73-533: Dupo is a village in St. Clair County , Illinois , United States . The population was 4,138 at the 2010 census, an increase from 3,933 in 2000. The village was settled in about 1750 and was incorporated in 1907. Its modern name, adopted in the early 20th century, is shortened from Prairie du Pont ("Bridge Prairie"). Dupo is located at 38°30′57″N 90°12′29″W / 38.51583°N 90.20806°W / 38.51583; -90.20806 (38.515702, -90.207992). It
146-482: A city that developed on the east side of the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri . It was always strongly influenced by actions of businessmen from St. Louis, who were initially French Creole fur traders with western trading networks. In the 19th century, industrialists from St. Louis put coal plants and other heavy industry on the east side of the river, developing East St. Louis. Coal from southern mines
219-507: A combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation. The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data
292-418: A female householder with kids. 7.7% had a male householder with no husband present with 4.2% of all households having a male householder with no wife and kids. 30.8% of all households were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.91. In Dupo, 25.3% of
365-554: A high of 90 °F (32 °C) in July, although a record low of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded in January 1977 and a record high of 117 °F (47 °C) at East St. Louis, Illinois was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.02 inches (51 mm) in January to 4.18 inches (106 mm) in May. St. Clair County is home to 11 St. Louis MetroLink stations on
438-517: A household in the village was $ 43,036, and the median income for a family was $ 47,000. Males had a median income of $ 35,529 versus $ 24,135 for females. The per capita income for the village was $ 18,505. About 2.9% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over. Dupo is served by Dupo Community Unit School District and has one high school, Dupo High School . St. Clair County, Illinois St. Clair County
511-505: A mill near the bridge, which became the core of the town's development. By 1765 fourteen families lived in Prairie du Pont. The village's growth was further spurred by the prominent local citizen Antoine Girardin, who parceled off parts of the Cahokia commons to residents of Prairie du Pont. The early French village at Prairie du Pont followed a tripartite system of land ownership that was common in
584-519: A person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights . In 1997,
657-487: A pickaxe against a background of three stripes alternating green, yellow, and green. According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 674 square miles (1,750 km ), of which 658 square miles (1,700 km ) is land and 16 square miles (41 km ) (2.4%) is water. In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Belleville have ranged from a low of 22 °F (−6 °C) in January to
730-520: A race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American. The supplemental American Indian questionnaire
803-616: A social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with
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#1733094040788876-461: A white man, and whites began to attack blacks on the street. The governor ordered in the National Guard and peace seemed restored by early June. "On July 1, a white man in a Ford shot into black homes. Armed African-Americans gathered in the area and shot into another oncoming Ford, killing two men who turned out to be police officers investigating the shooting." Word spread and whites gathered at
949-530: Is from the Indian subcontinent ) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person's origin or descent? Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American Other Spanish No, none of these This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again,
1022-577: Is located in the American Bottom floodplain of the Mississippi River . According to the 2010 census, Dupo has a total area of 4.42 square miles (11.45 km), all land. In the Mississippian period , Dupo was the site of one of several multi-mound communities in the floodplain near Cahokia . These mounds remained standing at least as recently as 1915. The French village of Prairie du Pont
1095-463: Is located on a bluff along the Mississippi River. This area is being developed with suburban housing, particularly in Belleville , and its satellite cities . The eastern and southern portion of the county is sparsely populated. The older small communities and small tracts of newer suburban villages are located between large areas of land devoted to corn and soybean fields, the major commodity crops of
1168-591: Is needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act ). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of
1241-708: Is the ninth most populous county in Illinois . Located directly east of St. Louis , the county is part of the Metro East region of the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area in southern Illinois . As of the 2020 United States census , St. Clair County had a population of 257,400, making it the third most populous county in Illinois outside the Chicago metropolitan area . Belleville is the county’s seat and largest city. Cahokia Village
1314-651: The Eads Bridge to St. Louis, seeking refuge, until the police closed it off. The official death toll was 39 blacks and nine whites, but some historians believe more blacks were killed. Because the riots were racial terrorism, the Equal Justice Initiative has included these deaths among the lynchings of African Americans in the state of Illinois in its 2017 3rd edition of its report, Lynching in America . The riots had disrupted East St. Louis, which had seemed to be on
1387-559: The Red and Blue Lines. St. Clair County is also served by Metrobus and Madison County Transit . In the 2020 United States Census the racial makeup of the county was 59.6% White, 29.7% black or African American, 1.4% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 2.1% from other races, and 6.8% from two or more races. 4.9% were of Hispanic or Latino origin. As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 270,056 people, 105,045 households, and 70,689 families residing in
1460-836: The Secretary of State , directed US Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the Southwest Territory . The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology. No microdata from
1533-469: The US Constitution and applicable laws. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president . The US Marshals were also responsible for governing
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#17330940407881606-685: The United States Census Bureau placed the mean center of U.S. population in St. Clair County. This area was occupied for thousands of years by cultures of indigenous peoples. The first modern explorers and colonists of the area were French and French Canadians, founding a mission settlement in 1697 now known as Cahokia Village . After Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War in 1763 and absorbed its territory in North America east of
1679-584: The United States census , the US Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define a set of self-identified categories of race and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin in a separate question. The racial categories represent
