141-515: Drayton House is a Grade I listed country house of many periods 1 mile (1.6 km) south-west of the village of Lowick, Northamptonshire , England. Described as Northamptonshire's most impressive medieval mansion by Nikolaus Pevsner , "one of the best-kept secrets of the English country house world" by architectural historian Gervase Jackson-Stops , and (affectionately) "a most venerable heap of ugliness, with many curious bits" by Horace Walpole ,
282-431: A hall which, given the current hall's 6 feet (1.8 m) thick walls and the western position of the hall's current entrance doorway (in the former position of a screens passage ), lives on in the masonry of the current hall. This hall was to the west of the undercroft, and likely had windows in both its north and south walls; doorways in the screens passage to the pantry & buttery and kitchen ; and an entrance to
423-646: A heritage asset legally protected) is called 'designation'. Several different terms are used because the processes use separate legislation: buildings are 'listed'; ancient monuments are 'scheduled', wrecks are 'protected', and battlefields, gardens and parks are 'registered'. A heritage asset is a part of the historic environment that is valued because of its historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have extra legal protection through designation. Buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest can still be regarded as
564-531: A marquessate . Katherine Swynford's son from her first marriage, Thomas, was another loyal companion. Thomas Swynford was Constable of Pontefract Castle , where Richard II is said to have died. Henry experienced a more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had. First cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together as knights of the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in
705-436: A material consideration in the planning process. As a very rough guide, listed buildings are structures considered of special architectural and historical importance. Ancient monuments are of 'national importance' containing evidential values, and can on many occasions also relate to below ground or unoccupied sites and buildings. Almost anything can be listed. Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in
846-645: A building. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to a listed structure. There are about 8,500 listed buildings in Northern Ireland, divided into four grades, defined as follows: In Scotland, listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947, and the current legislative basis for listing is the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 . As with other matters regarding planning, conservation
987-545: A close friend. Therefore, true to Sir John's wishes, she gave the house to George, her cousin and a son of the Duchess of Dorset, on her death. Thus the house passed to the Sackville family , although George changed his name to Germain upon inheriting. With George already established at Stoneland Lodge , Drayton was now only occasionally in residential use. However, this did not stop him from undertaking refurbishments to catch up with
1128-611: A collection of their drawings formerly owned by the Dukes of Devonshire and later by the Royal Institute of British Architects , signed by Webb and dated 1653, one "For ye Bed chamber in ye ground Story of Drayton," recognisable as that of the State bedroom (although the lower half has been modified), and another for "the withdrawing roome to the Bedchamber in the lower Story at Drayton." This room
1269-463: A commitment to sharing the understanding of the historic environment and more openness in the process of designation. In 2008, a draft Heritage Protection Bill was subject to pre-legislative scrutiny before its passage through UK Parliament. The legislation was abandoned despite strong cross-party support, to make room in the parliamentary legislative programme for measures to deal with the credit crunch, though it may be revived in future. The proposal
1410-675: A daughter of the Earl of Thomond , dowry in fines, he was later forced to compound for his estates in 1646. Regardless, he was involved in the Second English Civil War with the Earl of Holland , of whom a full-length portrait by Mytens still hangs in the Dining Room. However, after being compounded a second time in 1649, he retreated to Drayton, his mother—despite her sympathetic allegiances—retiring to Reigate after harassment in 1650 by Parliamentarians, allowing him to negotiate to take on
1551-519: A decade by then. Henry's second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the financial benefits to the Order of these guest crusaders . His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, at a total cost to the Lancastrian purse of £4,360. Despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook
SECTION 10
#17328701856071692-471: A deed beforehand which meant that Henry inherited all his estate, but this deed was concealed from Henry by his mother. It was not until 1669, when the original deed was found, that Henry was able to discover this and so take his mother to court, regaining ownership of his estates. Henry quickly returned to being a Royalist in the Civil War, and did not quickly give up this cause. Initially exhausting his wife's,
1833-517: A failed coup. According to Holinshed , it was predicted that Henry would die in Jerusalem, and Shakespeare's play repeats this prophecy. Henry took this to mean that he would die on crusade . In reality, he died in the Jerusalem Chamber in the abbot's house of Westminster Abbey, on 20 March 1413 during a convocation of Parliament . His executor , Thomas Langley , was at his side. Despite
1974-489: A fancy to Sir John Germain, 1st Baronet (1650–1718), described as "always a distinguished Favourite of the other Sex." From soon after, in 1685, she no longer apparently lived with the Duke, and her relationship with Sir John was well-known. In April 1700, after the Duke, who openly had a mistress himself, had already tried twice (and been twice denied by William III), a divorce was allowed by Parliament. Mary married her lover after
2115-519: A frequent visitor throughout the 1760s, described Sir John as having "defective morals," and yet the King twice influenced the House of Lords to not allow a divorce between the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk, and then gave John a baronetcy in 1698. Others stressed that he was a skilled soldier anyway, accompanying William III during the 1688 Glorious Revolution and later conflicts. Despite such skill, no records remain of
2256-624: A grave illness in June 1405; April 1406; June 1408; during the winter of 1408–09; December 1412; and finally a fatal bout in March 1413. In 1410, Henry had provided his royal surgeon Thomas Morstede with an annuity of £40 p.a. which was confirmed by Henry V immediately after his succession. This was so that Morstede would "not be retained by anyone else". Medical historians have long debated the nature of this affliction or afflictions. The skin disease might have been leprosy (which did not necessarily mean precisely
2397-615: A group of supporters, overthrew and imprisoned Richard II, and usurped the throne; these actions later contributed to dynastic disputes in the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). Henry was the first English ruler whose mother tongue was English (rather than French) since the Norman Conquest , over three hundred years before. As king, he faced a number of rebellions, most seriously those of Owain Glyndŵr ,
2538-404: A group that is—for example, all the buildings in a square. This is called 'group value'. Sometimes large areas comprising many buildings may not justify listing but receive the looser protection of designation as a conservation area . The specific criteria include: The state of repair of a building is not generally deemed to be a relevant consideration for listing. Additionally: Although
