57-437: Dunn School may refer to: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology , University of Oxford Dunn School, Los Olivos , a private boarding and day school for grades 6–12 located outside of Los Olivos, California [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about schools, colleges, or other educational institutions which are associated with
114-432: A Nobel Prize -winning English chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules , which became essential for structural biology . Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin as previously surmised by Edward Abraham and Ernst Boris Chain ; and mapping the structure of vitamin B 12 , for which in 1964 she became
171-442: A DPhil under Florey's supervision. Harris's main interest was in cell biology and especially what was later to become the science of somatic cell genetics. With John Watkins he developed the technique of cell fusion for the study of the physiology and genetics of higher cells. They demonstrated that cell fusion provided a general method for the amalgamation of different cell types across the barriers imposed by species differences and by
228-523: A chapter she contributed to The Chemistry of Penicillin . By then she had been married for 12 years, given birth to three children and been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). Thereafter she would publish as "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin", and this was the name used by the Nobel Foundation in its award to her and the biography it included among other Nobel Prize recipients; it is also what
285-589: A great deal of time in a wheelchair in her later years, she remained scientifically active in her career. In 1937, Dorothy Crowfoot married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, an historian's son, who was then teaching an adult-education class in mining and industrial communities in the north of England after he resigned from the Colonial Office . He was an intermittent member of the Communist Party and later wrote several major works on African politics and history, becoming
342-507: A mathematical bent and carried out some of the earliest quantitative assays on immunological reactions to infection. His special interest was in the immunology of enteric infections and tuberculosis and he was deeply involved in efforts to produce vaccines for these diseases. He was responsible for the design and manufacture of the earliest oxygen masks worn by pilots in WWI. He was succeeded in 1935 by Howard Walter Florey an Australian. Florey
399-577: A portrait of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1978. One sketch is in the collection of the Science History Institute and another at the Royal Society in London. The portrait was never finished. A portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin by Bryan Organ was commissioned by private subscription to become part of the collection of the Royal Society. Accepted by the president of the society on 25 March 1982, it
456-417: A post which she held until 1977. In the 1940s, one of her students was Margaret Roberts (later Margaret Thatcher ) who, while Prime Minister , hung a portrait of Hodgkin in her office at Downing Street out of respect for her former teacher. Hodgkin was, however a life-long Labour Party supporter. In April 1953, together with Sydney Brenner , Jack Dunitz , Leslie Orgel , and Beryl M. Oughton, Hodgkin
513-593: A steely determination to achieve her ends, whatever obstacles might stand in her way. She inspired devotion in her students and colleagues, even the most junior of whom knew her simply as Dorothy. Her structural studies of biologically important molecules set standards for a field that was very much in development during her work life. She made fundamental contributions to the understanding of how these molecules carry out their tasks in living system. Hodgkin's mentor Professor John Desmond Bernal greatly influenced her life: scientifically, politically, and personally. Bernal
570-453: A well-known lecturer at Balliol College in Oxford. As his health was too poor for active military service, he continued working throughout World War II, returning to Oxford on the weekends, where his wife remained working on penicillin . The couple had three children: Luke (b. 1938. d. Oct. 2020), Elizabeth (b. 1941) and Toby (b. 1946). The oldest son, Luke, became a mathematics instructor at
627-404: A wide range of malignant tumour cells were fused with normal fibroblasts, the resulting hybrids were not malignant and had the morphological character of fibroblasts. This meant that there were normal genes that had the ability to suppress malignancy. These genes are now known as tumour suppressor genes and work on them has become a world-wide industry. Harris's research was supported mainly by what
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#1732897653925684-782: Is "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". In 2022, the Department of Biochemistry in Oxford renamed its much expanded building after Hodgkin, calling it the "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building". Between the 1950s and the 1970s, Hodgkin established and maintained lasting contacts with scientists in her field abroad—at the Institute of Crystallography in Moscow ; in India; and with the Chinese group working in Beijing and Shanghai on