1752-417: The "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white." The 1910 census
1825-513: The 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System . However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in
1898-587: The 1880s, the town of Prairie du Pont had about 50 inhabitants, of whom about 20% were African American. The modern town of Dupo was platted in 1905 and incorporated in 1907. It grew around the Missouri Pacific Railroad switching yards. At the instigation of the railroad, the name was shortened from Prairie du Pont to Dupo. In 1928, the Ohio Oil Company discovered oil in Dupo. This led to an oil boom in
1971-414: The 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 census : The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while
2044-522: The African-American population in East St. Louis had doubled. Whites were generally hired first and given higher–paying jobs, but there were still opportunities for American blacks. If hired as strikebreakers, they were resented by white workers, and both groups competed for jobs and limited housing in East St. Louis. The city had not been able to keep up with the rapid growth of population. The United States
2117-582: The Dupo Yard, leading to the evacuation of several neighborhoods in Dupo. The crash was caused by a 1.5 miles (2.4 km)-long freight train breaking in half and the two halves then colliding. A tank car full of methyl isobutyl ketone caught fire. In 2010 there were 4,138 people, 1,650 households, and 1,142 families residing in the village. The Population Density was 655 people per square mile(252.8/km). There were 1,863 housing units at an average density of 294.8 per square mile (113.8/km). The racial makeup of
2190-666: The Illinois Department of Corrections, is near East St. Louis. Also located in St. Clair County is Scott Air Force Base , which is home to U.S. Transportation Command, the Air Force's Air Mobility Command, and the Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command. St. Clair County is a reliably Democratic county, having voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every presidential election since 1928, with
2263-400: The Illinois country: private houses in a row, "common fields" enclosed by a shared fence but divided into narrow strips owned and farmed by a particular family, and the actual commons used jointly by the inhabitants for grazing their livestock. The village elected a village council, or syndic , to maintain the fence around the common fields. Among the early inhabitants of Prairie du Pont was
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2336-567: The Labor Temple; the next day they fanned out across the city, armed with guns, clubs, anything they could use against the blacks they encountered. From July 1 through July 3, 1917, the East St. Louis riots engulfed the city, with whites attacking blacks throughout the city, pulling them from streetcars, shooting and hanging them, burning their houses. During this period, some African Americans tried to swim or use boats to get to safety; thousands crossed
2409-466: The Mississippi River, British-American colonists began to move into the area. Many French Catholics moved to settlements west of the river rather than live under British Protestant rule. After the United States achieved independence in the late 18th century, St. Clair County was the first county established in present-day Illinois; it antedates Illinois' existence as a separate jurisdiction. The county
2482-464: The OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question. In March 2024, the Office of Management and Budget published revisions to Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included
2555-405: The OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the federal government ". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among
2628-413: The area. According to the St. Clair County Historical Society, the county flag was designed in 1979 by Kent Zimmerman, a senior at O'Fallon Township High School. Zimmerman's flag won first place in a contest against submissions by more than 40 grade school and high school students from throughout the county. The winning entry features the outline of St. Clair County with an orange moon, a stalk of corn, and
2701-418: The census form. In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves". The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized"
2774-418: The census. About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Vermont , and Virginia . However, the census was proven factual and
2847-483: The changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races. As of 2023,
2920-527: The city have become urban prairie . In 2017 the city marked the centennial of the riots that had so affected its residents. Other cities in St. Clair County border agricultural or vacant lands. Unlike the suburbs on the Missouri side of the metro area, those in Metro-East are typically separated by agriculture, or otherwise undeveloped land left after the decline of industry. The central portion of St. Clair county
2993-425: The county. The population density was 410.6 inhabitants per square mile (158.5/km ). There were 116,249 housing units at an average density of 176.7 per square mile (68.2/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 64.6% white, 30.5% black or African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.2% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.3% of
Dupo, Illinois - Misplaced Pages Continue
3066-630: The decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness. The 1940 census
3139-536: The design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese , due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", " Quadroon ", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " Indian ". During 1900,
3212-402: The exception of the 1972 United States presidential election . Former Communities Here is a list of school districts with any territory in the county, no matter how slight, even if the schools and/or administrative offices are located in other counties: 38°28′N 89°56′W / 38.47°N 89.93°W / 38.47; -89.93 Native American (U.S. Census) In
3285-456: The existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves . Thomas Jefferson , then
3358-480: The free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were mulatto . Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto. For 1890, the Census Office changed
3431-474: The international border with Rupert's Land . When the Illinois Territory was created in 1809, Territorial Secretary Nathaniel Pope , in his capacity as acting governor, issued a proclamation establishing St. Clair and Randolph County as the two original counties of Illinois. Originally developed for agriculture, this area became industrialized and urbanized in the area of East St. Louis, Illinois ,
3504-499: The noted gunsmith Philip Creamer , who settled in the area in 1805. Some parts of the historic Prairie du Pont community, such as the Pierre Martin House , are now located in unincorporated North Dupo, Illinois . A Prairie du Pont school district was established by legislative enactment in 1847, to be funded by leases of the village commons, but no school was actually held in the village until 1861, due to inadequate funds. In
3577-413: The population was under 18, 6.8% from 20 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64 and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years, For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $ 45,203, and the median income for a family was $ 58,370. Males had an average income of $ 45,621 versus $ 32,628 for females. The Per Capita Income for
