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32-942: Duchess Marie may refer to: Marie Angélique de Scorailles (1661–1681), Duchess of Fontages Marie, Duchess of Anhalt Duchess Marie d'Orleans-Longueville de Nemours (1625–1707), daughter of Henry II of Orleans, duke of Longueville Duchess Marie Louise of Parma (1791–1847), Archduchess of Austria Duchess Marie of Auvergne (1367–1434), daughter of John, Duke of Berry Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg (1878–1918), eldest daughter of Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Princess Elisabeth of Anhalt Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1854–1920), daughter of Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Princess Auguste Mathilde Wilhelmine of Reuss Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria Duchess and Marie, two characters from

64-400: A base from which to hunt "the red and black beasts" which abounded in the forest. At the time, the forest covered only 13,365 hectares, but the kings of France extended it through acquisitions and forfeitures. Also under François I, the office of Grand Forestier was created. He was responsible for officers and horse guards, each having the supervision and management of a canton of the forest. It

96-611: A branch and she appeared before the king with her hair loosely tied in a ribbon, tumbling in curls to her shoulders. The king found this rustic style delightful, and the next day many courtiers adopted the new " fontange " hairstyle, except the Marquise de Montespan, who thought it was in "bad taste". Two pet bears belonging to Montespan escaped from their menagerie and managed to find, and destroy, Marie's apartment in Versailles . This event made both women comical at court. Soon it appeared she

128-469: A fragment of the placenta lodged in her uterus. An alternative suggestion is that she was killed by a rare form of cancer , which occasionally develops after a cyst on the placenta is expelled during pregnancy. The probability is that she died from complications arising from her earlier miscarriage. At court, several courtiers wrote about the duchess's death. According to Ernest Lavisse and Bernard Noël , "Two miscarriages caused her to lose favor with

160-462: Is a mixed deciduous forest lying sixty kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Paris , France . It is located primarily in the arrondissement of Fontainebleau in the southwestern part of the department of Seine-et-Marne . Most of it also lies in the canton of Fontainebleau , although parts of it extend into adjoining cantons , and even as far west as the town of Milly-la-Forêt in the neighboring department, Essonne . Several communes lie within

192-509: Is therefore very permeable. As a result, nowhere in the forest, except on the eastern slope between Veneux-Nadon and Samois-sur-Seine, are there any permanent sources of water. The ponds come from the capture of rainwater in the depressions of the rocky plateaus, except in the vicinity of the pond at Les Evées where clay dominates. The most common trees in the forest are: oak (44%), Scots pine (40%), and European beech (10%). Three thousand species of mushrooms have been discovered. The forest

224-517: The Duchess of Orléans . At the time Louis XIV had appeared to be losing interest in his longtime established mistress Marquise de Montespan and turning to the governess of their children, Madame de Maintenon . Infatuated by the beauty of the young girl, the king suddenly abandoned both women, and the stand-off between the two was suddenly eclipsed by a new passion which appeared to threaten them both equally. Despite her physical charms, Marie Angélique

256-413: The 1970 Disney film, The Aristocats See also [ edit ] Marie Anne de Bourbon Archduchess Marie (disambiguation) Duchess Maria (disambiguation) Duchess Mary (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Duchess Marie . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

288-610: The Forest of Fontainebleau thus became the first nature reserve in the world. Thirty five million years ago, during the Oligocene age, the area now occupied the Fontainebleau forest was a sea that deposited sediments of fine, white sand about fifty meters thick. This sand is one of the purest in the world and is used for glassware (Murano in Venice) and for optical fiber. The sand later formed

320-426: The accused had mentioned the name of Fontanges, and several other women of the court in connection to various schemes and plots. Marguerite Monvoisin , the daughter of sorceress La Voisin was the first to accuse accomplices of her late mother of poisoning the duchess. Monvoisin's lovers, Bertrand and Romani , were arrested in 1681 as suspects. Bertrand was accused of selling poisonous stuffs to Fontanges; while Romani

