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46-407: The Dragon Li displays a golden-brown, broken-mackerel (also known as broken-striped) tabby pattern; distinctive ear tipping; large round almond shaped luminescent yellow/green eyes; and a strong full bodied stature reminiscent of its wild nature. The Chinese character interpretation is based on a legendary description rather than a fully accurate contemporary portrayal of the lí hua māo , and as

92-464: A daknam (pet name) which is the name used by family and friends and a bhalonam which is their formal name. In England, some nicknames are traditionally associated with a person's surname. A man with the surname 'Clark' will be nicknamed 'Nobby': the surname 'Miller' will have the nickname 'Dusty' (alluding to the flour dust of a miller at work): the surname 'Adams' has the nickname 'Nabby'. There are several other nicknames linked traditionally with

138-436: A cat with a striped coat began in the 1690s, and was shortened to tabby in 1774. The notion that tabby indicates a female cat may be due to the feminine proper name Tabby as a nickname of " Tabitha ". The four known distinct patterns, each having a sound genetic explanation, are the mackerel, classic, ticked, and spotted tabby patterns. A fifth pattern is formed by any of the four basic patterns being included as part of

184-436: A community, promote civic pride, and build community unity. Titles and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth" are also believed to have economic value. Their economic value is difficult to measure, but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans. By contrast, older city nicknames may be critical: London

230-403: A few orange spots on the back of a white cat to a completely orange coloring with no white at all. The orange areas can be darker or lighter spots or stripes, but the white is nearly always solid and usually appears on the underbelly, paws, chest, and muzzle. The face markings are reminiscent of the mackerel or classic tabby and, with orange/white, inclusion of a white spot on the face that covers

276-475: A light-colored "butterfly" pattern on the shoulders and three thin stripes (the center stripe being the darkest) running along the spine. The legs, tail, and cheeks of a classic tabby have thick stripes, bands, and/or bars. The gene responsible for the coloring of a classic tabby is recessive . Many American shorthair cats demonstrate this pattern. The ticked tabby pattern is due to even fields of agouti hairs, each with distinct bands of colour, which break up

322-499: A link between a cat's behavior and its coat pattern; however, it suggested that any differences were just how they were being perceived, i.e. people perceive orange cats as "friendly" and white cats as "shy", and then look for confirmation of these perceptions. Since the tabby pattern is a common wild type, it might be assumed that medieval cats were tabbies. However, one writer believed this to be untrue, at least in England. Sometime after

368-510: A patched pattern. A patched tabby is a cat with calico or tortoiseshell markings combined with patches of tabby coat (such cats are called caliby and torbie, respectively, in cat fancy ). All five patterns have been observed in random-bred populations. Several additional patterns are found in specific breeds and so are not as well known. For example, a modified classic tabby is found in the Sokoke breed. Some of these rarer patterns are because of

414-403: A person and they are not always chosen by the recipient themselves. Some nicknames are derogatory name calls . A nickname can be a shortened or modified variation on a person's real name. A nickname may refer to the relationship with the person. This is a term of endearment . Many geographical places have titles, or alternative names, which have positive implications. Paris , for example,

460-439: A person's physical characteristics, such as 'Lofty' for a short person, 'Curly' for a bald man, or 'Bluey' for a redhead. In Chinese culture, nicknames are frequently used within a community among relatives, friends, and neighbours. A typical southern Chinese nickname often begins with a "阿" followed by another character, usually the last character of the person's given name. For example, Taiwanese politician Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁)

506-488: A person's surname, including Chalky White, Bunny Warren, Tug Wilson, and Spud Baker. Other English nicknames allude to a person's origins. A Scotsman may be nicknamed 'Jock', an Irishman 'Paddy' (alluding to Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland) or 'Mick' (alluding to the preponderance of Roman Catholicism in Ireland), and a Welshman may be nicknamed 'Taffy' (from Welsh Dafydd , David). Some nicknames referred ironically to

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552-533: A result, this cat had been confused with the wild fox by the Chinese. For this reason, the literal translated characters for lí hua māo read as 貍 referred as ' Common raccoon dog '; 花 from 花纹 for 'pattern', referring to raccoon patterns; and 貓 'cat'. Li hua mao is the prevalent name for the original variety in China. More recently, the names Chinese Li Hua and Dragon Li have been used internationally for

