57-468: Dunedin South is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate . It first existed from 1881 to 1890, and subsequently from 1905 to 1946. In 1996, the electorate was re-established for the introduction of MMP , before being abolished in 2020. The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election . In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In
114-448: A plurality voting system . From 1881, a special country quota meant that rural seats could contain fewer people than urban seats, preserving improportionality by over-representing the rural electoral population (mostly made up by farmers). The country quota inflated the number of the electoral population outside of cities and certain towns by some percentage. The quota was at first 33% (1881–1887), then briefly 18% (1887–1889), and 28% for
171-526: A Māori electorate or a general electorate. The percentage of Māori voters opting for the Māori roll determines the percentage of the whole Māori electoral population (of persons claiming Māori ancestry at the previous census) which is then divided by the South Island Quota to calculate the number of Māori electorates. South Island Māori opting for the general roll are included in the electoral population on which
228-459: A Māori voice in Parliament. In 1967 the reserved status of the Māori seats was removed, allowing non-Māori to stand in the Māori electorates, thus removing any guarantee that Māori would be elected to Parliament. Until 1993 the number of Māori electorates was fixed at four, significantly under-representing Māori in Parliament. In 1975 the definition of who could opt to register on either the general or
285-621: A close race with Labour's Margaret Wilson in third. Labour sought a judicial recount as since New Zealand First won less than five percent of the party vote they would have no seats in parliament in at all if Peters lost the electorate (allowing Labour to govern solely with the Alliance and not needing the Greens). Peters criticised the recount as a waste of money. The recount resulted in Peters' majority increasing by one vote from 62 to 63. A by-election to
342-481: A government. National's former coalition partner, New Zealand First, performed poorly, with voters punishing it for the problems in the last government. The party received less than 5% of the vote, and so would have been removed from parliament had Winston Peters not retained his electorate of Tauranga , something he did by only 63 votes. None of the MPs who deserted New Zealand First were returned to parliament. In addition to
399-496: A list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes
456-544: A list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 45,818 Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes
513-463: A major disruption to existing boundaries. As the name suggests, the electorate was based on the southern suburbs of Dunedin . It stretched out westwards to take in towns on the Taieri Plains such as Mosgiel , Green Island and Fairfield . The Otago Peninsula was also in the electorate. The most recent Dunedin South electorate was created in 1996 as one of the original 65 MMP electorates, as
570-463: A merger between St Kilda and a large part of Dunedin West . Until the 2008 election, it was enlarged at every electoral boundary review, but in the 2013 review, its boundaries were kept. Middlemarch was first included in the electorate for the 2008 election; other localities include: The electorate was abolished at the 2019/20 electoral redistribution, with the majority of the electorate being included in
627-635: A recreated Taieri , although the Otago Peninsula was incorporated into the Dunedin electorate. The electorate was first established for the 1881 election and abolished after three parliamentary terms in 1890, when several Dunedin electorates were amalgamated to form the City of Dunedin electorate . During the nine years of its first existence, the electorate was represented by two MPs, Henry Fish (1881–1884 and 1887–1890) and James Gore (1884–1887). Dunedin South
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#1732869649414684-453: A third of the total. Four minor parties managed to win electorate seats. This proved important for some – neither New Zealand First nor United would have entered parliament if not for Winston Peters and Peter Dunne retaining their seats. Jim Anderton also retained his seat. The Greens won their first electorate seat when Jeanette Fitzsimons took Coromandel, although since the Greens crossed
741-483: Is a geographic constituency used for electing a member ( MP ) to the New Zealand Parliament . The size of electorates is determined such that all electorates have approximately the same electoral population. Before 1996, all MPs were directly chosen for office by the voters of an electorate. In New Zealand's electoral system , 72 of the usually 120 seats in Parliament are filled by electorate members, with
798-461: Is not a more suitable name. The compass point reference usually follows the name of the main population centre, e.g. Hamilton East . Over the years, there have been two types of "special" electorates created for particular communities. The first were special goldminers' electorates , created for participants in the Otago gold rush —goldminers did not usually meet the residency and property requirements in
