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68-415: Dronningens Tværgade originates in the 1649 plan for New Copenhagen , the large area which was included in the fortified city when the old East Rampart along present day Gothersgade was decommissioned and a new one was built in a more northerly direction. According to the plan, the streets in the area were to be named after Danish territorial possessions, royalty and the upper classes. Dronningens Tværgade,

136-480: A good relationship with Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg - Bremen – at that time the archbishop of all of Scandinavia . The new religion , which replaced the old Norse religious practices , had many advantages for the king. Christianity brought with it some support from the Holy Roman Empire . It also allowed the king to dismiss many of his opponents who adhered to the old mythology. At this early stage there

204-563: A legislator, Valdemar enjoys a central position in Danish history. To posterity the civil wars and dissolution that followed his death made him appear to be the last king of a golden age. The Middle Ages saw a period of close cooperation between the Crown and the Roman Catholic Church . Thousands of church buildings sprang up throughout the country during this time. The economy expanded during

272-513: A migration of peoples from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The Nordic Bronze Age period in Denmark, from about 1,500 BC, featured a culture that buried its dead, with their worldly goods, beneath burial mounds . The many finds of gold and bronze from this era include beautiful religious artifacts and musical instruments, and provide the earliest evidence of social classes and stratification . During

340-525: A new head tax ( Danish : nefgjald ) had brought his people to the verge of rebellion. Canute took weeks to arrive where the fleet had assembled at Struer, but he found only the Norwegians still there. Canute thanked the Norwegians for their patience and then went from assembly to assembly ( Danish : landsting ) outlawing any sailor, captain or soldier who refused to pay a fine which amounted to more than

408-772: A period in history known as the Danish Estonia began. Legend has it that the Danish flag, the Dannebrog fell from the sky during the Battle of Lindanise in Estonia in 1219. A series of Danish defeats culminating in the Battle of Bornhöved on 22 July 1227 cemented the loss of Denmark's north German territories. Valdemar himself was saved only by the courageous actions of a German knight who carried Valdemar to safety on his horse. From that time on, Valdemar focused his efforts on domestic affairs. One of

476-596: A weakened Denmark provided windows of opportunity to both the Hanseatic League and the Counts of Holstein . The Holstein Counts gained control of large portions of Denmark because the king would grant them fiefs in exchange for money to finance royal operations. Valdemar spent the remainder of his life putting together a code of laws for Jutland , Zealand and Skåne . These codes were used as Denmark's legal code until 1683. This

544-415: A years harvest for most farmers. Canute and his housecarls fled south with a growing army of rebels on his heels. Canute fled to the royal property outside the town of Odense on Funen with his two brothers. After several attempts to break in and then bloody hand-to-hand fighting in the church, Benedict was cut down, and Canute was struck in the head by a large stone and then speared from the front. He died at

612-554: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . History of Denmark The history of Denmark as a unified kingdom began in the 8th century, but historic documents describe the geographic area and the people living there—the Danes —as early as 500 AD. These early documents include the writings of Jordanes and Procopius . With the Christianization of the Danes c. 960 AD, it

680-685: Is clear that there existed a kingship. King Frederik X can trace his lineage back to the Viking kings Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth from this time, thus making the Monarchy of Denmark the oldest in Europe. The area now known as Denmark has a rich prehistory , having been populated by several prehistoric cultures and people for about 12,000 years, since the end of the last ice age . Denmark's history has particularly been influenced by its geographical location between

748-548: Is no evidence that the Danish Church was able to create a stable administration that Harald could use to exercise more effective control over his kingdom, but it may have contributed to the development of a centralising political and religious ideology among the social elite which sustained and enhanced an increasingly powerful kingship. England broke away from Danish control in 1035 and Denmark fell into disarray for some time. Sweyn Estridsen's son, Canute IV , raided England for

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816-451: Is today Gothersgade and Kongens Nytorv . The new Østervold would be a direct extension of Nørrevold, connecting it to Sankt Annæ Skanse, thereby increasing the area of the fortified city with approximately 40%. However, the 1630s was a time of economic crisis and both Sankt Annæ Skanse and the new course of Østervold was delayed with no major work going on during that decade. After both Jutland and Scania had been occupied by enemy forces in

