66-604: The performing arts in Australia are an important element of the Arts in Australia and Australian culture . Dance in Australia is diverse, ranging from The Australian Ballet to the Restless Dance Company to the many local dance studios . Aboriginal song was and remains an integral part of Aboriginal culture since time immemorial. The most famous feature of their music is the didgeridoo . This wooden instrument, used amongst
132-399: A "sit" of a week or longer. Extended engagements can last six weeks or more. Touring theatre companies can provide steady work for performers. However, it can also mean that they are away from home for an extended period of time. While touring allowances may be available, performers may find that they are not enough to cover expenses for accommodations and eating out. The contract between
198-555: A British/Australian living in the UK who is popular as a musician, composer, painter and television host. Ricky Swallow , Patricia Piccinini , Susan Norrie , Callum Morton , Rover Thomas and Emily Kame Kngwarreye have all represented Australians at the Venice Biennale using the traditional mediums of sculpture, photography and painting while instilling them with a renewed vigour. A new generation of Aboriginal artists, while not rejecting
264-550: A form of traditional dance, drawing from English, Irish, Scottish and other European dance. Favourite dances in the community include such as the Irish Céilidh "Pride of Erin" and the quadrille "The Lancers". Locally originated dances include the "Waves of Bondi", the Melbourne Shuffle and New Vogue . Many immigrant communities continue their own dance traditions on a professional or amateur basis. Traditional dances from
330-554: A large number of ethnic backgrounds are danced in Australia, helped by the presence of enthusiastic immigrants and their Australian-born families. It is quite common to see dances from the Baltic region, as well as Scottish , Irish , Indian , Indonesian or African dance being taught at community centres and dance schools in Australia. Baz Luhrmann 's popular 1992 film Strictly Ballroom , starring Paul Mercurio contributed to an increased interest in dance competition in Australia, and
396-476: A long tradition with a body of work producing popular classics such as Crocodile Dundee and The Man From Snowy River , and arthouse successes such as Picnic at Hanging Rock and Ten Canoes . Prominent Australian trained filmed artists include Errol Flynn , Mel Gibson , Nicole Kidman , Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett . Notable institutions for the arts include the UNESCO listed Sydney Opera House ,
462-457: A mark internationally in classical European culture. During the 20th century, writers and performers like C J Dennis , Barry Humphries and Paul Hogan both mocked and celebrated Australian cultural stereotypes, while shifting demographics saw a diversification of artistic output, with writers like feminist Germaine Greer challenging traditional cultural norms. Australia's capital cities each support traditional " high culture " institutions in
528-481: A number of Aboriginal Australian groups, their dances are secret and or sacred, gender could also be an important factor in some ceremonies with men and women having separate ceremonial traditions. A corroboree , a generic word for a meeting of Australian Aboriginal peoples often including dance as well as elements of sacred ceremony and/or celebration, has been incorporated into the English language and used to explain
594-517: A number of major performing arts organisations engaged in the performing arts. There was an enguiry held in 1999, chaired by Helen Nugent , the report of the enquiry led to significant change, particularly in government support through the Australia Council and the then Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. Performing Arts Connections Australia ( PAC Australia ), formerly
660-719: A number of popular dance shows including So You Think You Can Dance have featured on television in recent years. Aboriginal song is an integral part of Aboriginal culture. The most famous feature of their music is the didgeridoo . This wooden instrument, used amongst the Aboriginal tribes of northern Australia, makes a distinctive droning sound and its use has been adopted by a wide variety of non-Aboriginal performers. Aboriginal musicians have turned their hand to Western popular musical forms, often to considerable commercial success. Pioneers included Lionel Rose , and Jimmy Little , while notable contemporary examples include Archie Roach ,
726-514: A practice that is different from ceremony and more widely inclusive than theatre or opera. In the latter part of the 20th century the influence of Indigenous Australian dance traditions has been seen with the development of concert dance , particularly in contemporary dance with the National Aboriginal Islander Skills Development Association providing training to Indigenous Australians in dance, and