2679-766: A keen interest in horse racing and was not often at Drayton, at times even letting it to his brother, George. It was through his brother's line that Drayton would descend on his death (which resulted in the extinction of the Dukedom and Viscountcy) in 1843, passing to George's daughter, Caroline Harriet Sackville, and her husband, William Bruce Stopford, from 1870 Stopford-Sackville. It has continued to pass through her descendants since, passing to their son, Sackville Stopford-Sackville , member of parliament for North Northamptonshire 1867–80, and then again 1900–1906. When he died without issue in 1926, his brother had been dead for twenty years already, and his two eldest nephews had both died in
2820-453: A key role in his investiture as Prince of Wales . Therefore, he secured a good marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Howard of Effingham , and was created Earl of Peterborough in 1628. Initially, along with his two sons, he was a Royalist in the Civil War . In a turn of events, however, his wife, a "great Republican", persuaded him to be a Roundhead and he became a General of Ordnance in
2961-566: A licence to empark 30 acres in 1327. The similarity between the balusters of the Oak Staircase with both those of the Drayton's Eastern garden terrace and those of the 16th-century walls at Montacute has been cited as evidence that the 3rd Lord Mordaunt laid out the foundations for the current gardens. A remaining sundial with the arms of Darcy (the family of the 3rd Lord's family) and Mordaunt has been used as further evidence of this. During
SECTION 20
#17328701856073102-451: A list of locally listed buildings as separate to the statutory list (and in addition to it). There is no statutory protection of a building or object on the local list but many receive a degree of protection from loss through being in a Conservation Area or through planning policy. Councils hope that owners will recognise the merits of their properties and keep them unaltered if at all possible. Listing began later in Northern Ireland than in
3243-403: A listed building is a criminal offence and owners can be prosecuted. A planning authority can also insist that all work undertaken without consent be reversed at the owner's expense. See also Category:Grade II* listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. See also Category:Grade II listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. It
3384-674: A listed structure. Applications for consent are made on a form obtained from Historic Environment Scotland. After consulting the local planning authority, the owner, where possible, and an independent third party, Historic Environment Scotland makes a recommendation on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. The scheme for classifying buildings is: There are about 47,400 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, around 8 percent (some 3,800) are Category A, 50 percent are Category B, and 42 percent are listed at Category C. Although
3525-538: A military campaign, confiscating land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire . Henry initially announced that he intended to reclaim his rights as Duke of Lancaster , though he quickly gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV, imprison Richard (who died in prison, most probably forcibly starved to death, ) and bypass Richard's heir-presumptive , Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March . Henry's 13 October 1399 coronation at Westminster Abbey may have been
3666-545: A non-statutory basis. Although a limited number of 'ancient monuments' were given protection under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 , there was reluctance to restrict the owners of occupied buildings in their actions related to their property. The extensive damage to buildings caused by German bombing during World War II prompted efforts to list and protect buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. Three hundred members of
3807-500: A pension which was worth that thousand pounds per year. He was later Ambassador to France , First Gentleman of the Bedchamber , and Groom of the Stole to the Duke of York . He was also chosen to arrange the marriage of Mary of Modena with the Duke of York. During this time, he also worked with his chaplain, “Mr Rans”, to produce a family history, Succinct Genealogies , published in 1685, under
3948-535: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem , where he made offerings at the Holy Sepulchre and at the Mount of Olives . Later he vowed to lead a crusade to "free Jerusalem from the infidel", but he died before this could be accomplished. The relationship between Henry and Richard had a second crisis. In 1398, a remark about Richard's rule by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk , was interpreted as treason by Henry, who reported it to
4089-512: A plot to kill King James at Drayton during this visit during a masque entertainment. Two Gunpowder Plot conspirators Ambrose Rookwood and Thomas Winter had been at Drayton on the day before King James arrived. Henry Mordaunt (1568–1610) is known to have concealed priests at Drayton, with the house retaining one priest hole, and was heavily suspected of involvement in the Gunpowder Plot of November 1605. Robert Keyes – sometimes quoted as
4230-521: A process of reform, including a review of the criteria used for listing buildings. A Review of Heritage Policy in 2006 was criticised, and the Government began a process of consultation on changes to Planning Policy Guidance 15 , relating to the principles of selection for listing buildings in England. The government's White Paper "Heritage Protection for the 21st Century", published on 8 March 2007, offered
4371-511: A provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 covering England and Wales, and the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947 covering Scotland. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972. The listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. The process of protecting the built historic environment (i.e. getting
Drayton House - Misplaced Pages Continue
4512-506: A reward for fighting for the Yorkist cause. For these allegiances, he would be prevented from attending parliament later that year, as Henry VI , from the House of Lancaster , had returned to the throne. Despite his father's loyalties, John's son Edward is often called a Lancastrian, by consequence of his support for Henry VII , fighting for him at the Battle of Blackheath and entertaining him at
4653-539: A single document, the National Planning Policy Framework . A consultation draft of this was published on 25 July 2011 and the final version on 27 March 2012. This became a material consideration in planning matters on publication. It has since been revised in 2018, 2019 and 2021. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission in England and Cadw in Wales list buildings under three grades, with Grade I being
4794-488: A son, Henry (1568–1610), who inherited the house on his death in 1601. From 3 August 1605, Henry entertained James VI and I and Anne of Denmark at Drayton for three days with musicians and singers. According to the queen's secretary, William Fowler , the guests included the Earls of Worcester , Devonshire , Northampton , Sussex , and Salisbury , and the Duke of Lennox . However, later there were rumours that there had been
4935-491: A stair turret to the solar, which extended slightly north of the hall, in its north-east corner. The kitchen was probably detached from the rest of the house, in the position of (if not remaining partially in the masonry of) the present kitchen. The house covered the current main courtyard, likely including rooms along the South wall, which retains bays from the early 14th century. Writing in a 1540 visit, John Leland believed most of
