, the NSB grew rapidly. Although gasoline pumps had been sealed in 1940, the occupation seemed tolerable. After the failure of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 and the subsequent German defeats at Moscow and Stalingrad in

1140-497: The Dutch aircraft were destroyed on the first day of the campaign. The invading forces advanced rapidly but faced significant resistance. A Wehrmacht parachute assault on the first day , aimed at capturing the Dutch government in The Hague and the key airfields at Ockenburg and Ypenburg , was defeated by Dutch ground forces with heavy casualties. The Dutch succeeded in destroying significant numbers of transport aircraft that

1200-496: The Dutch more harshly, and notable socialists were imprisoned. Later in the war, Catholic priests, including Titus Brandsma , were deported to concentration camps. Concentration camps were built at Vught and Amersfoort as well. Eventually, with the assistance of Dutch police and civil service, the majority of the Dutch Jews were deported to concentration camps. Germany was particularly effective at deporting and killing Jews in

1260-524: The Eastern Front of World War II , Germany increased economic extraction from its occupied territories, including the Netherlands. Economic extraction increased, and production was limited mostly to sectors relevant for the war effort. Repression increased, especially against the Jewish population. After the Allied invasion of June 1944, the railroad strike and the frontline running through the Netherlands caused

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1320-478: The German regime more or less immediately outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands . Gleichschaltung was an enormous shock to the Dutch, who had traditionally had separate institutions for all main religious groups, particularly Catholic and Protestant, because of decades of pillarisation . The process

1380-610: The German regime or joined the German armed forces, which usually would mean being placed in the Waffen-SS . Others, like members of the Henneicke Column , were actively involved in capturing hiding Jews for a price and delivering them to the German occupiers. It is estimated that the Henneicke Column captured around 8,000 to 9,000 Dutch Jews who were ultimately murdered in the German death camps . The National Socialist Movement in

1440-524: The Germans paid a bounty to Dutch police and administration officials to locate and identify Jews, aiding in their capture. Communists in and around the city of Amsterdam organised the February strike —a general strike (February 1941) to protest against the persecution of Jewish citizens. World War II occurred in four distinct phases in the Netherlands: The Allies liberated most of the south of

1500-632: The Germans would need for their planned invasion of Britain . However, the German forces succeeded in crossing the Maas river in the Netherlands on the first day, which allowed the Wehrmacht to outflank the nearby Belgian Fort Ében-Émael and force the Belgian army to withdraw from the German border. In the eastern Netherlands, the Germans succeeded in pushing the Dutch back from the Grebbe Line , but their advance

1560-635: The Jews (2005). He found in newly-declassified records that the Germans paid a bounty to police and other collaborators, such as the Colonnie Henneicke group, for tracking down Jews. A 2018 publication, De 102.000 namen , lists the 102,000 known victims of the persecution of Jewish, Sinti, and Roma people from the Netherlands; the book is published by Boom, Amsterdam, under the auspices of the Westerbork Remembrance Center. Many Dutch men and women chose or were forced to collaborate with

1620-510: The Jews. In 1939 the Jewish population of the Netherlands was between 140,000 and 150,000, 24,000–34,000 of whom were refugees from Germany and German-controlled areas. That year, the Committee for Jewish Refugees established the Westerbork transit camp to process incoming refugees; in 1942 the German occupiers repurposed it to process outgoing Jews to labour and concentration camps. Over half of

1680-477: The Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences was founded in 1918, as it became autonomous from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations . It was founded as a result of the resolution of the school struggle , the conflict about the equalisation of the finance for religious and public schools. During the German occupation the ministry was renamed Department for Education, Sciences and Cultural Conservation and

1740-636: The Netherlands during the Great Depression era, which were inspired by Italian fascism or German Nazism , but they never attracted enough members to be an effective mass movement. The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, NSB) supported by the National Socialist German Workers' Party which took power in Germany in 1933, attempted to expand in 1935. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in

1800-482: The Netherlands in the second half of 1944. The rest of the country, especially the west and north, remained under German occupation and suffered from a famine at the end of 1944, known as the " Hunger Winter ". On 5 May 1945, German surrender at Lüneburg Heath led to the final liberation of the whole country. The Dutch colonies such as the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) caused the Netherlands to be one of

1860-469: The Netherlands officially signed the surrender with Germany. Dutch forces in the province of Zeeland , which had come under French control, continued fighting alongside French forces until 17 May, when the bombardment of the town of Middelburg forced them to surrender also. The Dutch Empire , in particular the Dutch East Indies , supported the Allies; the colonies were unaffected by the surrender. Many ships of

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1920-428: The Netherlands was the only legal political party in the Netherlands from 1941 and was actively involved in collaboration with the German occupiers. In 1941, when Germany still seemed certain to win the war, about three per cent of the adult male population belonged to the NSB. After the war broke out, the NSB sympathised with the Germans but nevertheless advocated strict neutrality for the Netherlands. In May 1940, after

1980-586: The Netherlands, as did its calls to violence. At the outbreak of the Second World War , the NSB was already declining in both members and voters. During the interwar period, the government undertook a significant increase in civil infrastructure projects and land reclamation, including the Zuiderzee Works . That resulted in the final draining of seawater from the Wieringermeer polder and the completion of

