59-505: HM Prison Downview is a women's closed category prison . Downview is located on the outskirts of Banstead in Surrey , England (overlooking Banstead Downs ), and is immediately adjacent to the southern boundary of Belmont in Greater London . The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service , and is situated in proximity to High Down Prison for men. Downview was converted from
118-670: A few pan-island institutions (such as the Channel Islands Brussels Office, the Director of Civil Aviation and the Channel Islands Financial Ombudsman, which are actually joint ventures between the bailiwicks), these tend to be established structurally as equal projects between Guernsey and Jersey. Otherwise, entities whose names imply membership of both Guernsey and Jersey might in fact be from one bailiwick only. For instance, The International Stock Exchange
177-547: A former nurses' home of Banstead Hospital ; it opened in 1989 as a Category C male prison. In 1992, HMP Downview saw the establishment of the UK's first intensive drug and alcohol rehabilitation programme. The programme was established by the Rehabilitation for Addicted Prisoners Trust and was opened by Anthony Hopkins , who remains a patron of the trust. In September 2001, owing to increased demand for places at women's prisons in
236-594: A mercenary leader of a Free Company in the service of the French Crown, attacked Jersey and Guernsey in 1372, and in 1373 Bertrand du Guesclin besieged Mont Orgueil . The young King Richard II of England reconfirmed in 1378 the Charter rights granted by his grandfather, followed in 1394 with a second Charter granting, because of great loyalty shown to the Crown, exemption forever, from English tolls, customs and duties. Jersey
295-598: A prison for adult males. It closed as a women's prison in preparation for conversion, but in 2016 it reopened as a women's prison when HM Prison Holloway was closed, taking many of its prisoners. In March 2019, the Ministry of Justice announced that a wing within the prison would be used solely to house transgender inmates, making it the first unit in the UK to serve this purpose. 51°20′18″N 0°11′17″W / 51.3384°N 0.1881°W / 51.3384; -0.1881 British prison security categories In
354-696: A situation of a crown dependency under the sovereignty of neither Great Britain nor France but of the British crown directly. Sark in the 16th century was uninhabited until colonised from Jersey in the 1560s. The grant of seigneurship from Elizabeth I of England in 1565 forms the basis of Sark's constitution today. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , Jersey held out strongly for the Royalist cause, providing refuge for Charles, Prince of Wales in 1646 and 1649–1650, while
413-632: Is a part of the United Kingdom. They have been parts of the Duchy of Normandy since the 10th century, and Queen Elizabeth II was often referred to by her traditional and conventional title of Duke of Normandy . However, pursuant to the Treaty of Paris (1259) , she governed in her right as The Queen (the "Crown in right of Jersey", and the "Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"), and not as
472-674: Is a vast difference between the meanings of the word 'bailiff' in Great Britain and in the Channel Islands; a bailiff in Britain is a court-appointed private debt-collector authorised to collect judgment debts, in the Channel Islands, the Bailiff in each bailiwick is the civil head, presiding officer of the States, and also head of the judiciary , and thus the most important citizen in the bailiwick. In
531-482: Is divided into 4 wings, A, B, C and D (D wing is a resettlement wing). All wings have single-cell accommodation with in-cell electricity and telephony. The prison offers vocational training courses and NVQs for inmates. The resettlement wing provides opportunities for inmates to work and receive education outside the prison. On 4 September 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that it intended to convert Downview into
590-860: Is in Saint Peter Port and therefore is in Guernsey. The term "Channel Islands" began to be used around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The term refers only to the archipelago to the west of the Cotentin Peninsula . Other populated islands located in the English Channel, and close to the coast of Britain, such as the Isle of Wight , Hayling Island and Portsea Island , are not regarded as "Channel Islands". The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of
649-570: Is the English Channel (sea level). The earliest evidence of human occupation of the Channel Islands has been dated to 250,000 years ago when they were attached to the landmass of continental Europe. The islands became detached by rising sea levels in the Mesolithic period. The numerous dolmens and other archaeological sites extant and recorded in history demonstrate the existence of a population large enough and organised enough to undertake constructions of considerable size and sophistication, such as
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#1732863147913708-521: The Bailiwick of Jersey , which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey , consisting of Guernsey , Alderney , Sark , Herm and some smaller islands. Historically, they are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy . Although they are not part of the United Kingdom , the UK is responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands as it is for the other Crown Dependency,