5076-607: A wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and structures. These include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. However, in 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in Dill v Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government and another that buildings in
5217-762: Is a power devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government . The authority for listing rests with Historic Environment Scotland (formerly Historic Scotland ), an executive agency of the Scottish Government, which inherited this role from the Scottish Development Department in 1991. The listing system is administered by Historic Environment Scotland on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to
5358-614: Is built of squared coursed limestone and limestone ashlar with lead and Collyweston stone slate roofs. In a 1770 inventory, the house contained two paintings of animals attributed to Francis Barlow . After passing to the Sackville family, two rooms were redecorated in the Adam style . Pevsner considered these to be the best examples of the style in Northamptonshire. A park has existed at Drayton since at least when Sir Simon de Drayton received
5499-461: Is conjectured that much of the East elevation had similar windows, before later alterations, when the mullioned windows were replaced with sash windows . Some of these replacement sashes were later returned to their original state. Despite having to compound for his estates, the 2nd Earl of Peterborough appears to have engaged Inigo Jones 's associate John Webb. There are two drawings of mantelpieces in
5640-517: Is highly likely that Henry deliberately associated himself with the martyr saint for reasons of political expediency, namely, the legitimisation of his dynasty after seizing the throne from Richard II . Significantly, at his coronation, he was anointed with holy oil that had reportedly been given to Becket by the Virgin Mary shortly before his death in 1170; this oil was placed inside a distinct eagle-shaped container of gold. According to one version of
5781-441: Is not unusual for historic sites, particularly large sites, to contain buildings with multiple, sometimes varying, designations. For example, Derwent Valley Mills , a World Heritage Site contains 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 listed at Grade I, 42 at Grade II* and 780 at Grade II. A further nine structures are Scheduled monuments . Many councils, for example, Birmingham City Council and Crawley Borough Council , maintain
Drayton House - Misplaced Pages Continue
5922-626: Is now known as the Blue Drawing Room , but the present mantelpiece is characteristic of the late 17th century, suggesting his plans for the room were not enacted. Given similarity to work he carried out at Thorpe , it is likely that he worked on most rooms in the north of the North wing, which contain doorcases in his style. A room of particular interest is the closet to the east of the State bedroom, which contains cut lacquer panels with scenes of people in
6063-542: Is possible but is rare. One example is Anmer Hall in Norfolk, which was listed in 1984 and de-listed in 1988. In an emergency, the local planning authority can serve a temporary " Building Preservation Notice " (BPN), if a building is in danger of demolition or alteration in such a way that might affect its historic character. This remains in force for six months until the Secretary of State decides whether or not to formally list
6204-465: Is preserved at the National Archives . The accepted date of the ceremony is 5 February 1381, at Mary's family home of Rochford Hall , Essex. The near-contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart reports a rumour that Mary's sister Eleanor de Bohun kidnapped Mary from Pleshey Castle and held her at Arundel Castle , where she was kept as a novice nun; Eleanor's intention was to control Mary's half of
6345-448: Is provided for some buildings in current use for worship, but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure. Owners of listed buildings are, in some circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained,
6486-534: The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) to deliver the government policy on the protection to historic buildings and other heritage assets. The decision about whether or not to list a building is made by the Secretary of State, although the process is administered in England by Historic England . The listed building system in Wales formerly also operated under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, as in England, until this
6627-521: The Glorious Revolution , he returned to England and was created Earl of Monmouth . Meanwhile, Henry (1623–1697) had become a suspect in the Popish Plot , and openly admitted to his religious conversion to Catholicism (persuaded by James II) in 1687. This led to his impeachment for high treason in 1688. Some sources state he was imprisoned for this, but released on bail in 1690. Others state that he
6768-741: The Lords Appellants ' rebellion against the king in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the other rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford . Henry spent all of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius (capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) by Teutonic Knights with 70 to 80 household knights. During this campaign, he bought captured Lithuanian women and children and took them back to Königsberg to be converted, even though Lithuanians had already been baptised by Polish priests for
6909-487: The Ottoman Empire . In 1406, English pirates captured the future James I of Scotland , aged eleven, off the coast of Flamborough Head as he was sailing to France. James was delivered to Henry IV and remained a prisoner until after the death of Henry's son, Henry V. The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious health problems. He had a disfiguring skin disease and, more seriously, suffered acute attacks of
7050-533: The Parliamentary army . John's son and successor, Henry (1623–1697), was only 17 when he inherited. This situation was exploited by his mother, who ensured that much of John's estate was left to her as jointure, in a settlement drawn up on his deathbed. This left Henry with "but a very small Estate to live upon when he became Earle [ sic ]," believing he had inherited only the Turvey estate. John executed
7191-615: The Royal Institute of British Architects and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings were dispatched to prepare the list under the supervision of the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments, with funding from the Treasury. The listings were used as a means to determine whether a particular building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing, with varying degrees of success. In Scotland,
SECTION 50
#17328701856077332-403: The dissolution of the monasteries , and so withdrew from court life to the house. His enemies reportedly encouraged King Henry to force him into an agreement much akin to, and as unfavourable as, the deal into which Thomas Cranmer had been forced over Knole . Henry died before they could realise their goal, and John lived through the turbulent times of Mary I and Edward VI , dying in 1561, in
7473-486: The manor of Drayton near Northampton, or it may have been awarded to his son, Aubrey de Vere II . Aubrey II was made Great Chamberlain by Henry I in 1133 and died in a riot in London in 1141. Whilst Aubrey III, his eldest son, eventually rose to become Earl of Oxford in 1156, Drayton passed to his younger son, Robert. Robert married twice, second to Maud de Furnell, mother of Henry, to whom Drayton passed on his death. In