884-614: The German Empire . After the eventual cession of Norway in 1814 , Denmark retained control of the old Norwegian colonies of the Faroe Islands , Greenland and Iceland . During the 20th century, Iceland gained independence, Greenland and the Faroes became integral parts of the Kingdom of Denmark and North Schleswig reunited with Denmark in 1920 after a referendum. During World War II , Denmark

952-689: The Kalmar Union , made official in 1397. Her successor, Eric of Pomerania (King of Denmark from 1412 to 1439), lacked Margaret's skill and thus directly caused the breakup of the Kalmar Union. Eric's foreign policy engulfed Denmark in a succession of wars with the Holstein counts and the city of Lübeck. When the Hanseatic League imposed a trade embargo on Scandinavia, the Swedes (who saw their mining industry adversely affected) rose up in revolt. The three countries of

1020-609: The Maglemosian culture (9,500–6,000 BC); the Kongemose culture (6,000–5,200 BC), the Ertebølle culture (5,300–3,950 BC), and the Funnelbeaker culture (4,100–2,800 BC). The first inhabitants of this early post-glacial landscape in the so-called Boreal period , were very small and scattered populations living from hunting of reindeer and other land mammals and gathering whatever fruits

1088-463: The Maglemosian people , residing in seasonal camps and exploiting the land, sea, rivers and lakes. It was not until around 6,000 BC that the approximate geography of Denmark as we know it today had been shaped. Denmark has some unique natural conditions for preservation of artifacts, providing a rich and diverse archeological record from which to understand the prehistoric cultures of this area. The Weichsel glaciation covered all of Denmark most of

1156-604: The North and Baltic seas, a strategically and economically important placement between Sweden and Germany , at the center of mutual struggles for control of the Baltic Sea ( dominium maris baltici ). Denmark was long in disputes with Sweden over control of Skånelandene and with Germany over control of Schleswig (a Danish fief ) and Holstein (a German fief). Eventually, Denmark lost these conflicts and ended up ceding first Skåneland to Sweden and later Schleswig-Holstein to

1224-558: The Obotrites and conquered the city of Reric whose population was displaced or abducted to Hedeby . In 809, King Godfred and emissaries of Charlemagne failed to negotiate peace, despite the sister of Godfred being a concubine of Charlemagne, and the next year King Godfred attacked the Frisians with 200 ships. Viking raids along the coast of France and the Netherlands were large-scale. Paris

1292-519: The Pre-Roman Iron Age (from the 4th to the 1st century BC ), the climate in Denmark and southern Scandinavia became cooler and wetter, limiting agriculture and setting the stage for local groups to migrate southward into Germania . At around this time people began to extract iron from the ore in peat bogs . Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark, and in much of northwest Europe, and survives in some of

1360-462: The Privy Council of Denmark had lost some of its influence, and that of Norway no longer existed. The two kingdoms, known as Denmark–Norway , operated in a personal union under a single monarch. Norway kept its separate laws and some institutions, such as a royal chancellor , separate coinage and a separate army. As a hereditary kingdom, Norway's status as separate from Denmark remained important to

1428-496: The Queen's Cross Street , was named after Queen Sophie Amalie , the consort of King Frederick III who had ascended the throne in 1648, and provided a direct connection between the King's Garden at Rosenborg and the future Queen's Garden at Sophie Amalienborg . In the middle of the 18th century the eastern end of the street became part of Frederiksstaden while the western end passed through

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1496-552: The Rani , monasteries like Eldena Abbey ) and settlement (Danish participation in the Ostsiedlung ). The Danes lost most of their southern gains after the Battle of Bornhöved (1227) , but the Rugian principality stayed with Denmark until 1325. In 1202, Valdemar II became king and launched various " crusades " to claim territories, notably modern Estonia . Once these efforts were successful,

1564-516: The 12th century, based mostly on the lucrative herring -trade, but the 13th century turned into a period of difficulty and saw the temporary collapse of royal authority. During the disastrous reign of Christopher II (1319–1332), most of the country was seized by the provincial counts (except Skåne, which was taken over by Sweden) after numerous peasant revolts and conflicts with the Church. For eight years after Christopher's death, Denmark had no king, and