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#1732869009377792-492: A reasonable number of films each year. The industry is also supported by US producers who produce in Australia following the decision by Fox head Rupert Murdoch to utilise new studios in Melbourne and Sydney where filming could be completed well below US costs. Notable productions include The Matrix , Star Wars episodes II and III , and Australia starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman . The Australian Centre for
858-473: A run of successful comedies such as Strictly Ballroom (1992), Muriel's Wedding (1994) and The Castle (1996), which helped launch the careers of Toni Collette , P. J. Hogan , Eric Bana and Baz Luhrmann . This group was joined in Hollywood by actors including Russell Crowe , Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger who also rose to international prominence. The domestic film industry continues to produce
924-518: A series of verses to The Bulletin magazine in which they engaged in a literary debate about the nature of life in Australia. Lawson said Paterson was a romantic and Paterson said Lawson was full of doom and gloom. Lawson is widely regarded as one of Australia's greatest writers of short stories, while Paterson's poems The Man From Snowy River and Clancy of the Overflow remain amongst the most popular Australian bush poems. Significant political poets of
990-718: A text adventure adaption of The Hobbit for the ZX Spectrum. Other early game development studios in Australia include Strategic Studies Group , who developed Reach for the Stars in 1983, and Micro Forté, founded in 1985. A major theme of Australian cinema has been survival in the harsh Australian landscape. A number of thrillers and horror films dubbed "outback gothic" have been created, including Wake in Fright , Walkabout (1971), The Cars That Ate Paris (1974) and Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), Razorback (1984) and Shame (1988) in
1056-570: A truer sense of light and colour as seen in the Australian landscape. Like the European Impressionists, they painted in the open air. These artists found inspiration in the unique light and colour which characterises the Australian bush . Among the first Australian artists to gain a reputation overseas was the impressionist John Russell during the 1880s. Another notable expatriate artist of
1122-610: Is also a prominent feature in major cities such as Melbourne and Sydney . Though there is some debate over the legality, some councils have expressed greater recognition of the urban art movement. Australia has a number of notable museums and galleries, including the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne , the National Gallery of Australia , National Portrait Gallery of Australia and National Museum of Australia in Canberra, and
1188-634: Is closely associated with song and designed to make present the reality of the Dreamtime . In some instances, the dances imitate the actions of a particular animal in the process of telling a story. Traditional ritual performances define roles, responsibilities and country, giving an understanding of people's relationship with social, geographical and environmental forces. Performances may be associated with specific sacred places. Body decoration and specific gestures related to kin and other relationships (such as to Dreamtime beings with which individuals and groups). For
1254-950: Is known as the first indigenous author. Oodgeroo Noonuccal was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse. A significant contemporary account of the experiences of Indigenous Australia can be found in Sally Morgan 's My Place . Charles Bean ( The Story of Anzac: From the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign 4 May 191 5, 1921) Geoffrey Blainey ( The Tyranny of Distance , 1966), Robert Hughes ( The Fatal Shore , 1987), Manning Clark (A History of Australia , 1962–87), and Marcia Langton ( First Australians , 2008) are authors of important Australian histories. Traditional Aboriginal Australian dance
1320-500: Is often regarded as a golden age of Australian cinema, with many successful films, from the historical drama of Gallipoli (1981) to the dark science fiction of the Mad Max sequels (1981–85), the romantic adventure of The Man From Snowy River (1982) or the comedy of Crocodile Dundee (1986). In 1982, the first Australian game development studios to achieve global success, Melbourne House (now Krome Studios Melbourne ) publisherd
1386-415: Is popular. Aboriginal boxing champion and former professional rugby league footballer Anthony Mundine identified US rapper Tupac Shakur as a personal inspiration, after Mundine's release of his 2007 single, Platinum Ryder . The Deadlys are an annual celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community. The early Anglo-Celtic immigrants of
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#17328690093771452-490: Is produced by a theater company , called the producing entity, often based in one location, and sold, as a show, by a booking agent to presenters. The presenters are responsible for arranging the venue, local crew, and any other considerations needed and specified in the rider . The presenter pays a set amount of money to the producing entity, and the producing entity then pays the traveling crew by check or direct deposit. The show could be in for one performance on one day, or for