7614-447: The "Erle [ sic ] lay sick", and "Moote"—proof of an extant moat in 1497. There were major late 16th-century alterations and additions under the 3rd Lord Mordaunt, who was described as a "Builder" by Halstead. A significant addition was the North wing, dated 1584, which includes an antiquarian cellar in its basement, similar plan but not stylistically to the older undercroft to its South. He also updated older areas, including
7755-558: The 2008 draft legislation was abandoned, Historic England (then part of English Heritage) published a single list of all designated heritage assets within England in 2011. The National Heritage List for England is an online searchable database which includes 400,000 English Listings, this includes individual listed buildings, groups of multiple listed buildings which share the same listing, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, protected historic wrecks and registered battlefields and World Heritage Sites in one place. The 400,000 in
7896-574: The 50-year backlog, although these were curtailed by his becoming Secretary of State for the Colonies and so no longer being able to reside at Drayton for long periods, being needed in London. He was made Viscount Sackville in 1782. Upon his death in 1785, his son, Charles , was still a minor. Charles would go on to inherit the Dorset Dukedom in 1815, when his cousin was killed in Ireland. However, he had
8037-586: The Bohun inheritance (or to allow her husband, Thomas, Duke of Gloucester , to control it). There Mary was persuaded to marry Henry. They had six children: Henry had four sons from his first marriage, which was undoubtedly a clinching factor in his acceptability for the throne. By contrast, Richard II had no children and Richard's heir-presumptive Edmund Mortimer was only seven years old. The only two of Henry's six children who produced legitimate children to survive to adulthood were Henry V and Blanche, whose son, Rupert,
8178-559: The Chapel Room—through which the gallery of the present chapel is reached—which retains panelling and an overmantel from the period, and the Oak Staircase. Otherwise, most of the interiors from this time have been lost, with wainscot from the period being reused haphazardly throughout the house's lesser rooms. Smaller external modifications were carried out to the West wing of the main courtyard, where windows from this period remain. It
8319-742: The DCLG published Planning Policy Statement 5 , "Planning for the Historic Environment". This replaced PPG15 and set out the government's national policies on the conservation of the historic environment in England. PPS5 was supported by a Practice Guide, endorsed by the DCLG, the DCMS, and English Heritage, which explained how to apply the policies stated in PPS5. In December 2010, the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that in England all PPSs and Planning Policy Guidance Notes would be replaced by
8460-521: The Duke's death in 1701. Nevertheless, she continued to use both the arms and style of "Duchess of Norfolk". On her death in 1705, the house passed to her new husband, not without dispute by her cousin Charles, who unsuccessfully tried to gain the house in the courts in both 1705 and 1710. Thus, there was hostility between Sir John and the Earl, which may have made its way into later descriptions of Sir John. Sir John
8601-645: The Firestone demolition, the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Heseltine , also initiated a complete re-survey of buildings to ensure that everything that merited preservation was on the lists. In England, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) works with Historic England (an agency of the DCMS), and other government departments, e.g. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) and
SECTION 60
#17328701856078742-464: The Government's Heritage Protection Reform (HPR) report in July 2003 by the DCMS, entitled "Protecting our historic environment: Making the system work better", asked questions about how the current designation systems could be improved. The HPR decision report "Review of Heritage Protection: The Way Forward", a green paper published in June 2004 by the DCMS, committed the UK government and English Heritage to
8883-622: The Great Men of that time, so as his Hospitality is to this day famous. The disparity between his lifestyle and situation required Lewis to sell both the FitzLewis estates of his mother and the Latimer estates of his great-grandmother. Lewis was also one of the judges present at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots at Fotheringhay , although sympathetic to Catholicism . Lewis married Elizabeth, granddaughter of Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy and had
9024-471: The Lollards. On this advice, Henry obtained from Parliament the enactment of De heretico comburendo in 1401, which prescribed the burning of heretics , an act done mainly to suppress the Lollard movement. In 1404 and 1410, Parliament suggested confiscating church land, in which both attempts failed to gain support. Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions, and assassination attempts. Henry's first major problem as monarch
9165-495: The Planning and Development Act 2000, although the statutory term in Ireland is " protected structure ". A listed building may not be demolished, extended, or altered without permission from the local planning authority, which typically consults the relevant central government agency. In England and Wales , a national amenity society must be notified of any work to be done on a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Exemption from secular listed building control
9306-643: The UK's architectural heritage; England alone has 14,500 listed places of worship (4,000 Grade I, 4,500 Grade II* and 6,000 Grade II) and 45% of all Grade I listed buildings are places of worship. Some of the listed churches are no longer in use; between 1969 and 2010, some 1,795 churches were closed by the Church of England , equalling roughly 11% of the stock, with about a third listed as Grade I or Grade II. The criteria for listing include architectural interest, historic interest and close historical associations with significant people or events. Buildings not individually noteworthy may still be listed if they form part of
9447-427: The architectural and historic interest. The Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether to list or delist the building. In England, the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 . Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England 'Heritage at Risk' Register . In 1980, there
9588-415: The body discreetly buried in the Dominican Priory at Kings Langley , Hertfordshire, where he remained until King Henry V brought the body back to London and buried it in the tomb that Richard had commissioned for himself in Westminster Abbey . Rebellions continued throughout the first 10 years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and
9729-450: The building. Until the passing of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 an application for a Certificate of Immunity from Listing (CoI) could only be made if planning permission was being sought or had been obtained in England. However, the changes brought about by the Act means that now anyone can ask the Secretary of State to issue a Certificate of Immunity in respect of a particular building at any time. In England and Wales,
9870-434: The death of his first wife, Henry married Joan, the daughter of Charles II of Navarre , at Winchester . She was the widow of John IV, Duke of Brittany (known in traditional English sources as John V), with whom she had 9 children; however, her marriage to King Henry produced no surviving children. In 1403, Joan of Navarre gave birth to stillborn twins fathered by King Henry IV, which was the last pregnancy of her life. Joan