598-417: A ring or concentric stripes on its sides. The ticked tabby pattern is a result of a different allele at the same gene locus as the mackerel and classic tabby patterns and this allele is dominant over the others. So a T T genotype as well as T T and T T genotypes will be ticked tabbies. The ticked tabby coat essentially masks any other tabby pattern, producing a non-patterned, or agouti tabby (much like

644-399: Is any domestic cat ( Felis catus ) with a distinctive M-shaped marking on its forehead, stripes by its eyes and across its cheeks, along its back, around its legs and tail, and characteristic striped, dotted, lined, flecked, banded, or swirled patterns on the body: neck, shoulders, sides, flanks, chest, and abdomen. The four known distinct patterns, each having a sound genetic explanation, are

690-496: Is distinct from a pseudonym , stage name , or title , although the concepts can overlap. The compound word ekename , literally meaning "additional name", was attested as early as 1303. This word was derived from the Old English word eac , meaning "also", related to eacian , meaning "to increase". By the 15th century, the misdivision of the syllables of the phrase "an ekename" led to its rephrasing as "a nekename". Though

736-460: Is generally omitted, especially in speech. Like English, German uses (German-style) quotation marks between the first and last names (e.g., Andreas Nikolaus “Niki“ Lauda ). Other languages may use other conventions; for example, Italian writes the nickname after the full name followed by detto "called" (e.g., Salvatore Schillaci detto Totò ), in Spanish the nickname is written in formal contexts at

782-399: Is most easily distinguishable under bright light in the early stages of kittenhood and on the tail in adulthood. However, the agouti gene primarily controls the production of black pigment, so a cat with an O allele for orange color will still express the tabby pattern. As a result, both red cats and the patches of red on tortoiseshell cats will always show tabby patterning, though sometimes

828-414: Is possible for them to have the O (orange) allele on one X chromosome and o (black) on the other. This causes both colors to appear in random patches, either with or without the tabby pattern. When paired with the tabby pattern, these cats are known as torbie cats . If there is also white spotting , the cat is known as a caliby (US English). Two distinct gene loci, the agouti gene locus (two alleles) and

874-434: Is sometimes referred as "阿扁" (A-Bian). In many Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, nicknames may also connote one's occupation or status. For example, the landlord might be known simply as Towkay ( simplified Chinese : 头家 ; traditional Chinese : 頭家 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : thâu-ke ) Hokkien for "boss") to his tenants or workers while a bread seller would be called "Mianbao Shu" 面包叔 (literally, Uncle Bread). In

920-550: Is still occasionally referred to as "The Smoke" in memory of its notorious "pea-souper" smogs (smoke-filled fogs) of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and Edinburgh was "Auld Reekie" for the same reason, as countless coal fires polluted its atmosphere. Besides or replacing the demonym , some places have collective nicknames for their inhabitants. Many examples of this practice are found in Wallonia and in Belgium in general, where such

966-465: Is the "City of Light", Rome is the "Eternal City", Venice is "La Serenissima", and New Jersey is the "Garden State". These alternative names are often used to boost the status of such places, contrary to the usual role of a nickname. Many places or communities, particularly in the US, adopt titles because they can help in establishing a civic identity, help outsiders recognize a community or attract people to

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1012-598: The Arabic term عتابية / ʿattābiyya . This word is a reference to the Attabiya district of Baghdad , noted for its striped cloth and silk; itself named after the Umayyad governor of Mecca Attab ibn Asid . Such silk cloth became popular in the Muslim world and spread to England, where the word "tabby" became commonly used in the 17th and 18th centuries. Use of the term tabby cat for

1058-664: The European wildcat ( Felis silvestris ), and the Asiatic wildcat ( Felis lybica ornata ), all of which have similar coats, both by pattern and coloration. One genetic study of domestic cats found at least five founders. The English term tabby originally referred to "striped silk taffeta ", from the French word tabis , meaning "a rich watered silk ". This can be further traced to the Middle French atabis (14th century), which stemmed from

1104-474: The T allele; it 'breaks' the lines and thin stripes of a mackerel tabby, creating spots. The spotted gene has a dominant and a recessive allele as well, which means a spotted cat will have an Sp Sp or Sp sp genotype along with at least one T allele and at least one A allele at those alleles’ respective loci. Personality and aggression vary widely from cat to cat, and is multifactorial. A 2015 study from University of California, Davis sought to examine

1150-572: The United States as of 2017. In 2005, a male specimen named Needy, presented by its owner Da Han, was shown and won its class as first place CAA champion. The event was judged by John Douglas Blackmore of the ACFA. Needy was then "married" to a breeding partner in an elaborate mockup of a traditional Chinese wedding ceremony, attracting some press coverage. In February 2010, the Li Hua was accepted for showing in