767-739: The European Union , and thus were not a party to the 2016 referendum on the EU membership, but were part of the Customs Territory of the European Community by virtue of Protocol Three to the Treaty on European Union . In September 2010, a Channel Islands Brussels Office was set up jointly by the two Bailiwicks to develop the Channel Islands' influence with the EU, to advise the Channel Islands' governments on European matters, and to promote economic links with
826-563: The French Revolution sought residency in the islands. Many of the town domiciles existing today were built in that time. In Saint Peter Port , a large part of the harbour had been built by 1865. The islands were occupied by the German Army during World War II . The British Government demilitarised the islands in June 1940, and the lieutenant-governors were withdrawn on 21 June, leaving
885-512: The Glorious Revolution in Great Britain. Various attempts to transfer the islands from the diocese of Coutances (to Nantes (1400), Salisbury (1496), and Winchester (1499)) had little effect until an Order in Council of 1569 brought the islands formally into the diocese of Winchester . Control by the bishop of Winchester was ineffectual as the islands had turned overwhelmingly Calvinist and
944-591: The Isle of Man , and the British Overseas Territories . The Crown Dependencies are neither members of the Commonwealth of Nations , nor part of the European Union . They have a total population of about 171,916, and the bailiwicks' capitals , Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port , have populations of 33,500 and 18,207 respectively. "Channel Islands" is a geographical term, not a political unit. The two bailiwicks have been administered separately since
1003-539: The Peutinger Table . The traditional Latin names used for the islands (Caesarea for Jersey, Sarnia for Guernsey, Riduna for Alderney) derive (possibly mistakenly) from the Antonine Itinerary . Gallo-Roman culture was adopted to an unknown extent in the islands. In the sixth century, Christian missionaries visited the islands. Samson of Dol , Helier , Marculf and Magloire are among saints associated with
1062-622: The Treaty of Paris , officially surrendered his claim and title to the Duchy of Normandy, while retaining the Channel Islands, as peer of France and feudal vassal of the King of France. Since then, the Channel Islands have been governed as two separate bailiwicks and were never absorbed into the Kingdom of England nor its successor kingdoms of Great Britain or the United Kingdom . During the Hundred Years' War ,
1121-615: The episcopacy was not restored until 1620 in Jersey and 1663 in Guernsey. After the loss of Calais in 1558, the Channel Islands were the last remaining English holdings in France and the only French territory that was controlled by the English kings as Kings of France. This situation lasted until the English kings dropped their title and claims to the French throne in 1801, confirming the Channel Islands in
1180-667: The 1640s, Charles II gave George Carteret , Bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies, which he promptly named New Jersey , now part of the United States of America. Sir Edmund Andros , bailiff of Guernsey, was an early colonial governor in North America, and head of the short-lived Dominion of New England . In the late 18th century, the islands were dubbed "the French Isles". Wealthy French émigrés fleeing
1239-446: The 1960s, become major offshore financial centres . Historically Guernsey's horticultural and greenhouse activities have been more significant than in Jersey, and Guernsey has maintained light industry as a higher proportion of its economy than Jersey. In Jersey, potatoes are an important export crop, shipped mostly to the UK. Jersey is heavily reliant on financial services, with 39.4% of Gross Value Added (GVA) in 2018 contributed by
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#17328631479131298-479: The 1960s. The islands decided not to join the European Economic Community when the UK joined. Since the 1990s, declining profitability of agriculture and tourism has challenged the governments of the islands. The Channel Islands fall into two separate self-governing bailiwicks , the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey . Each of these is a British Crown Dependency , and neither
1357-602: The Channel Islands are deemed to be part of the British Islands, not to be confused with the British Isles . For the purposes of the British Nationality Act 1981 , the "British Islands" include the United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland), the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man , taken together, unless the context otherwise requires. Tourism is still important. However, Jersey and Guernsey have, since
1416-572: The Channel Islands but are occasionally described in English as 'French Channel Islands' in view of their French jurisdiction. They were historically linked to the Duchy of Normandy, but they are part of the French territory along with continental Normandy, and not part of the British Isles or of the Channel Islands in a political sense. They are an incorporated part of the commune of Granville ( Manche ). While they are popular with visitors from France, Channel Islanders can only visit them by private or charter boats as there are no direct transport links from