10011-407: The decision to list a building may be made on the basis of the architectural or historic interest of one small part of the building, the listing protection nevertheless applies to the whole building. Listing applies not just to the exterior fabric of the building itself, but also to the interior, fixtures, fittings, and objects within the curtilage of the building even if they are not fixed. De-listing
10152-439: The deposed king's body as early as 17 February, there is no reason to believe that he did not die on 14 February, as several chronicles stated. It can be positively said that he did not suffer a violent death, for his skeleton, upon examination, bore no signs of violence; whether he did indeed starve himself or whether that starvation was forced upon him are matters for lively historical speculation. After his death, Richard's body
10293-437: The difference changed to a label of five points per pale ermine and France . Dukes (except Aquitaine ) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns. † =Killed in action; [REDACTED] =Executed See also Family tree of English monarchs Henry married Mary de Bohun (died 1394) at an unknown date, but her marriage licence, purchased by Henry's father John of Gaunt in June 1380,
10434-469: The early thirteenth century, after inheriting Drayton after his father's death in 1193-4, his son, Sir Walter de Vere, perhaps dropped the " de Vere " family name, and assumed the surname "Drayton", taken from the village, although this may also have been Walter's son, Henry. On Sir Walter's death in 1210-11, the house passed to Henry, later Sir Henry, and upon Sir Henry's death in 1253, to Sir Henry's thirty-year-old son, Baldwin, who died in 1278. Baldwin passed
10575-448: The end of the time of Sir Simon (the mid-14th century) there was almost certainly a house, similar in original layout to Penshurst , with a defensive wall and moat , still partly extant, around it. This moat may have used sluices, given the slope from north to south, and it is possible that the moat predated the house built at the time, on account of the angle of the western part of the South wall. The layout would have been centred around
10716-483: The estate passing instead to his brother (whose peerage was "of Reigate"). In addition, John seems to have been involved in their mother's concealing of their father's deeds from Henry. This resulted in litigation between the two brothers, which Henry (1623–1697) lost, and so he was left a thousand pounds per year less well off. Therefore, to increase funds, Henry (1623–1697) accepted the position of Governor of Tangier from 1661 to 1663, although he resigned it swiftly for
10857-549: The estate to his son John, who is held by some sources to have built the present "crypt" and died in 1291. Although still a minor 8 years after his father's death in 1299, Sir Simon de Drayton would go on to success, being member of parliament for Northamptonshire several times between 1320 and 1347, and likely began construction of the house present today in 1328, when he received a licence to crenellate . On his widow's death in 1359, it passed briefly to his son, John, before John quickly passed it to his son, Baldwin. However, it
10998-591: The example set by most of his recent predecessors, Henry and his second wife, Joan , were not buried at Westminster Abbey but at Canterbury Cathedral , on the north side of Trinity Chapel and directly adjacent to the shrine of St Thomas Becket . Becket's cult was then still thriving, as evidenced in the monastic accounts and in literary works such as The Canterbury Tales , and Henry seemed particularly devoted to it, or at least keen to be associated with it. The reasons for his interment in Canterbury are debatable, but it
11139-440: The family, the split between the two never having been resolved, than for his daughter's merits. Charles would dispute this descent for the next twenty years. Mary had been married to Henry, Earl of Arundel in 1677. Within seven years, he had succeeded as Duke of Norfolk . However, the marriage was not to last, and the Duke spent over half of his time in the marriage attempting to divorce Mary. It would seem that Mary quickly took
11280-412: The feats he may have performed. On his death in 1718, he passed the house on to his much younger second wife, who he married in 1706, Lady Elizabeth (Betty) Germain (née Berkeley) (1680–1769). Betty and Sir John had had three children, but all died in infancy. Thus, on his death bed, Sir John reportedly encouraged her to remarry—this time not to an old man—and secure an heir for the estate, and if this
11421-478: The first time since the Norman Conquest that the monarch made an address in English. In January 1400, Henry quashed the Epiphany Rising , a rebellion by Richard's supporters who plotted to assassinate him. Henry was forewarned and raised an army in London, at which the conspirators fled. They were apprehended and executed without trial. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with
11562-771: The four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England , Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland , Cadw in Wales , and the Historic Environment Division of the Department for Communities in Northern Ireland . The classification schemes differ between England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland (see sections below). The term has also been used in the Republic of Ireland , where buildings are protected under
11703-578: The gardens outside houses. Despite the dating of the drawings to 1653, it is unlikely that Webb carried out much work until after the Restoration , and it is unlikely he did any work at Drayton after the Glorious Revolution. The house underwent transformation during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, much in the rare English Baroque . There is a unique spiral cantilever oak staircase dating from around 1680 and an embroidered State Bed from 1700. It
11844-602: The highest grade, as follows: There was formerly a non-statutory Grade III , which was abolished in 1970. Additionally, Grades A, B and C were used mainly for Anglican churches in active use, loosely corresponding to Grades I, II and III. These grades were used mainly before 1977, although a few buildings are still listed using these grades. In 2010, listed buildings accounted for about 2% of English building stock. In March 2010, there were about 374,000 list entries, of which 92% were Grade II, 5.5% were Grade II* and 2.5% were Grade I. Places of worship are an important part of
11985-445: The house he saw to have been built by Henry Green (d. 1399). However, more modern authors have attributed the house's enlargement to this Henry's great-nephew, another Henry Green. Whilst little 15th century masonry remains prominent, John Alfred Gotch's survey of the house identified significant areas from that period. Important examples include the house's two characteristic towers, the hall's north porch , and two further projections to
12126-484: The house in 1498. Returning ill from Blackheath, Edward was without heirs, and it would seem he was initially keen for his wife, Margaret, daughter of the Lord Lisle , to have Drayton for life. However, Margaret was not happy with this will, wanting the manor of Warminster . It would seem that Edward thenceforth wished the Earl of Shrewsbury , a cousin, to have Drayton, not wanting his other cousins, women and descendants of
12267-453: The house is generally held to have been begun in 1328. There have been changes to the house in each century since, including works recorded by John Webb , Isaac Rowe , William Talman , Jean Tijou , Tilleman Bobart , Henry Wise , Gerard Lanscroon , John Van Nost , William Rhodes , Alexander Roos , George Devey and John Alfred Gotch . It sits in a park of about 200 acres known as Drayton Park. It has passed only by inheritance since it
12408-477: The insurrection. Ultimately, the rebellion came to nought. Lyvet was released and Clark thrown into the Tower of London . Early in his reign, Henry hosted the visit of Manuel II Palaiologos , the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, from December 1400 to February 1401 at Eltham Palace , with a joust being given in his honour. Henry also sent monetary support with Manuel upon his departure to aid him against