741-489: Is a department within the University of Oxford . Its research programme includes the cellular and molecular biology of pathogens, the immune response, cancer and cardiovascular disease. It teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in the medical sciences. The school is named for Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet, of Lakenheath , whose will provided the initial funding. It is located towards the east end of South Parks Road , to
798-492: Is now Cancer Research UK, (originally The British Empire Cancer Campaign, BECC, and then The Cancer Research Campaign, CRC.) In 1977 Gowans , see below, was replaced as Honorary Director of the MRC Cellular Immunology Research Unit by Alan F. Williams , yet another Australian. Williams was mainly concerned with the structural and biochemical aspects of immunological reactions and developed the concept of
855-609: The Science History Institute calls her. For simplicity's sake, Hodgkin is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Society, when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship, and by Somerville College, after it inaugurated the annual lectures in her honour. The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin"; on a variety of plaques commemorating places where she worked or lived, e.g. 94 Woodstock Road, Oxford , she
912-481: The 1993 Congress, where she was welcomed by all. She died in July 1994 after a stroke, at her husband's home in the village of Ilmington , near Shipston-on-Stour , Warwickshire . The National Portrait Gallery, London lists 17 portraits of Dorothy Hodgkin including an oil painting of her at her desk by Maggi Hambling and a photograph portrait by David Montgomery . Graham Sutherland made preliminary sketches for
969-523: The Nature of Things ", which helped her decide her future. She was further encouraged by the chemist A.F. Joseph, a family friend who also worked in Sudan. Her state school education did not include Latin , then required for entrance to Oxbridge . Her Leman School headmaster, George Watson, gave her personal tuition in the subject, enabling her to pass the University of Oxford entrance examination. When Hodgkin
1026-501: The United Kingdom refer to her as "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin". Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo , Egypt , the oldest of the four daughters whose parents worked in North Africa and the middle East in the colonial administration and later as archaeologists. Dorothy came from a distinguished family of archaeologists. Her parents were John Winter Crowfoot (1873–1959), working for
1083-528: The archaeological site of Jerash , in present-day Jordan, where she documented the patterns of mosaics from multiple Byzantine-era Churches dated to the 5th–6th centuries. She spent more than a year finishing the drawings as she started her studies in Oxford, while also conducting chemical analyses of glass tesserae from the same site. Her attention to detail through the creation of precise scale drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in chemistry. Hodgkin enjoyed
1140-469: The autumn of that year, she began studying for a PhD at Newnham College, Cambridge , under the supervision of John Desmond Bernal . It was then that she became aware of the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of proteins . She was working with Bernal on the technique's first application to the analysis of a biological substance, pepsin . The pepsin experiment is largely credited to Hodgkin, however she always made it clear that it
1197-676: The chemist Charles Harington (later Sir Charles), recommended D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry . Resuming the pre-war pattern, her parents lived and worked abroad for part of the year, returning to England and their children for several months every summer. In 1926, on his retirement from the Sudan Civil Service, her father took the post of Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, where he and her mother remained until 1935. In 1928, Hodgkin joined her parents at
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#17328976539251254-701: The country's Ministry of Education, and his wife Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877–1957), known to friends and family as Molly. The family lived in Cairo during the winter months, returning to England each year to avoid the hotter part of the season in Egypt. In 1914, Hodgkin's mother left her (age 4) and her two younger sisters Joan (age 2) and Elisabeth (age 7 months) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing , and returned to her husband in Egypt. They spent much of their childhood apart from their parents, yet they were supportive from afar. Her mother would encourage Dorothy to pursue