1475-552: The Channel Islands were part of the French territory recognizing the claims of the English kings to the French throne . The islands were invaded by the French in 1338, who held some territory until 1345. Edward III of England granted a Charter in July 1341 to Jersey, Guernsey, Sark and Alderney, confirming their customs and laws to secure allegiance to the English Crown. Owain Lawgoch ,
1534-530: The Duke. This notwithstanding, it is a matter of local pride for monarchists to treat the situation otherwise: the Loyal toast at formal dinners was to 'The Queen, our Duke', rather than to 'Her Majesty, The Queen' as in the UK. The Queen died in 2022 and her son Charles III became the King. A bailiwick is a territory administered by a bailiff. Although the words derive from a common root ('bail' = 'to give charge of') there
1593-522: The EU. Both bailiwicks are members of the British–Irish Council , and Jèrriais and Guernésiais are recognised regional languages of the islands. The legal courts are separate; separate courts of appeal have been in place since 1961. Among the legal heritage from Norman law is the Clameur de haro . The basis of the legal systems of both Bailiwicks is Norman customary law ( Coutume ) rather than
1652-471: The English Common Law , although elements of the latter have become established over time. Islanders are full British citizens, but were not classed as European citizens unless by descent from a UK national. Any British citizen who applies for a passport in Jersey or Guernsey receives a passport bearing the words " British Islands , Bailiwick of Jersey" or "British Islands, Bailiwick of Guernsey". Under
1711-551: The King of Western Francia , and annexed to the Duchy of Normandy . In 1066, William II of Normandy invaded and conquered England, becoming William I of England, also known as William the Conqueror. In the period 1204–1214, King John lost the Angevin lands in northern France, including mainland Normandy, to King Philip II of France , but managed to retain control of the Channel Islands. In 1259, his successor, Henry III of England , by
1770-486: The UK, Downview's role changed to a "closed" prison for adult women. A year later, one of the prison's chaplains resigned after claims that he had demanded sexual favours from inmates in exchange for communion wine. In December 2004 a sixteen-bed juvenile unit opened at Downview for young female offenders (both remand and convicted) aged from 15-18, in partnership with the Youth Justice Board . The PRIME project
1829-402: The United Kingdom, prisoners are divided into four categories of security. Each adult is assigned to a category according to their crime, sentence, the risk of escape, and violent tendencies. The categories are designated with the letters A to D, with A being the highest level of security, and D the lowest. There are three different prison services in the United Kingdom, and separate services for
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1888-690: The age, gender and security classification of the prisoners it holds. Male adult prisoners (those aged 18 or over) are given a security categorisation soon after they enter prison. These categories are based on a combination of the type of crime committed, the length of sentence, the likelihood of escape, and the danger to the public if they were to escape. The four categories are: Category A, B and C prisons are called closed prisons, whereas category D prisons are called open prisons. Category A prisoners are further divided into standard risk, high risk and exceptional risk, based on their likelihood of escaping. Men on remand are held in category B conditions with
1947-459: The burial mound at La Hougue Bie in Jersey or the statue menhirs of Guernsey. Hoards of Armorican coins have been excavated, providing evidence of trade and contact in the Iron Age period. Evidence for Roman settlement is sparse, although evidently the islands were visited by Roman officials and traders. The Roman name for the Channel Islands was I. Lenuri (Lenur Islands) and is included in
2006-490: The early 21st century, the existence of governmental offices such as the bailiffs' with multiple roles straddling the different branches of government came under increased scrutiny for their apparent contravention of the doctrine of separation of powers—most notably in the Guernsey case of McGonnell -v- United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 289. That case, following final judgement at the European Court of Human Rights, became part of
2065-424: The evacuees who returned home had difficulty reconnecting with their families after five years of separation. Following the liberation of 1945, reconstruction led to a transformation of the economies of the islands, attracting immigration and developing tourism. The legislatures were reformed and non-party governments embarked on social programmes, aided by the incomes from offshore finance , which grew rapidly from
2124-427: The exception of some of those who are held to be tried on (very) serious offences. These men are held in "provisional category A" conditions. Prisoners who have made active attempts to escape from custody are placed on the holding prison's escape list. These prisoners (sometimes referred to as "E men" or "E list men") are required to wear distinctive, brightly coloured clothing when being moved both inside and outside of