12549-411: The keeper of his Turvey house, and other times as the husband of the governess of Henry's children – was a key conspirator and hid at Drayton after the plot's demise. For his involvement, Henry Mordaunt was fined £666 13s 4d and imprisoned in the Tower , with some sources even reporting that he died there in 1608. Either way, he died before his successor and son, John (1599–1643), was of maturity. John
12690-579: The king. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honour (called by Richard) at Gosford Green near Caludon Castle , Mowbray's home in Coventry . Yet before the duel could take place, Richard decided to banish Henry from the kingdom (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt), although it is unknown where he spent his exile, to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray was exiled for life. John of Gaunt died in February 1399. Without explanation, Richard cancelled
12831-474: The last Welsh Prince of Wales, and the English knight Henry Percy (Hotspur) , who was killed in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403. Henry IV had six children from his first marriage to Mary de Bohun , while his second marriage to Joan of Navarre produced no surviving children. Henry and Mary's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , assumed the reins of government in 1410 as the king's health worsened. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son succeeded him as Henry V . Henry
12972-551: The late 19th century the Park was the host location for an early Victorian era tennis tournament called North Northamptonshire LTC Tournament organised by North Northamptonshire Lawn Tennis Club that was held between 1880 and 1883. The park, known as Drayton Park, now stretches to about 200 acres, and has been described as "vast". The house and gardens were used as the titular estate in Emerald Fennell 's 2023 film Saltburn . Since
13113-512: The lease. This was not the case for his brother, John (1627–1675), who continued in his convictions and was saved by a single vote from execution for his role in the 1658 conspiracy. This resulted in John's (1627–1675) elevation to the peerage as Viscount Mordaunt of Avalon and Baron Mordaunt of Reigate in 1659. Despite Henry's (1623–1697) position as elder son, on his mother's death in 1671, he did not gain her Reigate estates as he had expected to,
13254-522: The legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask Richard for the lands. After some hesitation, Henry met the exiled Thomas Arundel , former archbishop of Canterbury , who had lost his position because of his involvement with the Lords Appellant . Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began
13395-410: The listing should not be confused with the actual number of listed buildings, which will be much larger than the listing, because a listing can include more than one building that share the same listing number. The legislative frameworks for each type of historic asset remains unchanged. A photographic library of English listed buildings was started in 1999 as a snapshot of buildings listed at the turn of
13536-531: The management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (i.e., not DCMS, which originally listed the building). There is a general principle that listed buildings are put to 'appropriate and viable use' and recognition that this may involve the re-use and modification of the building. However, listed buildings cannot be modified without first obtaining Listed Building Consent through
13677-492: The members, especially over ecclesiastical matters. In January 1401, Arundel convened a convocation at St. Paul's cathedral to address Lollardy . Henry dispatched a group to implore the clergy to address the heresies that were causing turmoil in England and confusion among Christians, and to impose penalties on those responsible. A short time later the convocation along with the House of Commons petitioned Henry to take action against
13818-622: The millennium. This is not an up-to-date record of all listed buildings in England – the listing status and descriptions are only correct as at February 2001. The photographs were taken between 1999 and 2008. It is maintained by the Historic England archive at the Images of England project website. The National Heritage List for England contains the up-to-date list of listed buildings. Henry IV of England Henry IV ( c. April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry Bolingbroke ,
13959-470: The next two decades. It is now owned by his son, Charles Lionel Stopford Sackville. Although most commonly held to have been begun by Sir Simon de Drayton upon gaining a licence to crenellate in 1328, some have also claimed that the undercroft to the original solar of the house predates this and is from the reign of Edward I . If this were true, then the earliest parts of the current house would have been built by Sir Simon's father, Sir John. Regardless, by
14100-486: The north, currently housing the Stone and Oak Stairs. The space between the porch and these projections was later filled in. Many of the later medieval alterations are believed to have been at the behest of the 2nd Earl of Wiltshire. Through the evidence from witnesses involved in the inheritance dispute following the Earl's death, the presence of a " Chapell [ sic ] chamber", " Great Chamber ", "high Chamber" where
14241-402: The original Sir Walter de Drayton, to inherit. However, Sir John Mordaunt (d. 1506), the serjeant-at-law present at Wiltshire's death, had obtained the wardship of the female cousins, and wished for the eldest, Elizabeth, to marry his son, John (d. 1562). Thus, John (d. 1506) seems to have ensured that Wiltshire's will was in his son's favour. Nonetheless, from Edward's death in 1499, there
14382-660: The owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques. Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings, other structures such as bridges, monuments, sculptures, war memorials, milestones and mileposts , and the Abbey Road zebra crossing made famous by the Beatles , are also listed. Ancient, military, and uninhabited structures, such as Stonehenge , are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and are protected by separate legislation. Cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently "listed" on
14523-560: The process slightly predated the war with the Marquess of Bute (in his connections to the National Trust for Scotland ) commissioning the architect Ian Lindsay in September 1936 to survey 103 towns and villages based on an Amsterdam model using three categories (A, B and C). The basis of the current more comprehensive listing process was developed from the wartime system. It was enacted by
14664-462: The pseudonym "Halstead". Some sources hold that a "Robert Halstead" was indeed his chaplain at this time. By this time, his nephew Charles had succeeded John (1627–1675) as Viscount Mordaunt . A Whig , Charles was suspected in the Rye House Plot , moving to Holland , reportedly being the first person to encourage William of Orange "to undertake the business of England." Through the success of
14805-408: The rebellions led by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland , from 1403. The first Percy rebellion ended in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 with the death of the earl's son Henry , a renowned military figure known as "Hotspur" for his speed in advance and readiness to attack. Also in this battle, Henry IV's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , later King Henry V, was wounded by an arrow in his face. He
