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28-403: Douglas Creek may refer to: Douglas Creek (Canada) Douglass Creek (New York) Douglas Creek (Washington state) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Douglas Creek . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

56-419: A storm drain system. The creek also supports benthic invertebrates , crayfish , and provides a year-round water source for many birds and mammals, including mallards , Columbian black-tailed deer , raccoons , and North American river otter . In the present day, the creek is drained by three tributaries, all of which are located within the boundaries of PKOLS (Mount Douglas Park). As land use in

84-597: A mix of Douglas fir forests and Garry oak woodlands and meadows. The Douglas Creek watershed is located within the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains and receives approximately 686.1 millimetres (27.01 in) of rainfall each year. A 2011 mapping analysis identifies the watershed as consisting of approximately 39.5% impervious surfaces , 33.2% tree cover , 27% vegetation , bare ground, or exposed bedrock , and 0.2% riparian area or seasonal wetland . Weir A weir / w ɪər / or low-head dam

112-482: A negative effect on fish species that migrate as part of their breeding cycle (e.g., salmonids ), but it also can be useful as a method of preventing invasive species moving upstream. For example, weirs in the Great Lakes region have helped to prevent invasive sea lamprey from colonising farther upstream. Mill ponds are created by a weir that impounds water that then flows over the structure. The energy created by

140-415: A range of biota , including poor swimmers. Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively calm, they can be extremely dangerous places to boat, swim, or wade, as the circulation patterns on the downstream side—typically called a hydraulic jump —can submerge a person indefinitely. This phenomenon is so well known to canoeists, kayakers, and others who spend time on rivers that they even have

168-416: A rueful name for weirs: "drowning machines". The Ohio DNR recommends that a victim should "tuck the chin down, draw the knees up to the chest with arms wrapped around them. Hopefully, conditions will be such that the current will push the victim along the bed of the river until swept beyond the boil line and released by the hydraulic." The Pennsylvania State Police also recommends to victims, "curl up, dive to

196-449: A weir is broad-crested for much of its length, but has a section where the weir stops or is 'open' so that small boats and fish can traverse the structure. A notch weir is any weir where the physical barrier is significantly higher than the water level except for a specific notch (often V-shaped) cut into the panel. At times of normal flow all the water must pass through the notch, simplifying flow volume calculations, and at times of flood

224-516: A weir. Weir can also refer to the skimmer found in most in-ground swimming pools, which controls the flow of water pulled into the filtering system. The word likely originated from Middle English were , Old English wer , a derivative of the root of the verb werian, meaning "to defend, dam". The German cognate is Wehr , which means the same as English weir. Commonly, weirs are used to prevent flooding , measure water discharge, and help render rivers more navigable by boat. In some locations,

252-431: Is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water flows freely over the top of the weir crest before cascading down to a lower level. There is no single definition as to what constitutes

280-405: Is a flat-crested structure, where the water passes over a crest that covers much or all of the channel width. This is one of the most common types of weir found worldwide. A compound weir is any weir that comprises several different designs into one structure. They are commonly seen in locations where a river has multiple users who may need to bypass the structure. A common design would be one where

308-473: Is a generic relationship and specific calculations are available for the many different types of weir. Flow measurement weirs must be well maintained if they are to remain accurate. The flow over a V-notch weir (in ft /s) is given by the Kindsvater–Shen equation: where As weirs are a physical barrier, they can impede the longitudinal movement of fish and other animals up and down a river. This can have

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336-502: The bottom, and swim or crawl downstream". As the hydraulic jump entrains air, the buoyancy of the water between the dam and boil line will be reduced by upward of 30%, and if a victim is unable to float, escape at the base of the dam may be the only option for survival. There are many different types of weirs and they can vary from a simple stone structure that is barely noticeable, to elaborate and very large structures that require extensive management and maintenance. A broad-crested weir

364-501: The change in height of the water can then be used to power waterwheels and power sawmills, grinding wheels, and other equipment. Weirs are commonly used to control the flow rates of rivers during periods of high discharge. Sluice gates (or in some cases the height of the weir crest) can be altered to increase or decrease the volume of water flowing downstream. Weirs for this purpose are commonly found upstream of towns and villages and can either be automated or manually operated. By slowing

392-428: The creek. Although adult chum did return over subsequent years, the counts were minimal despite further fry releases, and issues with water and habitat quality persisted. A weir structure and sediment pond at the creek outlet was installed in 2001 to assist in filtering pollutants. In subsequent years, ongoing habitat restoration and reintroduction of Chum and Coho salmon eggs, fry, and smolts have resulted in

420-505: The crest of an overflow spillway on a large dam may therefore be referred to as a weir. Weirs can vary in size both horizontally and vertically, with the smallest being only a few centimetres in height whilst the largest may be many metres tall and hundreds of metres long. Some common weir purposes are outlined below. Weirs allow hydrologists and engineers a simple method of measuring the volumetric flow rate in small to medium-sized streams/rivers or in industrial discharge locations. Since