2183-668: The impetus for much recent constitutional change, particularly the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (2005 c.4) in the UK, including the separation of the roles of the Lord Chancellor, the abolition of the House of Lords' judicial role, and its replacement by the UK Supreme Court . The islands' bailiffs, however, still retain their historic roles. The systems of government in the islands date from Norman times, which accounts for
2242-650: The insular administrations to continue government as best they could under impending military occupation. Before German troops landed, between 30 June and 4 July 1940, evacuation took place. Many young men had already left to join the Allied armed forces, as volunteers. 6,600 out of 50,000 left Jersey while 17,000 out of 42,000 left Guernsey. Thousands of children were evacuated with their schools to England and Scotland . The population of Sark largely remained where they were; but in Alderney , all but six people left. In Alderney,
2301-464: The islands as a whole. The very large tidal variation provides an environmentally rich inter-tidal zone around the islands, and some islands such as Burhou , the Écréhous , and the Minquiers have been designated Ramsar sites . The waters around the islands include the following: The highest point in the islands is Les Platons in Jersey at 143 metres (469 ft) above sea level. The lowest point
2360-496: The islands continued to be ruled by the king of the Franks and its church remained part of the diocese of Coutances . From the beginning of the ninth century, Norse raiders appeared on the coasts. Norse settlement eventually succeeded initial attacks, and it is from this period that many place names of Norse origin appear, including the modern names of the islands. In 933, the islands were granted to William I Longsword by Raoul ,
2419-629: The islands from time to time, particularly following the Invasion of Normandy in June 1944. There was considerable hunger and privation during the five years of German occupation, particularly in the final months when the population was close to starvation. Intense negotiations resulted in some humanitarian aid being sent via the Red Cross , leading to the arrival of Red Cross parcels in the supply ship SS Vega in December 1944. The German occupation of 1940–45
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2478-585: The islands. In the sixth century, they were already included in the diocese of Coutances where they remained until the Reformation. There were probably some Celtic Britons who settled on the Islands in the 5th and 6th centuries AD (the indigenous Celts of Great Britain , and the ancestors of the modern Welsh , Cornish , and Bretons ) who had emigrated from Great Britain in the face of invading Anglo-Saxons . But there were not enough of them to leave any trace, and
2537-407: The late 13th century. Each has its own independent laws, elections, and representative bodies (although in modern times, politicians from the islands' legislatures are in regular contact). Any institution common to both is the exception rather than the rule. The Bailiwick of Guernsey is divided into three jurisdictions – Guernsey, Alderney and Sark – each with its own legislature . Although there are
2596-540: The more strongly Presbyterian Guernsey more generally favoured the parliamentary cause (although Castle Cornet was held by Royalists and did not surrender until October 1651). The islands acquired commercial and political interests in the North American colonies. Islanders became involved with the Newfoundland fisheries in the 17th century. In recognition for all the help given to him during his exile in Jersey in
2655-651: The most part the islands legislate for themselves. Each island has its own primary legislature, known as the States of Guernsey and the States of Jersey , with Chief Pleas in Sark and the States of Alderney . The Channel Islands are not represented in the UK Parliament . Laws passed by the States are given royal assent by the King-in-Council , to whom the islands' governments are responsible. The islands have never been part of
2714-552: The names of the legislatures, the States, derived from the Norman 'États' or ' estates ' (i.e. the Crown, the Church, and the people). The States have evolved over the centuries into democratic parliaments. The UK Parliament has power to legislate for the islands, but Acts of Parliament do not extend to the islands automatically. Usually, an Act gives power to extend its application to the islands by an Order in Council , after consultation. For
2773-605: The nature of the offence they have been accused or convicted of: Since 2002, in Scotland , prisoners have been assigned to one of three categories: Prisoners (adult and young, male and female) are classified in a similar way to the English/Welsh system: Channel Islands The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel , off the French coast of Normandy . They are divided into two Crown Dependencies :