352-422: The county of Gâtinais, which gave the crown control over the entire territory of the current forest. For the kings of France, the forest had several uses, including hunting and forestry, but also a military interest, as Fontainebleau was a strategic location on the road to Sens and Burgundy. In 1137, Louis VI began construction of a hunting castle consisting of a dungeon, moat and chapel. It is during this period that

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384-624: The first paths in 1842. From 1849, the railway arrived in Fontainebleau, which enabled Parisians to visit Fontainebleau on day trips. This relatively easy access helped to create public support for the protection of the forest. At the request of the painters of the Barbizon School, hardwood cuts were suspended in certain cantons appreciated by artists. In 1853, "nature sanctuaries" covering over 624 hectares of old forests and rocky areas (Bas Bréau, Cuvier Châtillon, Franchard, Apremont, La Solle, Mont Chauvet) were withdrawn from wood harvesting. For

416-476: The first time in France, concern for “the protection of nature” became one of the objectives of forest management. By the imperial decree of April 13, 1861, the “artistic reserve” was increased to 1,094 hectares and finally to 1,693 hectares from 1892 to 1904. The director general of forests, Henri Faré, explained that the setting aside of 1,600 hectares was tantamount to losing an income of 300,000 gold francs. However,

448-456: The first use of the word 'Fontainebleau' appears. In 1400, Charles VI initiated the first reform of forest policy; that is, he ordered the complete closure of the forest area for several months in order to verify the rights and uses of each user of the forest. This exceptional procedure was repeated many times under the Ancien Régime . The castle was rebuilt from 1527 by François I , as

480-399: The forest, notably the towns of Fontainebleau and Avon . The forest has an area of 250 km (97 sq mi). Forty thousand years ago, nomadic populations settled around the forest. Various traces of their presence have been discovered: carved stone tools, bones of such animals as bears, elephants, rhinos, giant stags. More than 2,000 caves with rock carvings are scattered across

512-552: The forest. They are attributed to all periods between the Upper Paleolithic (around 12000 BC) and modern times. However, the majority of the carvings are from the Mesolithic (between 9000 and 5500 BC). They often take the form of geometric etchings (lattices), though some are figurative. The fourth century BC saw the arrival of Celt and Ligurian tribes. The Celtes settled the region in the fifth century BC. A Celtic necropolis

544-538: The forestry administration and that of the castle in 1807. In 1830, the planting of another 6,000 hectares of pine provoked the anger of artists who came to seek inspiration in the forest. The Forest of Fontainebleau is famous worldwide for having inspired 19th-century artists, including painters of the Barbizon School and the Impressionists . The Barbizon painters, led by Théodore Rousseau , militated against

576-461: The guilty conscience of a lie." Although rumours of poisoning abounded, dubious evidence from various unreliable witnesses who either recanted or contradicted each other meant no charges were ever laid. Historian Antonia Fraser suggests that Marie Angélique died from pleuro-pneumonia induced by tuberculosis . As she was known to have suffered from a persistent loss of blood after her miscarriage, another doctor suggested that when she lost her baby,

608-442: The king, who, touched by her suffering, wept while at her deathbed. Fontanges is reported to have said, "having seen tears in the eyes of my King, I can die happy". This story was deemed untrue by many at Versailles because according to them, the king had, in fact, already forgotten her. The duchess died on the night of 28 June 1681. She was not yet 20 years old. Louis XIV expressed the wish that there be no autopsy , however, at

640-499: The king." The Duchess of Orleans claimed that it was certain the duchess was poisoned by Madame de Montespan, and suspected that the poison was administered in her milk. Despite the medical findings, rumours persisted that the Duchess of Fontanges died from poisoning. Forest of Fontainebleau The forest of Fontainebleau ( French : Forêt de Fontainebleau , or Forêt de Bière , meaning, in old French, "forest of heather ")

