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50-531: The Killam Trusts were established in 1965 after the death of Dorothy J. Killam , the widow of Izaak Walton Killam , a Canadian financier, for a time the wealthiest man in Canada. He died intestate in 1955, but before his death he and his wife discussed in extensive detail the scholarship plan on which the Killam Trusts were founded. Approximately one half of his estate went to the government as inheritance tax . It

100-857: A Memorandum of Understanding that would transition the administration of the Killam program to the National Research Council Canada (NRC). The 2023 National Killam Program cycle was officially launched under the administration of the NRC in April 2022 and now consists of the Dorothy Killam Fellowships and the Killam Prize. Dorothy J. Killam Dorothy Ruth Brooks Johnston was born in 1900 in St. Louis, Missouri . Her father, John Thomas Morris Johnston,

150-500: A distinct phase in the city's expansion, the outer boundary to this zone being the effective limit of the continuous built-up area. The wealthier residents continued to spread east (to East End Point) and West (to Lyford Cay ). In the last 40 years, residential development has been quite different. It has consisted mainly of planned middle-income sub-divisions. Since the 1960s, government has sponsored low-cost housing developments at Yellow Elder, Elizabeth Estates, and Pinewood Gardens, in

200-552: A few years and went on to become extremely wealthy, with major interests in pulp and paper and electric power companies, among many others. The Killams, who had no children, lived primarily in Montreal, where Royal Securities was headquartered. They also had two winter homes in Nassau, Bahamas and an apartment on New York City's Upper East Side . Dorothy Killam collected jewelry and was particularly fond of diamonds. Her collection included

250-511: A memorial in his name. In 1964 she was solicited for a major contribution to the building of a new children's hospital in Halifax. She first pledged $ 75,000, but soon offered $ 3   million, later raising that to $ 5   million. She decided to leave Montreal and bought an apartment in Halifax, which she intended to make her Canadian home. She visited Halifax in May 1965, consulting with the architects and

300-491: Is located on the western side of Nassau. New Providence Airport on Paradise Island was closed in 1999 with runway removed and integrated into the resort on the island. Ferries (boats) provide water travel around Nassau to the surrounding islands, namely Paradise Island . Prince George Wharf is a seaport , the main port in the city, that serves cruise ships with ports of call in Nassau. Transportation and shipping around

350-466: Is scarce, it appears that he was acting in the role of deputy governor upon Benjamin Hornigold 's arrival in 1713. By this time, the sparsely settled Bahamas had become a pirate haven known as New Providence . The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1,000 pirates in Nassau and that they outnumbered the mere hundred inhabitants of the town. They proclaimed Nassau a pirate republic , recognising

400-494: Is the capital and largest city of the Bahamas . It is located on the island of New Providence , which had a population of 246,329 in 2010, or just over 70% of the entire population of the Bahamas. As of April 2023, the preliminary results of the 2022 census of the Bahamas reported a population of 296,522 for New Providence, 74.26% of the country's population. Nassau is commonly defined as a primate city , dwarfing all other towns in

450-668: The American Civil War , Nassau served as a port for blockade runners making their way to and from ports along the southern Atlantic Coast for continued trade with the Confederacy. In the 1920s and 1930s, Nassau profited from Prohibition in the United States . During the Cuban Revolution of 1959, tourism further benefitted due to the restrictions imposed on American citizens visiting Cuba . Today, Nassau's location close to

500-776: The Spanish , and Charles Town was used as a base for privateering against them. In 1684 the town was burned to the ground during the Raid on Charles Town . It was rebuilt in 1695 under Governor Nicholas Trott and renamed Nassau in honour of King William III , who belonged to a branch of the House of Nassau . William was the Dutch Stadtholder ( stadhouder in Dutch), and, from 1689, the King of England, Scotland and Ireland. The name Nassau ultimately derives from

550-590: The United States and ties between the U.S. and The Bahamas make it a common tourist destination. Located on New Providence Island , Nassau's harbour has a blend of old world and colonial architecture, and a busy port. The tropical climate and natural environment of the Bahamas have made Nassau an attractive tourist destination. Nassau developed directly behind the port area. New Providence provides 200 km of relatively flat and low-lying land intersected by low ridges (none of which restricted settlement). In

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600-678: The University of British Columbia and the University of Alberta were given $ 14   million and $ 16   million respectively. The Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital at McGill University received $ 4   million. She left a further $ 12   million to the Canada Council "to establish a fund to provide income for a new program of assistance to advanced research". As of 2021, more than 7800 scholars and researchers have benefited from Killam Trust awards. Nassau, Bahamas Nassau ( / ˈ n æ s ɔː / NASS -aw )