855-480: The Coromandel to give their constituency vote to Green Party co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimons and their party vote to Labour. However, when all special votes (that is, votes cast by people who were not able to attend a polling place in their electorate on the day of the election) were counted, the Greens had narrowly reached not one but both targets – Jeanette Fitzsimons won the electorate of Coromandel by 250 votes, and
912-669: The South Island is to have 16 general electorates, and dividing the number of persons in the South Island's general electoral population by 16 determines the South Island Quota . This quota is then used to calculate the number of Māori electorates and to determine the number of North Island electorates. The number of Māori electorates is influenced by the Māori Electoral Option where Māori voters can opt to be in either
969-621: The Taieri electorate. The Otago peninsula was transferred to the Dunedin electorate while the new Taieri electorate would include South Dunedin and South Otago , with the latter being transferred from the former Clutha-Southland electorate. Key Independent Liberal–Labour Liberal United Labour National Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested
1026-508: The 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Dunedin South, and two electorates that had previously been abolished to be recreated. This necessitated
1083-466: The 2020 election. Fifteen MPs intended to retire at the end of the 45th Parliament. The election took place on 27 November. Less than 84.1% of the 2,509,365 people registered to vote turned out for the election. This was the lowest turnout for some time, although it would drop further in the 2002 election . A total of 679 candidates stood for electorate seats, representing 36 parties. Party lists comprised 760 candidates from 22 parties. The new government
1140-630: The 5% threshold, this was of less importance than originally thought. The Greens were not to repeat an electorate win until the 2020 election, with Chloë Swarbrick's plurality in Auckland Central. The table below shows the results of the 1999 general election: Key MPs returned via party lists, and unsuccessful candidates, were as follows: The result in the Tauranga electorate was an extremely close three way race. New Zealand First leader Winston Peters beat National candidate Katherine O'Regan in
1197-547: The Alliance (led by Anderton) reduced its hostility towards Labour, but it was not until shortly before the 1999 election that a formal understanding was reached regarding a possible left-wing coalition. This agreement was deemed a necessary step towards building a credible alternative to the National Party. This election was the first one in New Zealand's history where both main parties were led by women, being repeated again in
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#17328696494141254-672: The Dunedin South electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs' terms began and ended at general elections. Hayes was elected from the party list in January 2014 following the resignation of Katrina Shanks . Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes
1311-535: The House of Representatives in the 1850s modelled the electoral procedures used for the British House of Commons , which at that time featured both single-member electorates (electorates returning just one MP) and multi-member electorates (electorates returning more than one MP). Each electorate was allocated a different number of MPs (up to three) in order to balance electoral population differences. All electorates used
1368-433: The Māori roll was expanded to include all persons of Māori descent. Previously all persons of more than 50% Māori ancestry were on the Māori roll while persons of less than 50% Māori ancestry were required to enrol on the then European roll. Only persons presumed to have equal Māori and European ancestry (so-called half-castes) had a choice of roll. Since the introduction of MMP in 1996, the number of seats can change with
1425-406: The National Party in the 2008 general election . It was the first New Zealand election where both major parties had female leaders. Before the election, the National Party had an unstable hold on power. After the 1996 election National had formed a coalition with the populist New Zealand First party and its controversial leader, Winston Peters . The coalition was unpopular, as New Zealand First
1482-489: The North Island experienced higher population growth than the South island. At the 1996 election, there were 44 North Island electorates. By the 2023 election, this had increased to 49 electorates. In October 2024, Statistics New Zealand announced that population changes necessitated reducing the number of North Island general electorates by one, bringing the total number of North Island general electorates to 48. Because of
1539-436: The South Island Quota is established. The North Island electoral population (including Māori opting for the general roll) is divided into electorates, each of approximately the same electoral population as the South Island ones. Electorates may vary by no more than 5% of the average electoral population size. This has caused the number of list seats in Parliament to decline as the population is experiencing "northern drift" (i.e.