2832-421: The occupying Germans built four prison camps which housed approximately 6,000 people, of whom over 700 died. Due to the destruction of documents, it is impossible to state how many forced workers died in the other islands. Some have claimed that Alderney had the only Nazi concentration camps on British soil. Others have pointed out that, technically, Alderney was not British soil. The Royal Navy blockaded
2891-465: The other islands. In official Jersey Standard French , the Channel Islands are called 'Îles de la Manche', while in France, the term 'Îles Anglo-normandes' (Anglo-Norman Isles) is used to refer to the British 'Channel Islands' in contrast to other islands in the Channel. Chausey is referred to as an 'Île normande' (as opposed to Anglo-normande ). 'Îles Normandes' and 'Archipel Normand' have also, historically, been used in Channel Island French to refer to
2950-415: The population and 92% of the area. These lie off Alderney: These lie off Guernsey: The names of the larger islands in the archipelago in general have the -ey suffix, whilst those of the smaller ones have the -hou suffix. These are believed to be from the Old Norse ey (island) and holmr (islet). The Chausey Islands south of Jersey are not generally included in the geographical definition of
3009-476: The population of military age had already joined the British Army. The end of the occupation came after VE-Day on 8 May 1945, with Jersey and Guernsey being liberated on 9 May. The German garrison in Alderney was left until 16 May, and it was one of the last of the Nazi German remnants to surrender. The first evacuees returned on the first sailing from Great Britain on 23 June, but the people of Alderney were unable to start returning until December 1945. Many of
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#17328631479133068-508: The prison and are handcuffed. In addition they are required to change cells frequently and to have their clothes and some of their personal property removed from their cell before being locked in for the night. Women are also classified into four categories. These categories are: Remand prisoners are always held in closed prisons. When children under 18 are sentenced or remanded in custody, they may be sent to one of three types of establishment depending on their needs, age, vulnerability and
3127-431: The provisions of Protocol Three, Channel Islanders who do not have a close connection with the UK (no parent or grandparent from the UK, and have never been resident in the UK for a five-year period) did not automatically benefit from the EU provisions on free movement within the EU, and their passports received an endorsement to that effect. This affected only a minority of islanders. Under the UK Interpretation Act 1978 ,
3186-493: The sector. Rental income comes second at 15.1% with other business activities at 11.2%. Tourism 4.5% with agriculture contributing just 1.2% and manufacturing even lower at 1.1%. GVA has fluctuated between £4.5 and £5 billion for 20 years. Jersey has had a steadily rising population, increasing from below 90,000 in 2000 to over 105,000 in 2018 which combined with a flat GVA has resulted in GVA per head of population falling from £57,000 to £44,000 per person. In 2018, Guernsey had
3245-508: The three Crown Dependencies . His Majesty's Prison Service manages prisons in England and Wales , and also serves as the National Offender Management Service for England and Wales. Prisons in Scotland are managed by the Scottish Prison Service and prisons in Northern Ireland are managed by the Northern Ireland Prison Service . The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands have their own prison administrations. Prisons in England and Wales are divided into several categories relating to
3304-485: Was harsh: over 2,000 islanders were deported by the Germans, and some Jews were sent to concentration camps ; partisan resistance and retribution, accusations of collaboration , and slave labour also occurred. Many Spaniards, initially refugees from the Spanish Civil War , were brought to the islands to build fortifications . Later, Russians and Central Europeans continued the work. Many land mines were laid, with 65,718 land mines laid in Jersey alone. There
3363-416: Was launched at Downview in April 2006; it is now known as The Media House. It is a media educational and broadcast facility inside the prison. The project, managed by Maria Esposito from 2007 to 2013, has won several awards including the Butler Trust Award in 2010/11. Prisoners can achieve a BTEC qualification for completing the 16-week course. Downview Prison holds adult sentenced female prisoners. Downview
3422-417: Was no resistance movement in the Channel Islands on the scale of that in mainland France . This has been ascribed to a range of factors including the physical separation of the islands, the density of troops (up to one German for every two Islanders), the small size of the islands precluding any hiding places for resistance groups, and the absence of the Gestapo from the occupying forces. Moreover, much of
3481-437: Was occupied by the French in 1461 as part of an exchange for helping the Lancastrians fight against the Yorkists during The War of the Roses . It was retaken by the Yorkists in 1468. In 1483 a Papal bull decreed that the islands would be neutral during time of war. This privilege of neutrality enabled islanders to trade with both France and England and was respected until 1689 when it was abolished by Order in Council following
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