14946-406: The reign of Elizabeth I . His son, John (d. 1571), therefore inherited the house and the title, becoming 2nd Baron Mordaunt. However, he only enjoyed the house for 9 years, before passing it to his son, Lewis (1538–1601). Lewis, whilst not a member of the court, lived in opulence and greatly altered and enlarged Drayton. He lived indeed in much magnificence and in a port that was a pattern for
15087-581: The release of the film, due largely to a popular video on the social media app TikTok , the home has been "plagued by trespassers and influencers" according to the owner. It was also used as a location in Steven Knight 's 2024 miniseries The Veil . Listed building#Grade I In the United Kingdom , a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of
15228-531: The relevant local planning authority. In Wales, applications are made using a form obtained from the relevant local authority. There is no provision for consent to be granted in outline. When a local authority is disposed to grant listed building consent, it must first notify the Welsh Parliament ( i.e. Cadw ) of the application. If the planning authority decides to refuse consent, it may do so without any reference to Cadw. Carrying out unauthorised works to
15369-551: The responsibility for the listing process rests with the Historic Environment Division of the Department for Communities , which took over the built heritage functions of the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (formerly the Environment and Heritage Service) following the break up of the Department of the Environment. Following the introduction of listing, an initial survey of Northern Ireland's building stock
15510-513: The rest of the UK: the first provision for listing was contained in the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972; and the current legislative basis for listing is the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991. Under Article 42 of the Order, the relevant Department of the Northern Ireland Executive is required to compile lists of buildings of "special architectural or historic interest". Since 2016,
15651-422: The same thing in the 15th century as it does to modern medicine), perhaps psoriasis , or a different disease. The acute attacks have been given a wide range of explanations, from epilepsy to a form of cardiovascular disease. Some medieval writers felt that he was struck with leprosy as a punishment for his treatment of Richard le Scrope , Archbishop of York , who was executed in June 1405 on Henry's orders after
15792-451: The scheme must meet certain criteria – "a three-fold test which involved considering size, permanence and degree of physical attachment" – referred to as the Skerritts test in reference to a previous legal case in England. Both Historic Environment Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners. In England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to
15933-413: The secretary of state; this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England . The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed. Full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on
16074-450: The tale, the oil had then passed to Henry's maternal grandfather, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster. Proof of Henry's deliberate connection to Becket lies partially in the structure of the tomb itself. The wooden panel at the western end of his tomb bears a painting of the martyrdom of Becket, and the tester, or wooden canopy, above the tomb is painted with Henry's personal motto, 'Soverayne', alternated by crowned golden eagles. Likewise,
16215-401: The three large coats of arms that dominate the tester painting are surrounded by collars of SS, a golden eagle enclosed in each tiret. The presence of such eagle motifs points directly to Henry's coronation oil and his ideological association with Becket. Sometime after Henry's death, an imposing tomb was built for him and his queen, probably commissioned and paid for by Queen Joan herself. Atop
16356-451: The tomb chest lie detailed alabaster effigies of Henry and Joan, crowned and dressed in their ceremonial robes. Henry's body was evidently well embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established, allowing historians to state with reasonable certainty that the effigies do represent accurate portraiture. Before his father's death in 1399, Henry bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of five points ermine . After his father's death,
16497-540: The villages of England, in the last year of Henry's reign, declaring that Richard was residing at the Scottish Court, awaiting only a signal from his friends to repair to London and recover his throne." A suitable-looking impostor was found and King Richard's old groom circulated word in the city that his master was alive in Scotland. "Southwark was incited to insurrection" by Sir Elias Lyvet ( Levett ) and his associate Thomas Clark, who promised Scottish aid in carrying out
16638-410: The war. Therefore, the house passed to his youngest nephew, Nigel Victor Stopford-Sackville, who would go on to be an officer in the army and write a "short historical account of ownership, architecture, and contents" of the house. Nigel's son, Lionel Geoffrey Stopford Sackville, inherited the house on his father's death in 1972 and moved to live at Drayton in 1973, commencing a series of restorations over
16779-471: Was High Sheriff through the Wars of the Roses , reportedly acting impartially and thus saving his landholdings—at that time "one of the most considerable Estates ... in the possession of any Gentlemen in the Kingdom of England". Upon his death in 1467, he passed the house, via his only child Constance, to John Stafford , a son of the Duke of Buckingham . John Stafford would become Earl of Wiltshire in 1470,
16920-444: Was King of England from 1399 to 1413. Henry was the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (a son of King Edward III ), and Blanche of Lancaster . Henry was involved in the 1388 revolt of Lords Appellant against Richard II , his first cousin, but he was not punished. However, he was exiled from court in 1398. After Henry's father died in 1399, Richard blocked Henry's inheritance of his father's lands. That year, Henry rallied
17061-580: Was Gaunt's daughter with his second wife, Constance of Castile . Henry also had four half-siblings born of Katherine Swynford , originally his sisters' governess, then his father's longstanding mistress and later third wife. These illegitimate (although later legitimized) children were given the surname Beaufort from their birthplace at the Château de Beaufort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes , France. Henry's relationship with his stepmother Katherine Swynford
17202-467: Was a 16-year-long period during which the heir to the house was disputed, before being resolved to in John Mordaunt's (d. 1562) favour. The Mordaunts were originally from Turvey , Bedfordshire . Upon Elizabeth Mordaunt (née Vere) inheriting in 1515, John Mordaunt (d. 1506) had already died, and his son John (d. 1562) already had an heir, himself also called John. It has been suggested that Henry VIII
17343-525: Was a soldier and prominent member of the court of William III . His mother was herself "very handsome" and was supposedly the wife of a private soldier in William II, Prince of Orange 's Life Guards. However, she was rumoured to be a mistress of William II, so making Sir John the illegitimate half-brother of William III. Some saw William III's positive attitude towards Sir John as further evidence of this, especially when considering his personality; Horace Walpole,
17484-486: Was amicable, but his relationship with the Beauforts varied. In his youth, he seems to have been close to all of them, but rivalries with Henry and Thomas Beaufort caused trouble after 1406. Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville , married Henry's half-sister Joan Beaufort . Neville remained one of his strongest supporters, and so did his eldest half-brother John Beaufort , even though Henry revoked Richard II's grant to John of