650-508: The "Over-the-Hill" suburbs of Grants Town and Bain Town to the south of the city of Nassau, while most of the inhabitants of European descent lived on the island's northern coastal ridges. The town that would be called Nassau was founded in 1670 by British noblemen who brought British settlers with them to New Providence. They built a fort, and named it Charles Town in honour of England's King Charles II. During this time there were frequent wars with

700-750: The 1940s the Killams started spending more time in New York due to Killam's business interests, and Dorothy Killam became a supporter of the Dodgers, attending home games at Ebbets Field . She was so enthusiastic about the team that she offered to buy it from its owner Walter O'Malley for $ 5   million, but he did not accept the offer. Killam considered his wife to have "the best business brain of any woman he ever met", and discussed his business affairs with her throughout their married life. In 1954 Killam, in failing health, retired as president of Royal Securities and sold

750-469: The 19th century, Nassau became urbanized, attracting rural residents. Growth since the 1950s has been outwards from the town. The 1788 heart of Nassau was just a few blocks of buildings between Government House and the harbour, but the town gradually expanded east to Malcolm's Park, south to Wulff Road, and west to Nassau Street. Grants Town and Bain Town south of the city became the main residential areas for those of African descent, and until about 30 years ago

800-590: The 90-carat Briolette of India diamond. In 1967, after her death, the American jeweler Harry Winston purchased her collection of diamonds and pearls for $ 4   million. Dorothy Killam was a lifelong baseball fan. In St. Louis she had supported the St. Louis Browns and after her marriage, she became a fan of the International League 's Montreal Royals , the top farm team of the Brooklyn Dodgers . In

850-619: The British abolished the international slave trade in 1807, they resettled thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy on New Providence (at Adelaide Village and Gambier Village), along with other islands such as Grand Bahama, Exuma, Abaco and Inagua. In addition, slaves freed from American ships, such as the slave ship Creole in November 1841, were allowed to settle there. The largest concentration of Africans historically lived in

900-557: The Family Islands is primarily through mailboats based at Potters Cay. International shipping is done through the Arawak Port Department on Arawak Cay. High speed excursions to Exuma, Spanish Wells and Harbour Island are available daily. Public jitney buses and taxis provide transport in and around Nassau. Rental cars are also available in the city and at the airport. Major roads in Nassau include: The major road in Nassau

950-552: The House of Assembly and various judicial departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates. The city was named in honour of William III of England, Prince of Orange-Nassau . Nassau's modern growth began in the late eighteenth century, with the influx of thousands of Loyalists and their slaves to the Bahamas following the American War of Independence . Many of them settled in Nassau and eventually came to outnumber

1000-609: The Junkanoo Beach area. A few hotels and restaurants are located on West Bay. The next landmark is the British Colonial Hotel, which marks the beginning of Bay Street proper. Pirates of Nassau Museum is just across from the British Colonial Hilton . The next few blocks of Bay Street are wall-to-wall boutiques, with a few restaurants and clubs interspersed throughout the retailers. Historical landmarks are also in

1050-558: The Killams decided to leave their fortune to further post-secondary education in Canada at the graduate level. The Killam benefactions went to five Canadian universities: University of British Columbia , University of Calgary , University of Alberta , the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital at McGill University and Dalhousie University . The Canada Council for the Arts also received Killam funds and administered

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1100-466: The World". She lived on the income from her estate, considering the capital to be held "in trust", to be passed on "for the benefit of the country". She and her husband had discussed who should benefit from their wealth. He wanted it to go to Canadian, and especially Nova Scotian, institutions, and universities. He was, however, against "putting money he had made into buildings, into capital expenditures". She

1150-548: The Wyndham and at Baha Mar. In 2017, the development of Baha Mar, a luxury resort and casino, brought more than 2,000 hotel rooms and the largest gaming and convention facility in the Caribbean to this section of New Providence Island. Nassau had a population of 128,420 females and 117,909 males and was home to 70,222 households with an average family size of 3.5 according to the 2010 census . Nassau's large population in relation to

1200-410: The centre of the island there are several shallow lakes that are tidally connected. The city's proximity to the United States (290 km (181 miles) east-southeast of Miami, Florida ) has contributed to its popularity as a holiday resort, especially after the United States imposed a ban on travel to Cuba in 1963. The Atlantis resort on nearby Paradise Island accounts for more tourist arrivals to

1250-399: The city than any other hotel property of Nassau. The mega-resort employs over 6,000 Bahamians, and is the largest employer outside of the government. Nassau has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ), bordering on a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw ), with hot wet summers, and mild dry winters. Temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the course of the year. During