1632-458: The 1st century. It seems clear that some part of the Danish warrior aristocracy served in the Roman army . Occasionally during this time, both animal and human sacrifice occurred and bodies were immersed in bogs . In recent times some of these bog bodies have emerged very well-preserved, providing valuable information about the religion and people who lived in Denmark during this period. Some of

1700-567: The 8th–11th centuries. Viking explorers first discovered and settled in Iceland in the 9th century, on their way from the Faroe Islands . From there, Greenland and Vinland (probably Newfoundland ) were also settled. Utilizing their great skills in shipbuilding and navigation they raided and conquered parts of France and the British Isles . They also excelled in trading along the coasts and rivers of Europe, running trade routes from Greenland in

1768-562: The Danes. However, distance and a lack of common interests prevented a lasting union, and Sweyn's son Cnut the Great barely maintained the link between the two countries, which completely broke up during the reign of his son Hardecanute . A final attempt by the Norwegians under Harald Hardrada to reconquer England failed, but did pave the way for William the Conqueror's takeover in 1066. The history of Christianity in Denmark overlaps with that of

1836-567: The Ertebølle culture, which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe. The Neolithic Funnelbeaker population persisted for around 1,000 years until people with Steppe-derived ancestry started to arrive from Eastern Europe. The Single Grave culture was a local variant of the Corded Ware culture , and appears to have emerged as a result of

1904-513: The Hanseatic League. He conquered Gotland , much to the displeasure of the League, which lost Visby , an important trading town located there. The Hanseatic alliance with Sweden to attack Denmark initially proved a fiasco since Danish forces captured a large Hanseatic fleet, and ransomed it back for an enormous sum. Luckily for the League, the Jutland nobles revolted against the heavy taxes levied to fight

1972-439: The Kalmar Union all declared Eric deposed in 1439. However, support for the idea of regionalism continued, so when Eric's nephew Christopher of Bavaria came to the throne in 1440, he managed to get himself elected in all three kingdoms, briefly reuniting Scandinavia (1442–1448). The Swedish nobility grew increasingly unhappy with Danish rule and the union soon became merely a legal concept with little practical application. During

2040-458: The Northeastern half of what now constitutes England , where Danes settled and Danish law and rule prevailed. Prior to this time, England consisted of approximately seven independent Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The Danes conquered (terminated) all of these except for the kingdom of Wessex . Alfred the Great , king of Wessex, emerged from these trials as the sole remaining English king, and thereby as

2108-466: The Swedish royal family. The dynastic plans called for her son, Olaf II to rule the three kingdoms, but after his early death in 1387 she took on the role herself (1387–1412). During her lifetime (1353–1412) the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (including the Faroe Islands , as well as Iceland , Greenland , and present-day Finland ) became linked under her capable rule, in what became known as

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2176-579: The Viking Age. Various petty kingdoms existed throughout the area now known as Denmark for many years. Between c. 960 and the early 980s, Harald Bluetooth appears to have established a kingdom in the lands of the Danes which stretched from Jutland to Skåne. Around the same time, he received a visit from a German missionary who, according to legend, survived an ordeal by fire , which convinced Harald to convert to Christianity . Sweyn Estridson (1020–1074) re-established strong royal Danish authority and built

2244-521: The administration. King Valdemar and Absalon ( ca 1128–1201), the bishop of Roskilde , rebuilt the country. During Valdemar's reign construction began of a castle in the village of Havn, leading eventually to the foundation of Copenhagen , the modern capital of Denmark. Valdemar and Absalon built Denmark into a major power in the Baltic Sea , a power which later competed with the Hanseatic League ,

2312-480: The base of the main altar on 10 July 1086, where he was buried by the Benedictines. When Queen Edele came to take Canute's body to Flanders, a light allegedly shone around the church and it was taken as a sign that Canute should remain where he was. The death of St. Canute marks the end of the Viking Age. Never again would massive flotillas of Scandinavians meet each year to ravage the rest of Christian Europe. In

2380-450: The changes he instituted was the feudal system where he gave properties to men with the understanding that they owed him service. This increased the power of the noble families ( Danish : højadelen ) and gave rise to the lesser nobles ( Danish : lavadelen ) who controlled most of Denmark. Free peasants lost the traditional rights and privileges they had enjoyed since Viking times. The king of Denmark had difficulty maintaining control of