1518-425: Is the dry, often self-deprecating humour evident in the lyrics. Until the late 1960s, many have argued that Australian popular music was largely indistinguishable from imported music: British to begin with, then gradually more and more American in the post-war years. The sudden arrival of the 1960s underground movement into the mainstream in the early 1970s changed Australian music permanently: Skyhooks were far from
1584-661: The Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney. Australia has a long history of film production. Australia's first dedicated film studio, the Limelight Department , was created by The Salvation Army in Melbourne in 1898, and is believed to have been the world's first. The world's first feature-length film was the Australian production The Story of the Kelly Gang of 1906. After such early successes, Australian cinema suffered from
1650-498: The Australian Performing Arts Centres Association ( APACA ), is the peak national body for performing arts centres. It was founded some years before 2003, and changed its name to PAC Australia in 2017. As of 2022 it has over 240 members, which include arts centres , independent producers and producing companies, festivals, performing arts consultants, agencies and funding bodies. In 2003 APACA created
1716-506: The Bangarra Dance Theatre . The Australian Ballet is the foremost classical ballet company in Australia. It was founded by the English ballerina Dame Peggy van Praagh in 1962 and is today recognised as one of the world's major international ballet companies. It is based in Melbourne and performs works from the classical repertoire as well as contemporary works by major Australian and international choreographers. As of 2010, it
1782-651: The Drover(s) Awards , to recognise excellence in performing arts touring . As of 2019, there were two awards: the Drover Award for Performing Arts Centre of the Year, and Drover Award for Tour of the Year. The awards were not held in 2020 and 2021 owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia . From 2022, the format and name were changed, to Impact Awards . There are no categories or structure for award eligibility in
1848-653: The National Gallery of Victoria , the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney. The arts in Australia, including the fields of cinema , music , visual arts , theatre , dance and crafts often reflect general trends in Western arts. However, the arts as practiced by indigenous Australians represent a unique Australian cultural tradition, and Australia's landscape and history have contributed to some unique variations in
1914-508: The Sydney Theatre Company and National Institute of Dramatic Art have fostered students of theatre, film, and television several of whom have continued to international success, with actors like Cate Blanchett and Geoffrey Rush having been associated with both institutions. Independent culture thrives in all capital cities and exists in most large regional towns. The independent arts of music , film , art and street art are
1980-637: The Warumpi Band , NoKTuRNL and Yothu Yindi . Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu (formerly of Yothu Yindi) has attained international success singing contemporary music in English and in the language of the Yolngu . Christine Anu is a successful Torres Strait Islander singer. Australian country music has been popular among indigenous communities, with performers including Troy Cassar-Daley rising to national prominence. Amongst young Australian aborigines, African-American and Aboriginal hip hop music and clothing
2046-527: The outback , in the drovers and squatters and people of the barren, dusty plains. Contemporary works dealing with the migrant experience include Melina Marchetta 's Looking for Alibrandi and Anh Do 's memoir The Happiest Refugee , which won the Indie Book of the Year Award for 2011 and tells the story of his experience as a Vietnamese refugee travelling to and growing up in Australia. David Unaipon
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2112-450: The 18th and 19th centuries introduced folk ballad traditions which were adapted to Australian themes: " Bound for Botany Bay " tells of the voyage of British convicts to Sydney, " The Wild Colonial Boy " evokes the spirit of the bushrangers , and " Click Go the Shears " speaks of the life of Australian shearers. The lyrics of Australia's best-known folk song, " Waltzing Matilda ", were written by
2178-413: The 1960s successes of The Easybeats and the folk-pop group The Seekers , through the heavy rock of AC/DC and the slick pop of INXS and more recently Savage Garden have had considerable international success, there remains some debate over whether Australian popular music really has a distinctive sound. Perhaps the most striking common feature of Australian music, like many other Australian art forms,