2040-588: The Netherlands. By 1945, the Dutch Jewish population was about a quarter of what it had been (about 35,000). Of that number, about 8,500 escaped deportation by being in a mixed marriage to a non-Jew; about 16,500 hid or otherwise evaded detection by German authorities; and 7,000–8,000 escaped the Netherlands for the duration of the occupation. The Dutch survival rate of 27% is much lower than in neighbouring Belgium, where 60% of Jews survived, and France, where 75% survived. Historians have offered several hypotheses for

2100-510: The Randstad to be cut off from food and fuel. That resulted in acute need and starvation, the Hongerwinter . The German authorities lost more and more control over the situation as the population tried to keep what little they had away from German confiscations and were less inclined to co-operate now that it was clear that Germany would lose the war. Some Nazis prepared to make a last stand against

2160-573: The United Kingdom. The armed forces of the Netherlands , with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, were caught largely unprepared. Much of their weaponry had not changed since the First World War. In particular, the Royal Netherlands Army did not have comparable armoured forces and could mount only a limited number of armoured cars and tankettes . The air force had only 140 aircraft, mostly outdated biplanes . Sixty-five of

2220-519: The army was running low on supplies and ammunition and receiving news that the city of Utrecht had been given an ultimatum similar to that of Rotterdam, Winkelman held a meeting with other Dutch generals. They decided that further resistance was futile and wanted to protect civilian residents. In the afternoon of 14 May, Winkelman issued a proclamation to his army to order them to surrender: This afternoon Germany bombarded Rotterdam, while Utrecht has also been threatened with destruction. In order to spare

2280-423: The civil population and to prevent further bloodshed I feel myself justified in ordering all troops concerned to suspend operations ... By great superiority of the most modern means [the enemy] has succeeded in breaking our resistance. We have nothing wherewith to reproach ourselves in connection with this war. Your bearing and that of the forces was calm, firm of purpose and worthy of the Netherlands. On 15 May,

2340-457: The civilian areas of Rotterdam, rather than the town's defences. Under pressure from local officials, the garrison commander surrendered the city and his 10,000 men on the evening of the 14th with the permission of Henri Winkelman , the Dutch commander-in-chief. That opened up the German advance into "Fortress Holland". The Dutch high command was shocked by the Rotterdam Blitz. Knowing that

2400-619: The country's heritage (known as Beschermde stads- of dorpsgezichten ) are also protected by the Rijksdienst voor Cultureel Erfgoed. In 1875, the Dutch Ministry of Internal Affairs founded the department Kunsten en Wetenschap (Arts & Sciences), this department awarded grants for cultural property restoration. In 1903 there was a Rijkscommissie tot het opmaken en uitgeven van een Inventaris en eene Beschrijving van de Nederlandsche monumenten van Geschiedenis en Kunst which in 1918 became

2460-580: The day after the formal Dutch surrender, 15 May 1940. Each of them was intended to have at least 2 or 3 hard surface runways, a dedicated railway connection, major built-up and heated repair and overhaul facilities, extensive indoor and outdoor storage spaces, and most had housing and facilities for 2,000 to 3,000 men. Each air base also had an auxiliary and often a decoy airfield, complete with mock-up planes made from plywood. The largest became Deelen Air Base , north of Arnhem (twelve former German buildings at Deelen are now national monuments). Adjacent to Deelen,

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2520-415: The entire European coast from southwestern France to Denmark and Norway , included the coastline of the Netherlands. Some towns, such as Scheveningen , were evacuated because of that. In The Hague alone, 3,200 houses were demolished and 2,594 were dismantled. 20,000 houses were cleared, and 65,000 people were forced to move. The Arbeitseinsatz also included forcing the Dutch to work on these projects, but

2580-438: The fields of both movable and immovable cultural heritage. The RCE carries out the Dutch law known as the "Monumentenwet 1988" (English: Cultural property law ), and wherever registered cultural heritage is threatened, the department takes action, whether by advising the proper authorities, by conducting public campaigns and education programs, or through legal action. Registered city or village views considered to be important to

2640-477: The first line of western air defence for Germany and its industrial heartland of the Ruhrgebiet , complete with extensive flak , sound detection installations and later radar. The first German night-hunter squadron started its operations from the Netherlands. Some 30,000 Luftwaffe men and women were involved in the Netherlands throughout the war. The Arbeitseinsatz , the drafting of civilians for forced labour,

2700-486: The informal support of foreign powers to defend its interests in case of war. The government began to work on plans for the defence of the country, which included the " New Dutch Waterline ", an area to the east of Amsterdam that would be flooded. From 1939, fortified positions were constructed, including the Grebbe and Peel-Raam Lines , to protect the key cities of Dordrecht , Utrecht , Haarlem and Amsterdam, and creating

2760-408: The large central air control bunker for Belgium and the Netherlands, Diogenes, was set up. Within a year, the attack strategy had to be altered to a defensive operation. The ensuing air war over the Netherlands cost almost 20,000 airmen (Allied and German) their lives and 6,000 planes went down over the country, an average of three per day during the five years of the war. The Netherlands turned into