1196-424: The context of information technology, nickname is a common synonym for the screen name or handle of a user . In computer networks it has become a common practice for every person to also have one or more nicknames for pseudonymity , to avoid ambiguity , or simply because the natural name or technical address would be too long to type or take too much space on the screen . Nicknames are usually applied to

1242-697: The end in quotes following alias (e.g. Alfonso Tostado, alias «el Abulense» ), in Portuguese the nickname is written after the full name followed by vulgo or between parenthesis (e.g. Edson Arantes do Nascimento, vulgo Pelé / Edson Arantes do Nascimento (Pelé)) and Slovenian represents nicknames after a dash or hyphen (e.g., Franc Rozman – Stane ). The latter may cause confusion because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for married and maiden names . In Viking societies, many people had heiti , viðrnefni , or kenningarnöfn (Old Norse terms for nicknames) which were used in addition to, or instead of,

1288-535: The first name. In some circumstances, the giving of a nickname had a special status in Viking society in that it created a relationship between the name maker and the recipient of the nickname, to the extent that the creation of a nickname also often entailed a formal ceremony and an exchange of gifts known in Old Norse as nafnfestr ('fastening a name'). In Bengali society, for example, people will often have two names:

1334-421: The forehead, along with dark lines from the corners of the eyes, one or more crossing each cheek, and of course many stripes and lines at various angles on the neck and shoulder area, on the flanks, and around the legs and tail, marks which are more or less perpendicular to the length of the body part. Mackerel tabbies are also called 'fishbone tabbies,' probably doubly named after the mackerel fish. Mackerels are

1380-466: The interaction of wild and domestic genes, as with the rosette and marbled patterns found in the Bengal breed. The mackerel, or striped, tabby pattern is made up of thin vertical, gently curving stripes on the sides of the body. These stripes can be continuous or broken into bars and short segments/spots, especially on the flanks and stomach. Three or five vertical lines in an "M" shape almost always appear on

1426-454: The mackerel, classic or blotched, ticked, and spotted tabby patterns. "Tabby" is not a breed of cat but a coat pattern found in many cat breeds. It is very common amongst non-pedigree cats around the world. The tabby pattern occurs naturally and is connected both to the coat of the domestic cat's direct ancestor and to those of its close relatives: the African wildcat ( Felis lybica lybica ),

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1472-553: The mid-17th century, the natural philosopher John Aubrey noted that William Laud , the Archbishop of Canterbury was "a great lover of Cats" and "was presented with some Cyprus -cats, i.e. our Tabby-Cats". He then claimed that "I doe well remember that the common English Catt, was white with some blueish piednesse [i.e. with grey parts]. The race or breed of them is now almost lost." However, most drawings or paintings of cats in medieval manuscripts do show them to be tabbies. Due to

1518-530: The miscellaneous class by the international (US-based) Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA). Since gaining international recognition, and due in part to its limited availability, the Dragon Li / Chinese Li Hua has now become of interest to cat fanciers internationally. The Chinese literary legend " The Cat for Crown Prince Conspiracy " ( 狸貓換太子 Lí Māo Huàn Tài Zĭ ) utilizes a lí hua māo as its central theme. Tabby A tabby cat , or simply tabby ,

1564-536: The most common among tabbies. The classic tabby, also known as blotched tabby, has the 'M' pattern on the forehead but, rather than primarily thin stripes or spots, the body markings are thick curving bands in whorls or a swirled pattern, with a distinctive mark on each side of the body resembling a bullseye. 80% of modern-day cats have the recessive allele responsible for the classic pattern. Black tabbies generally have dark browns, olives, and ochres that stand out more against their black colors. Classic tabbies each have

1610-423: The most common spotted tabby looks most similar to the mackerel tabby, including the classic marks on the limbs, tail, and head, as well as the 'M' on the forehead. The orange tabby, also commonly called red or ginger tabby, is a color-variant of the above patterns, having pheomelanin (O allele ) instead of eumelanin (o allele). Though generally a mix of orange and white, the ratio between fur color varies, from

1656-580: The mouth, coming to a point around the forehead. Because a masking gene is present on white fur, its inclusion is often asymmetrical , leading to more or less white fur on each paw or side of the face. Roughly 75% of ginger cats are male. Male cats with the gene for orange can be either X°Y ginger or X-Y black or non-ginger tabby. Females with the gene have three possibilities: X-X- black or non-ginger tabby, X°X° ginger, and X-X° tortoiseshell, thus male cats cannot be tortoiseshell unless they have two X chromosomes . Since female cats have two X chromosomes, it