1596-603: The electorate for six parliamentary terms until 1928. In 1919 , Tom Paul nearly won the seat for Labour , losing by only 84 votes. Sidey was succeeded by William Taverner of the United Party in the 1928 election . At the next election in 1931 , the electorate was won by Fred Jones of the Labour Party . Jones held the electorate until 1946, when it was abolished, and successfully stood in St Kilda that year. The electorate
1653-501: The electorate they were prospecting in, but were numerous enough to warrant political representation. Three goldminers' electorates existed, the first began in 1863 and both ended in 1870. Much more durable have been the Māori electorates , created in 1867 to give separate representation to Māori . Although originally intended to be temporary, they came to function as reserved positions for Māori until 1967, ensuring that there would always be
1710-557: The electorates they held. Te Tawharau, which held a seat in parliament thanks to another New Zealand First defector, failed to retain its seat. Of the 67 electorates in the 1999 election, a majority (41) were won by the opposition Labour Party. Included in Labour's total are the Maori seats, which it managed to regain after losing them to New Zealand First in the previous election. The governing National Party won 22 electorate seats, slightly less than
1767-519: The increasing North Island population, the Representation Commission awarded the North Island an additional electoral seat beginning in the 2008 general election . Another new North Island seat was added for the 2014 general election , and again for the 2020 general election (with one new electorate in Auckland). Each time, the need for an additional seat was determined from the results of
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1824-636: The map should read "Port Waikato".] Electorates in New Zealand have changed extensively since 1853, typically to meet changing population distributions. Boundaries were last changed in 2019 and 2020 for the 2020 election , with Clutha-Southland , Dunedin North , Dunedin South , Helensville , Hunua , Manukau East , Port Hills and Rodney being abolished and replaced either by new electorates, or by surrounding electoral districts. 1999 New Zealand general election Jenny Shipley National Helen Clark Labour The 1999 New Zealand general election
1881-610: The most recent New Zealand census , with the seat coming out of the total number of list seats. The total number of list seats has thus declined from 55 to 48 since the introduction of mixed-member proportional voting in the 1996 general election . The Representation Commission has determined general electorate boundaries since 1881. These days, the Commission consists of: The Representation Commission reviews electorate boundaries after each New Zealand census , which normally occurs every five years. The Electoral Act 1993 stipulates that
1938-661: The most significant parties to do this were Te Tawharau (registered), Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata (registered), the Equal Rights Party (unregistered), the Piri Wiri Tua Movement (unregistered), and the Asia Pacific United Party (registered). None of these parties were successful. There were also 36 independent candidates, also unsuccessful. The Mauri Pacific Party , established by a group of defectors from New Zealand First, failed to place even second in
1995-404: The number of Māori voters who choose to go on the Māori roll rather than the general roll. In 1996, there were five Māori electorates. For the 1999 election, this increased to six electorates. Since the 2002 election, the number of Māori electorates has stayed constant at seven. This table shows the electorates as they were represented during the 54th New Zealand Parliament . [NB "Port Waitako" on
2052-460: The party gained 5.16% of the vote. The National Party, while not performing exceptionally poorly, failed to gain enough support to keep it in power. It won 39 seats, ten fewer than the Labour Party. ACT New Zealand , a potential coalition partner for National, gained nine seats. While this was an increase on ACT's previous election results, it was not sufficient to enable the National Party to form
2109-451: The party vote in Dunedin South by 1837 votes. The winning of the party vote was unprecedented in Dunedin South, which was seen, pre 2011, as a Labour Party stronghold. However the predecessor seat of St Kilda was represented by Jim Barnes of the National Party between 1951 and 1957. In the 2014 election , Curran was successful against National's Hamish Walker . In mid April 2020, it was announced that Dunedin South would be reconstituted as
2166-554: The population of the North Island, especially around Auckland , is growing faster than that of the South Island) due both to internal migration and to immigration. Although the New Zealand Parliament is intended to have 120 members, some terms have exceeded this quantity. Overhang seats arise when a party win more seats via electorates than their proportion of the party vote entitles them to; other parties are still awarded
2223-407: The registered parties listed above, some groups participated in the election without submitting party lists. Many of these were unregistered parties, lacking the necessary membership numbers for submitting a party list. There were, however, three registered ones that did not, for whatever reason, submit a party list. In total, 14 parties nominated electorate candidates only. By number of votes received,
2280-519: The remainder being filled from party lists in order to achieve proportional representation among parties. The 72 electorates are made up from 65 general and seven Māori electorates . The number of electorates increases periodically in line with national population growth; the number was increased from 71 to 72 starting at the 2020 general election . The Electoral Act 1993 refers to electorates as "electoral districts". Electorates are informally referred to as "seats" (Māori: tūru ), but technically
2337-419: The remaining period (1889–1945). For the 1905 election , the multi-member electorates were abolished. The country quota system persisted until 1945. Since the introduction of MMP for the 1996 election, the number of South Island electorates is fixed at 16 as stipulated in the legislation. To achieve electorates of equal electoral population, the number of North Island electorates has gradually increased since