2244-452: The 1980s, and Japanese Story (2003), The Proposition (2005) and the world-renowned Wolf Creek (2006) in the 21st century. These films depict the Australian outback and its wilderness and creatures as deadly, and its people as outcasts and psychopaths disconnected to modern urban Australia. These are combined with futuristic post-apocalyptic themes in the Mad Max series. The 1990s saw
2310-466: The 20th century included Dame Mary Gilmore and Judith Wright . Among the best known contemporary poets are Les Murray and Bruce Dawe . Novelists of classic Australian works include Marcus Clarke ( For the Term of His Natural Life ), Henry Handel Richardson ( The Fortunes of Richard Mahony ), Joseph Furphy ( Such Is Life ), Miles Franklin ( My Brilliant Career ) and Ruth Park ( The Harp in
2376-492: The Aboriginal clans of northern Australia, makes a distinctive droning sound and its use has been adopted by a wide variety of non-Aboriginal performers. Aboriginal musicians have turned their hand to Western popular musical forms, often to considerable commercial success. Some notable examples include Archie Roach , the Warumpi Band , NoKTuRNL and Yothu Yindi . Australia has produced a wide variety of popular music. While many musicians and bands (some notable examples include
2442-639: The Band Played Waltzing Matilda " is a sorrowful lament to the Gallipoli Campaign . Bush dance is a traditional style of dance from Australia with strong Celtic roots, and influenced country music . It is generally accompanied by such instruments as the fiddle , accordion , concertina and percussion instruments . A well-known Bush band is The Bushwackers . Touring theatre A touring theatre company travels to different locations to perform plays and musicals. A touring theatre
2508-662: The Cannes Film Festival. It was not until 2006 and Rolf de Heer 's Ten Canoes that a major feature-length drama was shot in an indigenous language. The first Australian Oscar was won by 1942's Kokoda Front Line! , directed by Ken G. Hall . Television broadcasting began in Australia in 1956. The majority of locally produced content was broadcast live-to-air, with very little local programming from these first few years of Australian TV broadcasting recorded. Notable early arts programs were Bandstand , hosted by Brian Henderson; Six O'Clock Rock , hosted by Johnny O'Keefe and
2574-610: The Moving Image in Melbourne is Australia's national museum of film, video games , digital culture and art. During the 2015–16 financial year, 1.45 million people visited ACMI, making it the most visited moving image museum in the world. Australian writers who have obtained international renown include the Nobel winning author Patrick White , as well as authors Peter Carey , Thomas Keneally , Colleen McCullough , Nevil Shute and Morris West . Notable contemporary expatriate authors include
2640-521: The South ). In terms of children's literature, Norman Lindsay ( The Magic Pudding ) and May Gibbs ( Snugglepot and Cuddlepie ) are among the Australian classics, while eminent Australian playwrights have included Steele Rudd , David Williamson , Alan Seymour and Nick Enright . Although historically only a small proportion of Australia's population have lived outside the major cities, many of Australia's most distinctive stories and legends originate in
2706-519: The arrival of permanent European settlement in Australia in 1788, the story of early Australian painting has been described as requiring of artists a shift from a "European sense of light" to an "Australian sense of light". The origins of distinctly Australian painting is often associated with the Heidelberg School of the 1880s–1890s. Artists such as Arthur Streeton , Frederick McCubbin and Tom Roberts applied themselves to recreating in their art
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2772-481: The broader traditions of English and Irish literature , British art and English and Celtic music . However, the works of Australian artists – including Indigenous as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians – has, since 1788, introduced the character of a new continent to the global arts scene – exploring such themes as Aboriginality , Australian landscape, migrant and national identity, distance from other Western nations and proximity to Asia,
2838-496: The bush poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. Adopted by Australian soldiers during World War I, this song remains popular and is often sung at sporting events, including the closure of the Sydney Olympics in 2000, by Australian country music singer Slim Dusty . Other well-known singers of Australian folk music include Rolf Harris (who wrote " Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport "), John Williamson , and Eric Bogle whose 1972 song " And
2904-546: The complexities of urban living and the "beauty and the terror" of life in the Australian bush . Notable Australian writers have included the Nobel laureate Patrick White , the novelists Colleen McCullough and Henry Handel Richardson and the bush poets Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson . Leading Australian performing artists have included Robert Helpmann of the Australian Ballet , Joan Sutherland of Opera Australia and