2448-498: The climate was able to offer. Around 8,300 BC the temperature rose drastically, now with summer temperatures around 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit), and the landscape changed into dense forests of aspen , birch and pine and the reindeer moved north, while aurochs and elk arrived from the south. The Koelbjerg Man is the oldest known bog body in the world and also the oldest set of human bones found in Denmark , dated to

2516-617: The counts of Holstein , and the Teutonic Knights for trade, territory, and influence throughout the Baltic. In 1168, Valdemar and Absalon gained a foothold on the southern shore of the Baltic, when they subdued the Principality of Rügen . In the 1180s, Mecklenburg and the Duchy of Pomerania came under Danish control, too. In the new southern provinces, the Danes promoted Christianity (mission of

2584-669: The defensive line of Dannevirke, including the Viking city of Hedeby, across Jutland, the Danish isles and into southern present day Sweden ; Scania and perhaps Halland and Blekinge . Furthermore, the Jelling stones attest that Harald had also "won" Norway . In retaliation for the St. Brice's Day massacre of Danes in England, the son of Harald, Sweyn Forkbeard mounted a series of wars of conquest against England. By 1014, England had completely submitted to

2652-422: The early 12th century, Denmark became the seat of an independent church province of Scandinavia. Not long after that, Sweden and Norway established their own archbishoprics, free of Danish control. The mid-12th century proved a difficult time for the kingdom of Denmark. Violent civil wars rocked the land. Eventually, Valdemar the Great (1131–82), gained control of the kingdom, stabilizing it and reorganizing

2720-457: The end of the last ice age . During the ice age, all of Scandinavia was covered by glaciers most of the time, except for the southwestern parts of what we now know as Denmark. When the ice began retreating, the barren tundras were soon inhabited by reindeer and elk, and Ahrenburg and Swiderian hunters from the south followed them here to hunt occasionally. The geography then was very different from what we know today. Sea levels were much lower;

2788-467: The expansionist war in the Baltic; the two forces worked against the king, forcing him into exile in 1370. For several years, the Hanseatic League controlled the fortresses on the Sound , the strait between Skåne and Zealand. Margaret I , the daughter of Valdemar Atterdag, found herself married off to Håkon VI of Norway in an attempt to join the two kingdoms, along with Sweden, since Håkon had kinship ties to

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2856-455: The first English Monarch . In the early 9th century, Charlemagne 's Christian empire had expanded to the southern border of the Danes, and Frankish sources (e.g. Notker of St Gall ) provide the earliest historical evidence of the Danes. These report a King Gudfred , who appeared in present-day Holstein with a navy in 804 where diplomacy took place with the Franks ; In 808, King Gudfred attacked

2924-474: The first half of the 1640s and the Kingdom's very existence had been threatened, work on the fortifications was resumed. The new Østervold was constructed and a new project for the fortress at Sankt Annæ Skanse, with the layout of a bastioned pentagram , was completed in 1661. 55°41′11″N 12°35′08″E  /  55.6863°N 12.5855°E  / 55.6863; 12.5855 This Danish history article

2992-480: The fortified city northwards. As early as 1606, when his modernization of the fortifications began, he had purchased 200 hectares of land outside the Eastern City Gate. His intention was to redevelop this area into a new district referred to as Ny København (English: New Copenhagen) or Sankt Annæ By (Saint Ann's Town). The plan was to change the course of Østervold, which at that time made a bend and ran along what

3060-425: The hardness of hunter-gatherer life in the cold north. Based on estimates of the amount of game animals, scholars estimate the population of Denmark to have been between 3,300 and 8,000 persons in the time around 7,000 BC. It is believed that the early hunter-gatherers lived nomadically, exploiting different environments at different times of the year, gradually shifting to the use of semi permanent base camps. With

3128-685: The island of Great Britain was connected by a land bridge to mainland Europe and the large area between Great Britain and the Jutlandic peninsula – now beneath the North Sea and known as Doggerland – was inhabited by tribes of hunter-gatherers. As the climate warmed up, forceful rivers of meltwater started to flow and shape the virgin lands, and more stable flora and fauna gradually began emerging in Scandinavia, and Denmark in particular. The first human settlers to inhabit Denmark and Scandinavia permanently were