1702-416: The pattern being expressed by both pure and mixed-breed cats, a large number of famous cats fall into the "tabby" category. A few of the most notable examples include: Nickname A nickname , in some circumstances also known as a sobriquet , is an informal substitute for the proper name of a person, place, or thing, used to express affection, playfulness, contempt, or a particular character trait. It

1748-995: The relationship between coat color and behavior in cats. Researchers ran statistical analyses from 1,274 online surveys completed by cat owners. The owners were asked to rank the cats' aggressiveness during interactions with human aggression, handling aggression, and veterinary aggression. The study concluded that, though aggressive behaviors did show up in different levels between different coats, these were relatively minor. The larger differences in aggression seemed to researchers to be sex-linked, rather than related to any coat pattern or coloring: With all coat colors combined, females were identified by their guardians as more aggressive during veterinary visits compared with males ( X² = 10.36, p = .001). Analyses showed that gray-and-white and black/brown/gray tabby females were more aggressive than their male counterparts at veterinarians’ offices ( X² = 9.28, p = .002, and X² = 5.00, p = .025, respectively). A similar study also reported no evidence of

1794-487: The spelling has changed, the meaning of the word has remained relatively stable ever since. English nicknames are generally represented in quotes between the bearer's first and last names (e.g., Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower and Daniel Lamont "Bubba" Franks ). It is also common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text, such as in an obituary (e.g., Frankie Frisch, "The Fordham Flash" ). Any middle name

1840-508: The spotted tabby results from a modifier gene that breaks up the mackerel tabby pattern and causes the stripes to appear as spots. Similarly, the classic tabby pattern may be broken by the spotted tabby gene into large spots. One can see both large and small spot patterns in the Australian Mist , Bengal , Serengeti , Savannah , Egyptian Mau , Arabian Mau , Maine Coon , and Ocicat breeds, among others, as well as some crosses. Naturally,

1886-685: The standardized breed. The dragon is a potent symbol in Chinese folklore, standing for power and good luck. The Dragon Li debuted as an experimental-class standardized breed in Beijing, China, in January 2004 All-breed Judges Dolores Kennedy and Barb Belanger of the American Cat Fanciers Association (ACFA) were guests of the Cat Aficionado Association (CAA) and judged the event. There were four of these pedigreed Dragon Li in

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1932-419: The stripes are muted—especially in cream and blue/cream cats due to the pigment dilution. The mackerel pattern and its T allele at the tabby gene locus is dominant over the classic (or blotched) allele, T . So a cat with a T T or T T genotype sets the basic pattern of thin stripes (mackerel tabby) that underlies the coat, while a T T cat will express a classic tabby coat pattern with thick bands and

1978-402: The tabby locus (three alleles), and one modifier, spotted (two alleles), cause the four basic tabby patterns. The fifth pattern is emergent, being expressed by female cats with one black and one orange gene on each of their two X chromosomes, and is explained by Barr bodies and the genetics of sex-linked inheritance. The agouti gene , with its two alleles, A and a , controls whether or not

2024-411: The tabby pattern is expressed. The dominant A expresses the underlying tabby pattern, while the recessive non-agouti or "hyper-melanistic" allele, a , does not. Solid-color (black or blue) cats have the aa combination, hiding the tabby pattern, although sometimes a suggestion of the underlying pattern can be seen ("ghost striping"). This underlying pattern, whether classic, mackerel, ticked or spotted,

2070-477: The tabby patterning into a salt-and-pepper appearance that makes them look sand-like—thus there are few to no stripes or bands. Residual ghost striping and/or barring can often be seen on the lower legs, face, and belly and sometimes at the tail tip, as well as the standard 'M' and a long dark line running along the spine, primarily in ticked tabbies that also carry a mackerel or classic tabby allele. These types of cats come in many forms and colours. It's thought that

2116-449: The wild type agouti coat of many other mammals and the sable coat of dogs), with virtually no stripes or bars. If the ticked allele is present, no other tabby pattern will be expressed. The ticked allele actually shows incomplete dominance: cats homozygous for the ticked allele ( T T ) have less barring than cats heterozygous for the ticked allele ( T T or T T ). The spotted gene is a separate locus theorized to be directly connected to

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