2970-515: The culture of the past, endeavour to move the artistic dialogue forward, including Gordon Bennett , Rosella Namok , Richard Bell and Julie Dowling . In recent years the art market has been democratised and art is judged on its merits rather than snobbery. A cohort of male artists aged under fifty ( Dane Lovett , Adam Cullen , Ben Quilty , Anthony Bennett , Simon Cuthbert , Rhys Lee , Ben Frost and Alasdair McIntyre ) have an expressive style and use humour in their work. In addition street art
3036-538: The era was Rupert Bunny , a painter of landscape, allegory and sensual and intimate portraits. Ernst William Christmas also made a name internationally. Among the principal Australian artists of the 20th century are the surrealists Sidney Nolan , Arthur Boyd and Russell Drysdale , the avant-garde Brett Whiteley , the painter/sculptors William Dobell and Norman Lindsay , the landscapists Emily Kame Kngwarreye , Albert Namatjira and Lloyd Rees , and modernist photographer Max Dupain . Each has helped to define
3102-408: The feminist Germaine Greer , art historian Robert Hughes and humorists Barry Humphries and Clive James . Among the important authors of classic Australian works are the poets Henry Lawson , Banjo Paterson , C J Dennis and Dorothea McKellar . Dennis wrote in the Australian vernacular, while McKellar wrote the iconic patriotic poem My Country . At one point, Lawson and Paterson contributed
3168-653: The first Australian serial drama, Autumn Affair . A TV series The Adventures of Long John Silver was made in Sydney for the American and British market; it was shown on the ABC in 1958. During the late 1960s and 1970s an influx of government funding saw the development of a new generation of filmmakers telling distinctively Australian stories, including directors Peter Weir , George Miller and Bruce Beresford . Films such as Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) and Sunday Too Far Away (1975) had an immediate international impact. The 1980s
3234-403: The first people to write songs in Australia, by Australians, about Australia, but they were the first ones ever to make money doing it. The two best-selling Australian albums ever made (at that time) put Australian music on the map. Within a few years, the novelty had worn off and it became commonplace to hear distinctively Australian lyrics and sometimes sounds side-by-side with the imitators and
3300-576: The form of major art galleries, ballet troupes, theatres, symphony orchestras, opera houses and dance companies. Leading Australian performers in these fields have included the opera Dames Nellie Melba and Joan Sutherland , dancers Edouard Borovansky and Sir Robert Helpmann , and choreographer/dancers such as Graeme Murphy and Meryl Tankard . Opera Australia is based in Sydney at the world-renowned Sydney Opera House . The Australian Ballet , Melbourne and Sydney symphony orchestras are also well regarded cultural institutions. Organisations such as
3366-533: The four other awards given to performers, while Home of the Arts (HOTA), a venue in Surfers Paradise , won an Innovator Award. Significant performing arts organisations include: The Australian School of Performing Arts The Australian Girls Choir Operatif Arts in Australia The Arts in Australia refers to the visual arts, literature, performing arts and music in the area of, on
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#17328690093773432-639: The humourist Barry Humphries . Prominent Australian musical artists have included the Australian country music singer Slim Dusty , rising star Cody Simpson , folk-rocker Paul Kelly , "pop princess" Kylie Minogue and rock n roll bands the Bee Gees , AC/DC , INXS and Powderfinger . Quintessentially Australian art styles include the Heidelberg School the Hermannsburg School and the Western Desert Art Movement . Australian cinema has
3498-498: The imports. The national expansion of ABC youth radio station Triple J during the 1990s has greatly increased the visibility and availability of homegrown talent to listeners nationwide. Since the mid-1990s a string of successful alternative Australian acts have emerged – artists to achieve both underground (critical) and mainstream (commercial) success include silverchair , Grinspoon , Powderfinger and Jet . The first Australian musician of any sort to achieve international fame
3564-603: The mid-twentieth century, the landscape paintings of Albert Namatjira were popular and received national and international acclaim. Since the 1970s, contemporary Indigenous Australian artists have used acrylic paints in styles such as that of the Western Desert Art Movement , which leading critic Robert Hughes saw as "the last great art movement of the 20th century". Art is important both culturally and economically to Indigenous society; art critic Sasha Grishin concluded that central Australian Indigenous communities have "the highest per capita concentrations of artists anywhere in