3196-457: The kingdom in the face of opposition from the nobility and from the Church. An extended period of strained relations between the crown and the Popes of Rome took place, known as the "archiepiscopal conflicts". By the late 13th century, royal power had waned, and the nobility forced the king to grant a charter , considered Denmark's first constitution . Following the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227,

3264-436: The last time in 1085. He planned another invasion to take the throne of England from an aging William I . He called up a fleet of 1,000 Danish ships, 60 Norwegian long boats , with plans to meet with another 600 ships under Duke Robert of Flanders in the summer of 1086. Canute, however, was beginning to realise that the imposition of the tithe on Danish peasants and nobles to fund the expansion of monasteries and churches and

3332-683: The most well-preserved bog bodies from the Nordic Iron Age are the Tollund Man and the Grauballe Man . From around the 5th to the 7th century, Northern Europe experienced mass migrations. This period and its material culture are referred to as the Germanic Iron Age . In his description of Scandza (from the 6th-century work, Getica ), the ancient writer Jordanes says that the Dani were of

3400-427: The neighbourhood around Borgergade and Adelgade which came to suffer from overpopulation and poverty and gradually fell into despair before it was demolished in the 1940s to make way for modern dwellings. The oldest building on the street is currently known as Moltke's Mansion and takes its name from Adam Wilhelm Moltke who acquired it in 1852. It was, however, originally built for Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve and

3468-617: The north to Constantinople in the south via Russian and Ukrainian rivers, most notably along the River Dnieper and via Kiev, then being the capital of Kiev Rus , which was founded by Viking conquerors. The Danish Vikings were most active in Britain, Ireland , France , Spain , Portugal and Italy where they raided, conquered and settled (their earliest settlements included sites in the Danelaw , Ireland and Normandy ). The Danelaw encompassed

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3536-579: The older place names. The Roman provinces , whose frontiers stopped short of Denmark, nevertheless maintained trade routes and relations with Danish or proto-Danish peoples, as attested by finds of Roman coins. The earliest known runic inscriptions date back to c. 200 AD. Depletion of cultivated land in the last century BC seems to have contributed to increasing migrations in northern Europe and increasing conflict between Teutonic tribes and Roman settlements in Gaul . Roman artifacts are especially common in finds from

3604-497: The rising temperatures, sea levels also rose, and during the Atlantic period , Denmark evolved from a contiguous landmass around 11,000 BC to a series of islands by 4,500 BC. The inhabitants then shifted to a seafood based diet, which allowed the population to increase. Agricultural settlers made inroads around 4,000 BC. Many dolmens and rock tombs (especially passage graves ) date from this period. The Funnelbeaker farmers replaced

3672-601: The royal dynasty in its struggles to win elections as kings of Denmark. The two kingdoms remained tied until 1814. The Reformation , which originated in the German lands in the early 16th century from the ideas of Martin Luther (1483–1546), had a considerable impact on Denmark. The Danish Reformation started in the mid-1520s. Some Danes wanted access to the Bible in their own language. In 1524 Hans Mikkelsen and Christiern Pedersen translated

3740-587: The same stock as the Suetidi (Swedes, Suithiod ?) and expelled the Heruli and took their lands. The Old English poems Widsith and Beowulf , as well as works by later Scandinavian writers — notably by Saxo Grammaticus (c. 1200) — provide some of the earliest references to Danes. Other and non-Danish: With the beginning of the Viking Age in the 9th century, the prehistoric period in Denmark ends. The Danish people were among those known as Vikings , during

3808-523: The sons of the above-mentioned Godfred. At the same time St. Ansgar travelled to Hedeby and started the Catholic Christianisation of Scandinavia . Gorm the Old was the first historically recognized ruler of Denmark , reigning from c.  936 to his death c.  958 . He ruled from Jelling , and made the oldest of the Jelling Stones in honour of his wife Thyra . Gorm

3876-464: The subsequent reigns of Christian I (1450–1481) and Hans (1481–1513), tensions grew, and several wars between Sweden and Denmark erupted. In the early 16th century, Christian II (reigned 1513–1523) came to power. He allegedly declared, "If the hat on my head knew what I was thinking, I would pull it off and throw it away." This quotation apparently refers to his devious and machiavellian political dealings. He conquered Sweden in an attempt to reinforce