448-414: The design of a weir that ensure that fish can bypass the barriers and access upstream habitats. Unlike dams, weirs do not usually prevent downstream fish migration (as water flows over the top and allows fish to bypass the structure in that water), although they can create flow conditions that injure juvenile fish. Recent studies suggest that navigation locks have also potential to provide increased access for

476-602: The geometry of the top of the weir is known and all water flows over the weir, the depth of water behind the weir can be converted to a rate of flow. However, this can only be achieved in locations where all water flows over the top of the weir crest (as opposed to around the sides or through conduits or sluices) and at locations where the water that flows over the crest is carried away from the structure. If these conditions are not met, it can make flow measurement complicated, inaccurate, or even impossible. The discharge calculation can be summarised as where However, this calculation

504-452: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Creek&oldid=1238931675 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Douglas Creek (Canada) Douglas Creek is located at the base of Mount Douglas ( SENĆOŦEN : pq̕áls or PKOLS ), which borders

532-420: The lands known today as Gordon Head . James Tod, the first European settler to register land in the watershed named his property "Spring Farm" on account of the plentiful freshwater springs in the area. Douglas Creek supports Chum salmon , Coho salmon , and Cutthroat trout . Salmon runs occurred annually until the mid-1960s, when the upper stream channels in the watershed were culverted and converted into

560-423: The maximum height a species can jump or creates flow conditions that cannot be bypassed (e.g., due to excessive water velocity) effectively limits the maximum point upstream that fish can migrate. In some cases this can mean that huge lengths of breeding habitat are lost, and over time this can have a significant impact on fish populations. In many countries, it is now a legal requirement to build fish ladders into

588-413: The rate at which water moves downstream even slightly, a disproportionate effect can be had on the likelihood of flooding. On larger rivers, a weir can also alter the flow characteristics of the waterway to the point that vessels are able to navigate areas previously inaccessible due to extreme currents or eddies . Many larger weirs will have construction features that allow boats and river users to "shoot

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616-427: The river bottom) that reduces the water oxygen content and smothers invertebrate habitat and fish spawning sites. The oxygen content typically returns to normal once water has passed over the weir crest (although it can be hyper-oxygenated), although increased river velocity can scour the river bed causing erosion and habitat loss. Weirs can have a significant effect on fish migration . Any weir that exceeds either

644-442: The successful return of spawning salmon every year since restoration work began. Salmon carcasses are transplanted into the creek bed each year in order to simulate the ecological process of nutrient cycling associated with natural salmon returns. Douglas Creek drains 5.584 square kilometres (558.4 ha) including the land serviced by approximately 70-80 kilometres of storm drains . Historically, this region consisted of

672-410: The terms dam and weir are synonymous, but normally there is a clear distinction made between the structures. Usually, a dam is designed specifically to impound water behind a wall, whilst a weir is designed to alter the river flow characteristics. A common distinction between dams and weirs is that water flows over the top (crest) of a weir or underneath it for at least some of its length. Accordingly,

700-719: The traditional territories of the W̱SÁNEĆ and Lekwungen First Nations . For millennia, paddlers arriving from neighbouring Coast Salish nations brought their canoes ashore at the beach where Douglas Creek empties into the Salish Sea. An archaeological shell midden at the mouth of Douglas Creek is recognized and protected by the British Columbia Heritage Conservation Act. Historically, Douglas Creek consisted of approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of stream with several small tributaries that flowed through

728-515: The water level can rise and submerge the weir without any alterations made to the structure. A polynomial weir is a weir that has a geometry defined by a polynomial equation of any order n . In practice, most weirs are low-order polynomial weirs. The standard rectangular weir is, for example, a polynomial weir of order zero. The triangular (V-notch) and trapezoidal weirs are of order one. High-order polynomial weirs are providing wider range of Head-Discharge relationships, and hence better control of

756-736: The watershed shifted from agricultural to residential development, the open channels of Douglas Creek were culverted, leaving less than 1km of open stream. The increase of impervious surfaces and drainage infrastructure in the watershed led to extremely high peak water flows in the creek, resulting in ongoing bank erosion and deterioration of habitat. Chemical runoff and pollution were also contributing to poor water quality, with several oil and chemical spill incidents reported. Beginning in 1995, habitat restoration efforts involving multiple levels of government organizations, community members, non-profits, and school groups were successful in improving habitat quality, and salmon fry were regularly released into

784-540: The weir" and navigate by passing up or down stream without having to exit the river. Weirs constructed for this purpose are especially common on the River Thames , and most are situated near each of the river's 45 locks . Because a weir impounds water behind it and alters the flow regime of the river, it can have an effect on the local ecology . Typically, the reduced river velocity upstream can lead to increased siltation (deposition of fine particles of silt and clay on

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