3630-415: The most extensive. Melbourne 's independent music scene, is one of the largest in the world, whilst another can be found in the multitude of international street artists visiting Melbourne and, to a lesser extent, other major cities, to work for a period of time. As of February 2015, Arts and recreation services was the strongest industry in Australia by total number of employed persons growing by 20.59% since
3696-429: The new awardsThe Wendy Blacklock Industry Legend Award (formally known as Touring Legend) is the highest award, to recognise "exceptional, long-time service to the performing arts industry, not limited to touring". It is named in honour of Wendy Blacklock AM, pioneer of national touring and founder of Performing Lines . This award was won by Stephen Page in its inaugural year. Adelaide-based ActNow Theatre won one of
3762-442: The presenter and the producing entity often includes stipulations on force majeure , labor actions, and schedule of compensations and when each payment is due. It can be split between a pre-performance fee, and a fee paid on the day of the performance, once complete. The contract will often stipulate the venue, venue contact information, and technical contacts. Also, the contract may state a minimum stage size, in order to ensure that
3828-527: The production will occur as envisioned. As with any contract, negotiations are possible, and can mean modifications to the set, staging, or responsibilities to the Presenter. Riders proscribe the needed support the touring company requires. They include, but are not limited to, local crew staffing, dressing room access, equipment to be provided by the presenter, minimum turn around time between shows, meals, lodging, parking, and loading dock requirements. The rider
3894-553: The rise of Hollywood . In 1933, In the Wake of the Bounty was directed by Charles Chauvel , who cast Tasmanian-born Errol Flynn as the leading actor. Flynn went on to a celebrated career in Hollywood. Chauvel directed a number of successful Australian films, the last being 1955's Jedda , which was notable for being the first Australian film to be shot in colour, and the first to feature Aboriginal actors in lead roles and to be entered at
3960-534: The same time in 2013. The visual arts have a long history in Australia, dating back around 30,000 years, and examples of ancient Aboriginal rock art can be found throughout the continent, notably in national parks such as the UNESCO -listed sites at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory , and also within protected parks in urban areas such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney . In
4026-400: The styles inherited by Australia's various migrant communities. At the close of the 19th century, the painters of the Heidelberg School began to capture the unique colours of the Australian bush , famed writers Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson presented conflicting views of the harshness and romance of life in Australia, and performing artists like opera singer Dame Nellie Melba made
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#17328690093774092-513: The subject of, or by the people of the Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Indigenous Australian art , music and story telling attaches to a 40–60,000-year heritage and continues to affect the broader arts and culture of Australia . During its early western history, Australia was a collection of British colonies, therefore, its literary , visual and theatrical traditions began with strong links to
4158-405: The unique character of the visual arts in Australia. Modernism arrived in Australia early in the 20th century. Among the earliest exponents were Grace Cossington Smith and Margaret Preston . Humorist Barry Humphries has been a provocative exponent of dadaism in Australia. Popular with the general community have been Ken Done , best known for his design work, Pro Hart and Rolf Harris ,
4224-468: The world". Contemporary artists whose work has been exhibited internationally such as at the Venice Biennale , include Rover Thomas and Emily Kngwarreye , while designs were commissioned from several nationally recognised artists in 2006 for the new Musée du quai Branly buildings. The artists included Paddy Bedford , John Mawurndjul , Ningura Napurrula , Lena Nyadbi , Michael Riley , Judy Watson , Tommy Watson and Gulumbu Yunupingu . Following
4290-441: Was operatic soprano Nellie Melba , in the late 19th century. Well-known soprano Joan Sutherland is also from Australia. Australia has a considerable history of classical performance, with symphony orchestras established around the state capitals in the early 20th century, as well as opera companies and other musical ensembles. However, relatively few Australian classical compositions have achieved lasting recognition. There are
4356-470: Was presenting approximately 200 performances in cities and regional areas around Australia each year as well as international tours. Regular venues include: the Arts Centre Melbourne , Sydney Opera House , Sydney Theatre , Adelaide Festival Centre and Queensland Performing Arts Centre . Robert Helpmann is among Australia's best known ballet dancers. Bush dance has developed in Australia as
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