1311-401: The experience of field archaeology so much that she considered giving up chemistry in favour of archaeology. Her drawings are archived by Yale University. Hodgkin developed a passion for chemistry from a young age, and her mother, a proficient botanist, fostered her interest in the sciences. On her 16th birthday her mother gave her a book by W. H. Bragg on X-ray crystallography , " Concerning
1368-400: The first X-ray diffraction studies of pepsin and crystalline protein . Hodgkin always referred to him as "Sage". They were lovers before she met Thomas Hodgkin. The marriages of both Dorothy and Bernal were unconventional by the standards of the present and of those days. In 1934, at the age of 24, Dorothy began experiencing pain in her hands causing them to become swollen and distorted. She
1425-511: The immunoglobulin superfamily. In 1992 Williams was elected to succeed Harris as Professor of Pathology but died before he was able to take up the chair. The former Head of department, Herman Waldmann , was appointed in 1994. Waldmann's principal interest is in the study of immunological tolerance and application of immunology to the clinic. Professor Matthew Freeman, FRS, became Head of Department in January 2013. In 2007 Howard Florey's Laboratory
1482-455: The interest in crystals first displayed at the age of 10. In 1923, Dorothy and her sister would study pebbles that they had found in nearby streams using portable mineral analysis kit. Their parents then moved south to Sudan where, until 1926, her father was in charge of education and archaeology. Her mother's four brothers were killed in World War I and as a result she became an ardent supporter of
1539-458: The model of the structure of DNA. Hodgkin became a reader at Oxford in 1957 and she was given a fully modern laboratory the following year. In 1960, Hodgkin was appointed the Royal Society 's Wolfson Research Professor, a position she held until 1970. This provided her salary, research expenses and research assistance to continue her work at the University of Oxford . She was a fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford , from 1977 to 1983. Hodgkin
1596-577: The new League of Nations . In 1921 Hodgkin's father entered her in the Sir John Leman Grammar School in Beccles , England , where she was one of two girls allowed to study chemistry. Only once, when she was 13, did she make an extended visit to her parents, then living in Khartoum , the capital of Sudan, where her father was Principal of Gordon College . When she was 14, her distant cousin,
1653-508: The new University of Warwick. Their daughter, Elizabeth, followed her father's career as a historian. Their younger son, Toby, studied botany and agriculture. Overall, Thomas Hodgkin spent extended periods of time in West Africa, where he was an enthusiastic supporter and chronicler of the emerging postcolonial states. Hodgkin published as "Dorothy Crowfoot" until 1949, when she was persuaded by Hans Clarke's secretary to use her married name on
1710-520: The north of the city centre. The first course of Pathology teaching in the University of Oxford was given in 1894 by Professor John Burdon Sanderson , Professor of Physiology, (Regius Professor of Medicine from 1895 to 1905), and Dr James Ritchie, who, in 1897, was appointed as the first University Lecturer in Pathology. The first Department of Pathology was opened in 1901 and functioned until 1927 when it
1767-491: The process of differentiation. This technique was one of the main roots of somatic cell genetics and, in due course, resulted in the production of monoclonal antibodies. It was also by means of cell fusion that Harris and Goss devised the first systematic method for determining the order of genes along the human chromosome and the distances between them. In 1969 Harris, collaborating with George Klein in Stockholm, showed that when
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1824-594: The royalties that they received. The Edward Penley Abraham Research Fund, the EPA Cephalosporin Fund and the Guy Newton Research Fund are dedicated to the support of medical, biological and chemical research in the Dunn School, Lincoln College and the University of Oxford. Florey was succeeded as Professor in 1963 by Henry Harris , another expatriate Australian, who had arrived in Oxford in 1952 to do
1881-528: The same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunn_School&oldid=996678897 " Category : Educational institution disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sir William Dunn School of Pathology The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology
1938-483: The structure actualization could be determined by X-ray crystallography analysis. The large size of the molecule, and the fact that the atoms were largely unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed a challenge in structure analysis that had not been previously explored. From these crystals, she deduced the presence of a ring structure because the crystals were pleochroic , a finding which she later confirmed using X-ray crystallography. The B 12 study published by Hodgkin
1995-461: The structure of insulin was put on hold until 1969 when she was finally able to work with her team of young, international scientists to uncover the structure for the first time. Hodgkin's work with insulin was instrumental in paving the way for insulin to be mass-produced and used on a large scale for treatment of both type one and type two diabetes. She went on to cooperate with other laboratories active in insulin research, giving advice, and traveling