17625-564: Was begun in 1974. By the time of the completion of this First Survey in 1994, the listing process had developed considerably, and it was therefore decided to embark upon a Second Survey, which is still ongoing, to update and cross-check the original information. Information gathered during this survey, relating to both listed and unlisted buildings, is entered into the publicly accessible Northern Ireland Buildings Database. A range of listing criteria, which aim to define architectural and historic interest, are used to determine whether or not to list
17766-620: Was born at Bolingbroke Castle , in Lincolnshire , to John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster . His epithet "Bolingbroke" was derived from his birthplace. Gaunt was the third son of King Edward III . Blanche was the daughter of the wealthy royal politician and nobleman Henry, Duke of Lancaster . Gaunt enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his own nephew, King Richard II . Henry's elder sisters were Philippa, Queen of Portugal , and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter . His younger half-sister Katherine, Queen of Castile ,
17907-471: Was cared for by royal physician John Bradmore . Despite this, the Battle of Shrewsbury was a royalist victory. Monmouth's military ability contributed to the king's victory (though Monmouth seized much effective power from his father in 1410). In the last year of Henry's reign, the rebellions picked up speed. "The old fable of a living Richard was revived", notes one account, "and emissaries from Scotland traversed
18048-434: Was described in a later family genealogy as "the delight and hopes of his old father". The second Henry was a favourite of Richard II , consequently being executed in 1399 for his support for Richard by Henry Bolingbroke , later King of England. Nonetheless, soon after his father's beheading, Ralph Green was returned to his father's estates, including Drayton. It eventually passed to Ralph's nephew, another Henry Green, who
18189-455: Was involved in ending the dispute favourably for John (d. 1562), given their amicable early relationship. Indeed, John (d.1562) rose to the Privy Council , was created Lord Mordaunt in 1532, and had managed to cheaply purchase the marriage of Ella Fitzlewis, who had a large fortune, from the King for his son. However, this good relationship was not to last, as he grew increasingly unhappy with
18330-512: Was just confined to his home until his death in 1697. After Henry's death, the Peterborough Earldom and older Mordaunt Barony split due to different remainders . Henry had ensured that the Drayton would pass with the barony to Mary Howard (née Mordaunt) , Duchess of Norfolk , instead of with the earldom to his nephew, Charles. It would seem this was more out of spite for the Reigate side of
18471-510: Was last sold in 1361, although this was itself an arrangement within extended family who had been there for nearly 300 years already. It is currently owned by the Stopford Sackville family and has been open by prior written appointment. Aubrey de Vere I participated in the Norman conquest of England and after Geoffrey de Montbray , Bishop of Coutances, forfeited it, he may have been awarded
18612-562: Was not possible, to pass it on to a younger son of his "Friend, the Duchess of Dorset ." Betty maintained the house as Sir John had left it and did not remarry. She was often at Knole , the Kent country house of the Dukes of Dorset , and the Dorsets similarly visited her frequently, too, with her spending every summer after her husband's death at Drayton. Indeed, Lord George Sackville (1716–1785) went straight to Drayton after his wedding to visit Betty,
18753-486: Was public outcry at the sudden destruction of the art deco Firestone Tyre Factory ( Wallis, Gilbert and Partners , 1928–29). It was demolished over the August bank holiday weekend by its owners Trafalgar House , who had been told that it was likely to be 'spot-listed' a few days later. In response, the government undertook to review arrangements for listing buildings in order to protect worthy ones from such demolition. After
18894-471: Was put on public display in the Old St Paul's Cathedral , both to prove to his supporters that he was truly dead and also to prove that he had not suffered a violent death. This did not stop rumours from circulating for years after that he was still alive and waiting to take back his throne, and that the body displayed was that of Richard's chaplain, a priest named Maudelain, who greatly resembled him. Henry had
19035-500: Was replaced in 2024 with Wales-specific heritage legislation. In Wales, the authority for listing is granted to the Welsh Ministers by section 76 of the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2023, although the listing system is in practice administered by Cadw . There have been several attempts to simplify the heritage planning process for listed buildings in England. As of 2021, few changes had been implemented. The review process
19176-401: Was soon purchased by Sir Henry Green in 1361 or 1362. This purchase was a somewhat obscure arrangement in which Sir Henry's second son, also Henry , would have the estate instead of John's son, who was Sir Henry's nephew through his wife, Katherine. The first Sir Henry Green, of Boughton , was Chief Justice between 1361 and 1365. On his death in 1370, Drayton passed to his younger son, who
19317-506: Was started in February 2000 by Alan Howarth , then minister at the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The outcome was the paper "Power of Place" in December 2000, followed by the subsequent policy document "The Historic Environment: A Force for Our Future", published by the DCMS and the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DTLR) in December 2001. The launch of
19458-565: Was taken from Catholic relations and raised by George Abbot , Archbishop of Canterbury , from 1611. Well regarded, he was called "the Star of the University" whilst at Oxford , and thus he caught James I 's eye, so meaning he was relieved from the remaining £10,000 fine placed on his father. However, soon the King met George Villiers , and all chance at being royal favourite was lost. He remained on good terms with Charles, then Prince of Wales , playing
19599-644: Was that the existing registers of buildings, parks and gardens, archaeology and battlefields, maritime wrecks, and World Heritage Sites be merged into a single online register that will "explain what is special and why". English Heritage would become directly responsible for identifying historic assets in England and there would be wider consultation with the public and asset owners, and new rights of appeal. There would have been streamlined systems for granting consent for work on historic assets. After several years of consultation with heritage groups, charities, local planning authorities, and English Heritage, in March 2010,
19740-700: Was the heir to the Electorate of the Palatinate until his death at 20. All three of his other sons produced illegitimate children. Henry IV's male Lancaster line ended in 1471 during the War of the Roses , between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, with the deaths of his grandson Henry VI and Henry VI's son Edward, Prince of Wales . Mary de Bohun died giving birth to her daughter Philippa in 1394. On 7 February 1403, nine years after
19881-470: Was what to do with the deposed Richard. After the early assassination plot was foiled in January 1400, Richard died in prison aged 33, probably of starvation on Henry's order. Some chroniclers claimed that the despondent Richard had starved himself, which would not have been out of place with what is known of Richard's character. Though council records indicate that provisions were made for the transportation of
#606393