3650-596: The population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Service Act ; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act ). The 1790 United States census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of
3723-426: The population. In terms of ancestry, 27.5% were German , 11.1% were Irish , 7.4% were English , and 4.6% were American . Of the 105,045 households, 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.7% were non-families, and 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size
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#17330940407883796-451: The race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the " one-drop rule "). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry
3869-507: The racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices. The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed. This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry
3942-457: The rise as a flourishing industrial city. In addition to the human toll, they cost approximately $ 400,000 in property damage (over $ 8 million, in 2017 US Dollars ). They have been described as among the worst labor and race-related riots in United States history, and they devastated the African-American community. Rebuilding was difficult as workers were being drafted to fight in World War I. When
4015-427: The term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent? No, not Spanish/Hispanic Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic The racial categories in this year are as they appear in
4088-413: The town, in which oil wells were sunk in people's front yards. However, the oil boom was short-lived and the economy of the town returned to depending primarily on the rail yard. In 1997, the town considered switching its name back to Prairie Du Pont to put the industrial period behind it and better attract tourism, but ultimately left its name unchanged. In 2019, a Union Pacific freight train derailed at
4161-471: The veterans returned, they struggled to find jobs and re-enter the economy, which had to shift down to peacetime. In the late 20th century, national restructuring of heavy industry cost many jobs, hollowing out the city, which had a marked decline in population. Residents who did not leave have suffered high rates of poverty and crime. In the early 21st century, East St. Louis is a site of urban decay . Swathes of deteriorated housing were demolished and parts of
4234-478: The village was $ 24,404. About 14.0% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 25.2% of those under 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 and over. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,933 people, 1,557 households, and 1,063 families residing in the village. The population density was 888.6 inhabitants per square mile (343.1/km). There were 1,668 housing units at an average density of 376.9 per square mile (145.5/km). The racial makeup of
4307-453: The village was 94.9% White , 2.3% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.3% Asian , 0.3% from other races , and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population. There were 1,650 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present with 10.8% of all households having
4380-546: The village was 97.20% White , 1.17% African American , 0.31% Native American , 0.25% Asian , 0.36% from other races , and 0.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population. There were 1,557 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who
4453-521: Was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age was 36.9 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 48,562 and the median income for a family was $ 61,042. Males had a median income of $ 47,958 versus $ 34,774 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 24,770. About 12.3% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over. The Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center , operated by
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#17330940407884526-453: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.04. In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males. The median income for
4599-443: Was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a Good Neighbor policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent
4672-595: Was developing war industries to support its eventual entry into the Great War, now known as World War I . In February 1917 tensions in the city arose as white workers struck at the Aluminum Ore Company . Employers fiercely resisted union organizing, sometimes with violence. In this case they hired hundreds of blacks as strikebreakers. White workers complained to the city council about this practice in late May. Rumors circulated about an armed African American man robbing
4745-578: Was established in 1790 by a proclamation of Arthur St. Clair , first governor of the Northwest Territory , who named it after himself. The original boundary of St. Clair county covered a large area between the Mackinaw and Ohio rivers. In 1801, Governor William Henry Harrison re-established St. Clair County as part of the Indiana Territory , extending its northern border to Lake Superior and
4818-424: Was first settled around 1750 by townspeople moving out of Cahokia. It was located at a bridge over what is now known as Prairie du Pont Creek, on the trail from Cahokia to Kaskaskia, which was the first wagon road in Illinois. The settlement may have been motivated by Dupo being located 10–12 feet higher than Cahokia and thus being more protected from floods on the Mississippi River. The Sulpician mission established
4891-537: Was founded in 1697 by French settlers and served as a Jesuit mission to convert tribes of the Illinois Confederation to Christianity. Prior to the establishment of Illinois as a state, the government of the Northwest Territory created St. Clair County in 1790 out of the western half of Knox County. In 1809, the county became the administrative center of the Illinois Territory and one of the two original counties of Illinois, alongside Randolph County . In 1970,
4964-423: Was included. In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included. The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on
5037-421: Was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively. The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting
5110-527: Was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage. The 1920 census questionnaire
5183-415: Was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population. 1940 census data was used for Japanese American internment . The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from
5256-410: Was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as
5329-561: Was transported on the river to East St. Louis, then fed by barge to St. Louis furnaces as needed. After bridges spanned the river, industry expanded. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the cities attracted immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and from the South. In 1910 there were 6,000 African Americans in the city. With the Great Migration underway from the rural South, to leave behind Jim Crow and disenfranchisement , by 1917,
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