2820-647: The low survival rate, including: Marnix Croes and Peter Tammes examined the survival rates among the different regions of the Netherlands. They conclude that most of the hypotheses do not explain the data. They suggest that a more likely explanation was the varying "ferocity" with which the Germans and their Dutch collaborators hunted Jews in hiding in the different regions. In 2002, Ad Van Liempt published Kopgeld: Nederlandse premiejagers op zoek naar joden, 1943 (Bounty: Dutch bounty hunters in search of Jews, 1943), published in English as Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of

2880-589: The morning of 10 May 1940, without a formal declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into Belgium and Luxembourg . The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the Ardennes and to lure British and French forces deeper into Belgium and to pre-empt a possible British invasion in North Holland . The Luftwaffe needed to take over the Dutch airfields on the North Sea to launch air raids against

2940-411: The resistance to succeed, it was sometimes necessary for its members to feign collaboration with the Germans. After the war, that led to difficulties for those who pretended to collaborate when they could not prove they had been in the resistance, which was difficult because it was in the nature of the job to keep it a secret. The Atlantic Wall , a gigantic coastal defence line built by the Germans along

3000-406: The rest of the war. Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch government succeeded in escaping from the Netherlands before the surrender and formed a government-in-exile . Princess Juliana and her children went to Canada for safety. Initially, the Netherlands was placed under German military control. However, after the refusal of the Dutch government to return, the Netherlands was placed under control by

3060-646: The rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany in 1933. The Anti-Revolutionary Party 's conservative prime minister, Hendrikus Colijn , who held power from 1933 until 1939, believed that the Netherlands could never withstand an attack by a major power. Pragmatically, the government did not spend much on the military. Although military spending was doubled between 1938 and 1939, amid rising international tensions, it constituted only 4% of national spending in 1939, in contrast to nearly 25% of Nazi Germany. The Dutch government believed it could rely on its neutrality or at least

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3120-518: The speed of the German advance into Belgium . Fighting in Rotterdam had taken place since the first day of the campaign, when German infantrymen in seaplanes landed on the Maas River and captured several bridges intact. The Germans hesitated to risk a tank attack on the city for fear of heavy casualties. Instead, the German commander presented an ultimatum to the Dutch commander in the city. He demanded

3180-539: The surrender of the Dutch garrison and threatened to destroy the city by aerial bombing if it did not accept. The ultimatum was returned on a technicality since it had not been signed by the German commander. While the corrected ultimatum was being resubmitted, Luftwaffe bombers, unaware that negotiations were ongoing, struck the city. During the Rotterdam Blitz , between 800 and 900 Dutch civilians were killed, and 25,000 homes were destroyed. The bombers' targets were

3240-621: The top five oil producers in the world at the time and to have the world's largest aircraft factory in the Interbellum (Fokker), which aided the neutrality of the Netherlands and the success of its arms dealings in the First World War . The country was one of the richest in Europe and could easily have afforded a large and modern military . Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and centre-right political parties. From 1933,

3300-400: The total Jewish population—about 79,000—lived in Amsterdam; this number increased as Germans forcibly moved Dutch Jews into the city in preparation for mass deportation. In May 1942, Jews were ordered to wear Star of David badges . The Catholic Church in the Netherlands publicly condemned the government's action in a letter read at all Sunday parish services. The Nazi government began to treat

3360-402: Was a board of Jews, headed by Professor David Cohen and Abraham Asscher . Independent Jewish organisations, such as the Committee for Jewish Refugees —founded by Asscher and Cohen in 1933—were closed. The Jewish Council ultimately served as an instrument for organising the identification and deportation of Jews more efficiently; the Jews on the council were told and convinced they were helping

3420-518: Was created in 1918 as the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences and had several name changes before it became the Education, Culture and Science in 1994. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Education, Culture and Science, currently Eppo Bruins . The mission of the ministry is to "work for a smart, able and creative Netherlands". The ministry is responsible for three fields of policy: The ministry

3480-436: Was imposed on the Netherlands. That obliged every man between 18 and 45 (530,000) to work in German factories, which were bombed regularly by the western Allies. Those who refused were forced into hiding. As food and many other goods were taken out of the Netherlands, rationing increased (with ration books). At times, the resistance would raid distribution centres to obtain ration cards to be distributed to those in hiding. For

3540-600: Was opposed by the Catholic Church in the Netherlands , and in 1941, all Roman Catholics were urged by Dutch bishops to leave associations that had been Nazified . A long-term aim of the Nazis was to incorporate the Netherlands into the Greater Germanic Reich . Adolf Hitler thought very highly of the Dutch people, who were considered to be fellow members of the Aryan "master race" . Initially, Seyss-Inquart applied

3600-416: Was slowed by the Dutch fortifications on the narrow Afsluitdijk Causeway that linked the north-eastern and the north-western parts of the Netherlands. The German forces advanced rapidly and, by the fourth day, were in control of most of the east of the country. The Dutch realised that neither British nor French troops could reach the Netherlands in sufficient numbers to halt the invasion, particularly with

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