1300-638: The company to his senior staff. He died at his fishing camp on the Cascapédia River on 5 August 1955. He did not leave a will and his wife inherited his entire estate of $ 83   million (equivalent to $ 924.77 million in 2023). Approximately half of this amount went to the Canadian government as estate tax . The government realized a similar sum from the estate of Sir James Dunn , who died less than six months later. The combined tax windfall of $ 85   million, with an additional $ 15   million from

1350-664: The company, financing its new productions of La sonnambula in 1963 and Lucia di Lammermoor in 1964. After her husband's death, she kept the house in Montreal, the two houses in Nassau, and the New York apartment. In 1963, after several summers visiting friends on the French Riviera , she purchased the Villa Leopolda in Villefranche-sur-Mer from Gianni and Marella Agnelli . Despite her husband's reluctance to fund capital projects, Dorothy Killam wanted to build

1400-632: The construction of the children's hospital in Halifax, which opened in 1970 as the Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children . Her will provided for the establishment of the Killam Trusts , whose stated purpose was to help in the building of Canada's future by encouraging advanced study... to increase the scientific and scholastic attainments of Canadians, to develop and expand the work of Canadian universities, and to promote understanding between Canadians and peoples of other countries. Dalhousie University received $ 30   million, while

1450-556: The country. It is the centre of commerce, education, law, administration, and media of the country. Lynden Pindling International Airport , the major airport for the Bahamas, is located about 16 km (9.9 mi) west of the city centre of Nassau, and has daily flights to and from major cities in Canada , the Caribbean , the United Kingdom and the United States . Nassau is the site of

1500-550: The government, was used to launch the Canada Council for the Arts in 1957. Dorothy Killam made tens of millions of dollars by selling the shares she had inherited in her late husband's companies. She continued to increase her fortune, investing heavily in short term bonds. She once bought up a whole issue of Nova Scotia government bonds . In August 1960 the Ladies' Home Journal featured her in an article about "The Richest Women in

1550-413: The hospital's board of directors. She also met with the president of Dalhousie University, which she intended to benefit from her estate. Dorothy Killam died at Villa Leopolda on 27 July 1965, leaving an estate worth $ 93   million. Aside from some personal bequests, which were subject to estate taxes, her fortune was left to institutions and was not subject to tax. She left $ 8   million toward

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1600-408: The island's prosperous state in which it offered fresh fruit, meat and water and plenty of protection amid its waterways. Nassau's harbour was tailor-made for defence and it could take around 500 vessels, though it was too shallow to accept large battleships. Benjamin Hornigold, along with his great rival Henry Jennings , became the unofficial overlord of a veritable pirate republic which played host to

1650-524: The last time when Don Juan de Cagigal, governor-general of Cuba, attacked New Providence with 5,000 men. In April 1783, Andrew Deveaux , an American Loyalist who resettled on the island, set forth and recaptured the island for the British Crown with just 220 men and 150 muskets to face a force of 600 trained soldiers. Lord Dunmore governed the colony from 1787 to 1796. He oversaw the construction of Fort Charlotte and Fort Fincastle in Nassau. During

1700-526: The national program consisting of the Killam Research Fellowships open to professors from all Canadian universities; and the Killam Prize , valued at $ 100,000 and recognizing lifetime contributions in each of the following categories: health sciences , natural sciences , engineering , social sciences and humanities . In August 2021, the Canada Council for the Arts announced the signing of

1750-432: The original Fish, Vegetable and Straw Market. The market is open on all sides, and contains a number of Bahamian craft stores. Cable Beach is recognized as the hotel district of Nassau. Five hotels—two of which are all-inclusive—are located on this strip. The area is also known for its dining, with most of the area's restaurants located in the hotels or across the street. There is a bit of shopping, most of it located in

1800-517: The original inhabitants. As the population of Nassau grew, so did its populated areas. Today, the city dominates the entire island. However, until the post-Second World War era, the outer suburbs scarcely existed. Most of New Providence was uncultivated bush until Loyalists were resettled there following the American Revolutionary War; they established several plantations, such as Clifton and Tusculum. Slaves were imported as labour. After

1850-536: The outer ring. The city centre is the hub for all activities in Nassau. Thousands of people visit daily, to shop, dine, sightsee and to enjoy the tropical climate of the city. While the busiest part of central city is the Bay Street thoroughfare and the Woodes Rogers Walk, located across the street from the port and parallel to Bay, the area extends for several blocks in each direction. It starts at West Bay, around

1900-505: The pirates, reformed the civil administration, and restored commerce. Rogers cleaned up Nassau and rebuilt the fort, using his own wealth to try to overcome problems. In 1720, the Spanish attacked Nassau but failed to capture the town and the island. During the wars in the Thirteen Colonies , Nassau experienced an economic boom. With funds from privateering, a new fort, street lights and over 2300 sumptuous houses were built and Nassau