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2394-454: The same number of seats that they are entitled to, which results in more than 120 seats in total. In 2005 and 2011 , 121 members were elected; 122 members were elected in 2008 . The Representation Commission determines the names of each electorate following the most recent census. An electorate may be named after a geographic region, landmark (e.g. a mountain) or main population area . The Commission adopts compass point names when there
2451-493: The smaller Alliance party. The two had not previously enjoyed good relations, primarily due to the presence of the NewLabour Party as one of the Alliance's key members. NewLabour had been established by Jim Anderton , a former Labour MP who quit the party in protest over the economic reforms of Roger Douglas , which were often blamed for Labour's election loss in 1990. Gradually, as the Labour Party withdrew from Rogernomics ,
2508-476: The term seat refers to an elected member's place in Parliament. The electoral boundaries for the inaugural 1853 general election were drawn up by the governor , George Grey , with the authority for this coming from the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 . After the initial election, there were eight redivisions carried out by members of the general assembly (as the lower house was known at
2565-429: The time). These revisions were a mixture of minor and major boundary adjustments. In 1887, the responsibility for reshaping electorates was given to a Representation Commission and that arrangement has remained to this day. Up until 1981, the boundaries of the Māori electorates were determined by the governor or governor-general, when that responsibility was also transferred to the Representation Commission. Elections for
2622-480: The winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by
2679-480: The winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by
2736-420: The winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Table footnotes: New Zealand electorates An electorate or electoral district ( Māori : rohe pōti )
2793-564: Was able to form a new government with support from the Green Party , which entered parliament for the first time as an independent party (having previously been a part of the Alliance). The Green Party's entry to parliament was by a narrow margin, however – in order to gain seats, it needed to either win 5% of the party vote or win an electorate seat, neither of which the party appeared likely to do. Helen Clark openly encouraged Labour supporters in
2850-460: Was able to keep itself in office, but its control was often unsteady. The polls were still initially close, but without NZ First support, National's chances of forming a government were slim. Eventually, Labour Party gained a solid lead over National. The Labour Party, which had been in Opposition since losing the 1990 election , presented a strong challenge, particularly due to its agreement with
2907-537: Was also partly caused by scandals and by mid-1997, NZ First was polling at as low as 2%. National also polled badly, and Jim Bolger was replaced as prime minister with Jenny Shipley. Gradually, however, the relationship between the two parties deteriorated, and Peters took his party out of the coalition, after Shipley sacked him from her cabinet. A number of New Zealand First MPs deserted Peters, establishing themselves as independents or as members of newly established parties. By forming agreements with these MPs, National
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#17328696494142964-405: Was chosen instead. Curran has represented the electorate since the 2008 election . The city of Dunedin is a New Zealand Labour Party stronghold; The last National MP elected from a Dunedin constituency was Richard Walls in 1975 . However, in 2011, National Party candidate, Jo Hayes , reduced the incumbent, Clare Curran's majority from 6449 in 2008 to 4175, and National gained a plurality of
3021-589: Was held on 27 November 1999 to determine the composition of the 46th New Zealand Parliament . The governing National Party , led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley , was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clark 's Labour Party and the smaller Alliance . This marked an end to nine years of the Fourth National Government , and the beginning of the Fifth Labour Government which would govern for nine years in turn, until its loss to
3078-601: Was re-established after the abolition of the City of Dunedin electorate for the 1905 election . The first representative was James Arnold , who was an independent liberal and who served until the end of the parliamentary term in 1908, when he successfully contested Dunedin Central . Thomas Sidey of the Liberal Party who had since a Caversham by election represented Caversham won the 1908 election for Dunedin South. He represented
3135-415: Was re-established for the 1996 election and won by Michael Cullen , who later became Finance minister. Cullen had previously represented St Kilda (1981–1996). At the next election in 1999 , Cullen stood as a list candidate only and was succeeded by David Benson-Pope as the electorate MP. After three parliamentary terms, Benson-Pope was not selected by the Labour Party as their candidate, but Clare Curran
3192-458: Was seen as opposed to the National government, and had made many statements in the 1996 election campaign to that effect, such as saying that only through New Zealand First could National Party be toppled, and Peters said that he would not accept Jim Bolger as prime minister, Bill Birch as Finance Minister or Jenny Shipley in a social welfare portfolio. NZ First's support crashed, though this
3249-439: Was sworn in on 10 December. In the election 965 candidates stood, and there were 22 registered parties with party lists. Of the candidates, 482 were electorate and list, 197 were electorate only, and 286 were list only. 67% of candidates (647) were male and 33% (318) female. Labour Party won 49 seats in parliament. When combined with the ten seats won by the Alliance, the coalition was two seats short of an absolute majority. It
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