3944-525: The summer of 755 and were expanded with large works in the 10th century. The size and number of troops needed to man it indicates a quite powerful ruler in the area, which might be consistent with the kings of the Frankish sources. In 815 AD, Emperor Louis the Pious attacked Jutland apparently in support of a contender to the throne, perhaps Harald Klak , but was turned back by the sons of Godfred, who most likely were

4012-421: The time of the Maglemosian culture around 8,000 BC. With a continuing rise in temperature the oak , elm and hazel arrived in Denmark around 7,000 BC. Now boar , red deer , and roe deer also began to abound. A burial from Bøgebakken at Vedbæk dates to c. 6,000 BC and contains 22 persons – including four newborns and one toddler. Eight of the 22 had died before reaching 20 years of age – testifying to

4080-418: The time, except the western coasts of Jutland. It ended around 13,000 years ago, allowing humans to move back into the previously ice-covered territories and establish permanent habitation. During the first post-glacial millennia, the landscape gradually changed from tundra to light forest, and varied fauna including now-extinct megafauna appeared. Early prehistoric cultures uncovered in modern Denmark include

4148-407: The union, and had about 100 leaders of the Swedish anti-unionist forces killed in what came to be known as the Stockholm Bloodbath of November 1520. The bloodbath destroyed any lingering hope of Scandinavian union. In the aftermath of Sweden 's definitive secession from the Kalmar Union in 1521, civil war and the Protestant Reformation followed in Denmark and Norway. When things settled down,

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4216-471: Was occupied by Nazi Germany , but was eventually liberated by British forces of the Allies in 1945, after which it joined the United Nations . In the aftermath of World War II, and with the emergence of the subsequent Cold War , Denmark was quick to join the military alliance of NATO as a founding member in 1949. The Scandinavian region has a rich prehistory , having been populated by several prehistoric cultures and people for about 12,000 years, since

4284-404: Was a 17th-century expansion of fortified Copenhagen , Denmark . The original plan for the area, from 1649, was later abandoned. It now comprises neighbourhoods and localities such as Frederiksstaden , the Nyboder neighbourhood , Nyhavn , Larsens Plads and Kongens Nytorv . As part of his aspirations to strengthen Copenhagen as a regional centre, Christian IV decided to expand the area of

4352-460: Was a significant change from the local law making at the regional assemblies ( Danish : landsting ), which had been the long-standing tradition. Several methods of determining guilt or innocence were outlawed including trial by ordeal and trial by combat. The Code of Jutland ( Danish : Jyske Lov ) was approved at meeting of the nobility at Vordingborg in 1241 just prior to Valdemar's death. Because of his position as "the king of Dannebrog" and as

4420-427: Was besieged and the Loire Valley devastated during the 10th century. One group of Danes was granted permission to settle in northwestern France under the condition that they defend the place from future attacks. As a result, the region became known as "Normandy" and it was the descendants of these settlers who conquered England in 1066. The oldest parts of the defensive works of Danevirke near Hedeby at least date from

4488-426: Was born before 900 and died c.  958 . His rule marks the start of the Danish monarchy and royal house (see Danish monarchs' family tree ). The Danes were united and officially Christianized in 965 AD by Gorm's son Harald Bluetooth (see below), the story of which is recorded on the Jelling stones . The extent of Harald's Danish Kingdom is unknown, although it is reasonable to believe that it stretched from

4556-536: Was in that time known as Gyldenløve's Little Mansion. It was designed by Ernst Brandenburger and built between 1700 and 1702. No. 26 dates from before 1734. The Dronningegården Estate , which was designed by Kay Fisker and built from 1943 to 1958, defines a distinctive urban space along the street. 55°41′02″N 12°35′09″E  /  55.6840°N 12.5859°E  / 55.6840; 12.5859 New Copenhagen New Copenhagen ( Danish : Ny København) or St. Ann's Town ( Danish : Sankt Annæ By)

4624-450: Was instead controlled by the counts. After one of them, Gerhard III of Holstein-Rendsburg , was assassinated in 1340, Christopher's son Valdemar was chosen as king, and gradually began to recover the territories, which was finally completed in 1360. The Black Death in Denmark , which came to Denmark during these years, also aided Valdemar's campaign. His continued efforts to expand the kingdom after 1360 brought him into open conflict with

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