1950-499: The remainder of the Bahamas is the result of waves of immigration from the Family Islands to the capital . Consequently, this has led to the decline in the population of the lesser developed islands and the rapid growth of Nassau. In January 2018, the U.S. Department of State issued the latest in a series of travel advisories due to violent crime. Lynden Pindling International Airport (formerly Nassau International Airport)

2000-504: The self-styled Flying Gang . Other pirates of note that spent time in Nassau included Charles Vane , Thomas Barrow (who declared himself "Governor of New Providence"), Calico Jack Rackham , Anne Bonny , Mary Read , and the infamous Edward Teach, better known as " Blackbeard ". In 1718, the British government sought to regain control of the islands and appointed Captain Woodes Rogers as Royal governor. He successfully clamped down on

2050-552: The town of Nassau in Germany. Lacking effective governors after Trott, Nassau fell on hard times. In 1703 Spanish and French allied forces briefly occupied Nassau. More so, Nassau suffered greatly during the War of Spanish Succession and witnessed Spanish incursions during 1703, 1704 and 1706. From 1703 to 1718 there was no legitimate governor in the colony. Thomas Walker was the island's last remaining appointed official and although evidence

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2100-466: The vicinity, including Vendue House, Christ Church Cathedral, and the Nassau Public Library . Although the tourist part of the city centre peters out after about seven blocks, smaller, more local shops are located down Bay Street. At this point, Bay Street becomes East Bay. The Straw Market is a tourist destination in the city centre. A new market was opened in 2011 after a fire in 2001 destroyed

2150-448: The wet season from May through October, average daytime high temperatures are 30–32 °C (86–90 °F), while during the dry season from November through April daytime temperatures are between 25 and 27 °C (77 and 81 °F), rarely falling below 15 °C (59 °F). 24 °C 24 °C 24 °C 25 °C 26 °C 28 °C 29 °C 29 °C 29 °C 28 °C 26 °C 25 °C During

2200-862: Was a wealthy banker, and her mother was the former Florence Brooks. At the age of 19 her father opened a store in Ashland, Missouri and eight years later established a bank, of which he became president, in the town. He later spent several years as a Baptist minister, while remaining president of the Ashland bank. He was pastor of a church in St. Louis from 1897 to 1907. He then became a history professor at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri . He established banks in Kansas City, Missouri , Denison, Texas , and Muskogee, Oklahoma , and returned with his family to St. Louis. By 1915 he

2250-643: Was careful to respect his wishes both in the donations she made during her lifetime and in her will. In the early 1960s, she gave two Canadian institutions anonymous donations of $ 4,250,000 each. One was to the Canada Council, stipulating that the interest should be used to finance "advanced study or research in medicine, science and engineering by Canadians in Canada", while the other was to Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia . Dalhousie University, which awarded her an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1962, had already received nearly $ 400,000. In June 1959 she

2300-586: Was described as a "millionaire St. Louis banker", and was said to be considering running for the United States Senate. Dorothy Johnston met Izaak Walton Killam at a party when she visited a friend in Montreal in 1921. They were married in St. Louis on 5 April 1922. Killam had been president of Royal Securities since 1915, and had bought the brokerage firm from Max Aitken in 1919. He suffered serious financial losses in 1921, but recovered his fortune within

2350-683: Was extended. In addition to this, mosquito breeding swamps were filled. In 1776, the Battle of Nassau resulted in a brief occupation by American Continental Marines during the American War of Independence , where the Marines staged their first amphibious raid on Fort Montague after attempting to sneak up on Fort Nassau. In 1778 after an overnight invasion, American raiders led by Captain Rathbun, left with ships, gunpowder and military stores after stopping in Nassau for only two weeks. In 1782 Spain captured Nassau for

2400-478: Was revealed to be one of the three principal backers of the New York franchise in the proposed Continental League , which was to be a third baseball major league. In 1960 she dropped out of the consortium, reportedly for tax reasons related to her Canadian citizenship. In April 1960 Dorothy Killam became a member of the board of the Metropolitan Opera Association. She was also a benefactress of

2450-478: Was the most populous part of the city. Those of European descent built houses along the shore, east as far as Fort Montagu, west as far as Saunders Beach, and along the ridge edging the city. During the 20th century, the city spread east to Village Road and west to Fort Charlotte and Oakes Field. This semicircle of residential development was the main area of settlement until after the Second World War, and marks

2500-418: Was used to found the Canada Council , along with similar funds from the estate of Sir James Dunn , also from Nova Scotia . The rest of Killam's estate was inherited by his widow. In the ten years between his death and hers, she doubled the Killam fortune. Upon her death at Villa Leopolda , her lawyer put into motion the plans the Killams had discussed during their lifetimes. Having no children of their own,

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