2052-411: The structure of insulin. Her first visit to China was in 1959. Over the next quarter century, she travelled there seven more times, the last visit a year before her death. Particularly memorable was the visit in 1971 after the Chinese group themselves independently solved the structure of insulin, later than Hodgkin's team but to a higher resolution. During the subsequent three years, 1972–1975, when she
2109-583: The third woman to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Hodgkin also elucidated the structure of insulin in 1969 after 35 years of work. Hodgkin used the name "Dorothy Crowfoot" until twelve years after marrying Thomas Lionel Hodgkin , when she began using "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Hodgkin is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Society (when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), and by Somerville College. The National Archives of
2166-421: The time, that it contains a β-lactam ring. The work was not published until 1949. In 1948, Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B 12 , one of the most structurally complex vitamins known, and created new crystals. Vitamin B 12 had first been discovered at Merck earlier that year. It had a structure at the time that was almost completely unknown, and when Hodgkin discovered it contained cobalt, she realized
2223-466: The work of Elena Ceaușescu , wife of Romania's communist dictator. Hodgkin wrote of the author's "outstanding achievements" and "impressive" career. Following the overthrow of Ceausescu during the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , it was revealed that Elena Ceausescu had neither finished secondary school nor attended university. Her scientific credentials were a hoax , and the publication in question
2280-406: The world giving talks about insulin and its importance for the future of diabetes . Solving the structure of insulin had two important implications for the treatment of diabetes, both making mass production of insulin possible and allowing scientists to alter the structure of insulin to create even better drug options for patients going forward. Hodgkin's soft-spoken, gentle and modest demeanor hid
2337-837: The year after the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty imposed "a global ban on short- and long-range nuclear weapons systems, as well as an intrusive verification regime". She accepted the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet government in 1987 in recognition of her work for peace and disarmament. Due to distance, Hodgkin decided not to attend the 1987 Congress of the International Union of Crystallography in Australia. However, despite increasing frailty, she astounded close friends and family by going to Beijing for
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2394-434: Was Bernal who initially took the photographs and gave her additional key insights. Her PhD was awarded in 1937 for research on X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of sterols . In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship by Somerville College, and in 1934, she moved back to Oxford. She started teaching chemistry with her own lab equipment. The college appointed her its first fellow and tutor in chemistry in 1936,
2451-617: Was President of the International Union of Crystallography she was unable to persuade the Chinese authorities, however, to permit the country's scientists to become members of the Union and attend its meetings. Her relations with a supposed scientist in another "People's Democracy" had less happy results. At the age of 73, Hodgkin wrote a foreword to the English edition of Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene , published by Robert Maxwell as
2508-564: Was a key scientific adviser to the UK government during the Second World War. He was also an open and vocal member of the Communist Party and a faithful supporter of the Soviet regime until its invasion of Hungary in 1956. He was a chemist who believed in equal opportunity for women. In his laboratory, Hodgkin extended work that he began on biological molecules including sterols. She helped him to make
2565-425: Was a physiologist by training and was dedicated to the application of physiological and chemical methods to pathology. His main interests were in the physiology of the cells in the gut, inflammatory reactions and atherosclerosis. He is, however, best known for the work done under his direction that demonstrated the therapeutic value of penicillin and thus ushered in the age of antibiotics. The purification of penicillin
2622-407: Was achieved by Ernst Chain , Norman Heatley and Edward Abraham , with Chain and Abraham eventually developing a theoretical model for its chemical structure, which was later confirmed by Dorothy Hodgkin using X-ray crystallography . The textbook, General Pathology, based on the preclinical course at the Dunn School, was first published in 1954, and went through four editions. For many years it