672-517: The large banks of sandstone boulders – consisting of grains of quartz cemented by a silica gel – that characterise the current landscape of the forest. The boulders often have surprising shapes reminiscent of animals or objects and they are favored by bouldering enthusiasts. The rocks occupy an area of nearly 4,000 hectares and form long banks of almost parallel boulders oriented East South-East, West North-West, and separated by open valleys at both ends. The forest floor contains up to 98% sand and

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704-462: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchess_Marie&oldid=1249441242 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Marie Ang%C3%A9lique de Scorailles Marie Angélique de Scorailles

736-480: The planting of softwoods which had been carried out at a pace of several hundred hectares per year since 1830. They objected on the grounds that the plantings distorted the landscapes. The artists also opposed the planned regeneration cuts in old forests in 1837 and founded the Society of Friends of the Forest of Fontainebleau to protect it. In 1839, Claude-François Denecourt published his first forest guide and laid out

768-506: The request of her family, one was performed. The doctors found that her lungs were in appalling condition (with the right one in particular being full of "purulent matter") while her chest was flooded with fluid. All six doctors concurred that death was due to natural causes. As Marie Angélique died during the Affair of the Poisons in France, poisoning was suspected. During interrogations, some of

800-496: The title Duchess of Fontanges and a pension of 80,000 livres , as was his usual habit on ending love affairs. Unwell after the birth, she retired to the Abbey of Chelles . In 1681, Marie suffered a high fever and was sent to the Abbey of Port-Royal , where, according to some sources, she gave birth prematurely to a stillborn girl in March. Realising she was going to die, she asked to see

832-456: The year 1709, 6,000 hectares were planted with deciduous trees, but this turned out to be an almost total failure. In 1750, the 90 km perimeter of the forest was delimited by 1050 boundary markers, some of which are still visible today. In 1786, Scots pines were introduced. After the Revolution, following numerous illegal cuts and the proliferation of game due to lack of hunting, Napoleon I reformed

864-489: Was accused of delivering her gloves contaminated with poison. Françoise Filastre , a servant in the household of Fontanges was arrested, and when asked about what she knew about the duchess's death, under torture claimed that Montespan had hired her to murder Fontanges, so she could regain the love of the king. Before being executed, Filastre later recanted : "All I said is false. I did that for me to be free of pain and torment. I say all this because I do not want to kill

896-466: Was at this time, during the 16th century, that the administration responsible for managing the forest took shape. It retained this responsibility until the French Revolution . At the time of Louis XIV , less than 20 percent of the forest area was wooded. Jean-Baptiste Colbert launched a reform from June to September 1664 as well as a tree-planting campaign. In 1716, following the severe winter of

928-626: Was born in 1661 at the Château de Cropières in Upper Auvergne. She came from a very old aristocratic family; her father was the Comte de Rousaille, and the King's Lieutenant. Her family eventually came to realization that her beauty was a great asset and raised enough money to send her to court, with the aim of restoring the family fortunes. Marie arrived at the court of Louis XIV in 1678 and became maid of honor to

960-572: Was discovered in Cannes-Écluse, along with arms and auroch horns. Near Bouray (Seine-et-Oise), a bronze Celtic statuette called the God of Bouray was dredged up, while in Bossy-aux-Cailles, a Celtic tintinnabulum was discovered. Around the year 1000, the human occupation of the forest consisted of a series of enclaves controlled by petty lords and wealthy landowners. In 1067, Philippe I acquired

992-481: Was pregnant, further angering Montespan, who had thought their affair was a passing fancy, easily controlled and easily disposed of. She said to the Marquise de Maintenon that the king had three mistresses: herself in name, this girl in bed and Maintenon in his heart. In January 1680, Marie gave premature birth to a stillborn boy, and was said to have been "wounded in the service of the King." In April, Louis granted her

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1024-441: Was said by the court to be "as stupid as a basket." The Duchess of Orleans wrote "[she is] a stupid little creature, but she [has] a very good heart" but described her as "lovely as an angel, from head to foot". Louis XIV, however, suddenly felt young again. He wore diamonds, ribbons and feathers, and presented her with a pearl grey carriage with eight horses. During a hunt in the forest of Fontainebleau , her hair clung to

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