2679-491: Was asked in later life to name her childhood heroes, she named three women: first and foremost, her mother, Molly ; the medical missionary Mary Slessor ; and Margery Fry , the Principal of Somerville College . In 1928 at age 18 Hodgkin entered Somerville College, Oxford , where she studied chemistry. She graduated in 1932 with a first-class honours degree, the third woman at this institution to achieve this distinction. In
2736-482: Was described by Lawrence Bragg as being as significant "as breaking the sound barrier". Scientists from Merck had previously crystallised B 12 , but had published only refractive indices of the substance. The final structure of B 12 , for which Hodgkin was later awarded the Nobel Prize, was published in 1955 and 1956. Insulin was one of Hodgkin's most extraordinary research projects. It began in 1934 when she
2793-553: Was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, and went to a clinic in Buxton for thermal baths and gold treatments. After some treatment, Hodgkin returned to the lab, where she struggled to use the main switch on the x-ray equipment due to the condition of her hands. She had to create a lever on her own in order to utilize the switch. Her condition would become progressively worse and debilitating over time, with deformities in both her hands and feet, and prolonged periods of pain. While Hodgkin spent
2850-458: Was handed over to Pharmacology on completion of the new purpose-built Sir William Dunn School of Pathology. This had been made possible by a munificent benefaction of £100,000, made in 1922 by the Trustees set up in the will of Sir William Dunn who died in 1912. The first full Professor of Pathology, Georges Dreyer , a Dane, was appointed in 1907 and remained in post until he died in 1934. He had
2907-579: Was in Ghana with her husband when they received the news that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize. She acquired from her mother, Molly, a concern about social inequalities and a determination to do what she could to prevent armed conflict. Dorothy became particularly concerned about the threat of nuclear war. In 1976, she became president of the Pugwash Conference and served longer than any who preceded or succeeded her in this post. She stepped down in 1988,
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#17328976539252964-592: Was offered a small sample of crystalline insulin by Robert Robinson . The hormone captured her imagination because of the intricate and wide-ranging effect it has in the body. However, at this stage X-ray crystallography had not been developed far enough to cope with the complexity of the insulin molecule. She and others spent many years improving the technique. It took 35 years after taking her first photograph of an insulin crystal for X-ray crystallography and computing techniques to be able to tackle larger and more complex molecules like insulin. Hodgkin's dream of unlocking
3021-414: Was one of the first people to travel from Oxford to Cambridge to see the model of the double helix structure of DNA , constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson , which was based on data and technique acquired by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin . According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton (married name, Rimmer), they drove to Cambridge in two cars after Hodgkin announced that they were off to see
3078-440: Was particularly noted for discovering three-dimensional biomolecular structures . In 1945, working with C.H. (Harry) Carlisle, she published the first such structure of a steroid , cholesteryl iodide (having worked with cholesteryls since the days of her doctoral studies). In 1945, Hodgkin and her colleagues, including biochemist Barbara Low , solved the structure of penicillin , demonstrating, contrary to scientific opinion at
3135-582: Was proclaimed by the Australian Government as one of the first three sites on the List of Overseas Places of Historic Significance to Australia . 51°45′34″N 1°15′05″W / 51.7595°N 1.2515°W / 51.7595; -1.2515 Dorothy Hodgkin Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin OM FRS HonFRSC (née Crowfoot ; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was
3192-428: Was the international standard text on the subject. After penicillin, the work on antibiotics was continued in the Dunn School by Abraham and Guy Newton , who during the 1950s discovered, purified and established the structure of cephalosporin C , the first of the cephalosporin family of antibiotics. This compound and the ring structure on which it was based were patented, and both Newton and Abraham set up trusts out of
3249-561: Was written for her by a team of scientists to obtain a fraudulent doctorate. Because of Hodgkin's political activities, and her husband's association with the Communist Party, she was banned from entering the US in 1953 and subsequently not allowed to visit the country except by CIA waiver. In 1961 Thomas became an advisor to Kwame Nkrumah , President of Ghana , a country he visited for extended periods before Nkrumah's ouster in 1966. Hodgkin
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